微观结构在易损斑块进展中的作用

急性冠状动脉综合征常常导致严重的心血管事件,而冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂是绝大多数急性冠状动脉综合征发生的原因,因此检测高破裂风险的易损斑块,对筛选和干预急性冠状动脉综合征具有重要意义。随着研究的不断进展,易损斑块内的一些微观结构如斑块内新生血管、微小钙化、胆固醇结晶,在易损斑块的进展中起到重要的作用。因此,本文以易损斑块内最常见的3种微观结构为重点,综述斑块内微观结构在易损斑块进展中的作用。     

冠状动脉易损斑块的治疗进展

动脉粥样硬化是全身性、慢性炎症性疾病,以局部突出表现为主。冠状动脉粥样硬化是冠状动脉性心脏病最主要病因,冠状动脉性心脏病患者发生急性冠状动脉事件的后果十分严重,常危及生命,而易损斑块是导致急性冠状动脉综合征主要罪犯病变。因此,对易损斑块的早期识别以及积极干预,对于预防急性心血管事件的发生至关重要,具有非常重要的临床意义。现就冠状动脉易损斑块的治疗最新进展做一综述。     

膜连蛋白V和乳凝集素与早期检测易损斑块的关系

易损斑块受侵蚀或破裂继发血栓形成是发生急性冠状动脉综合征的主要原因,早期发现并干预易损斑块是防治的关键.研究证实,细胞凋亡常发生于易损斑块内的平滑肌细胞及巨噬细胞.因此,通过膜连蛋白V或乳凝集素与凋亡细胞膜表面外翻的磷酯酰丝氨酸特异性结合,可用于冠状动脉易损斑块的早期检测.     

易损斑块的诊断进展

急性冠状动脉综合征患者具有较高的发病率,预后较差,而冠状动脉内易损斑块破裂伴随血栓形成是其主要原因.因此早期正确诊断易损斑块,对于急性冠脉综合征的防治具有重大意义.现就易损斑块的诊断进展作一综述.     

光学相干断层成像对急性冠状动脉综合征患者易损斑块的新认识

血管斑块的稳定性是影响急性冠状动脉综合征发生发展的主要因素,具有超高空间分辨率的光学相干断层成像(OCT)技术在易损斑块识别方面有着独特的优势。本文就近年来OCT在急性冠状动脉综合征患者易损斑块识别方面的临床新进展进行综述。     

冠状动脉CT成像与易损斑块

冠状动脉内斑块破裂或侵蚀所致的急性腔内血栓是急性冠状动脉综合征的主要原因。防止急性血栓形成成为了降低冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病病死率的唯一有效策略。斑块易破裂的冠状动脉病变与稳定斑块相比,存在不同的形态学改变。因此可以利用特殊的成像方法来识别这些易损斑块。亚毫米空间分辨率和图像质量优良的现代计算机断层扫描方法可以对冠状动脉斑块进行检测、分析和量化。斑块体积较大、低CT衰减、餐巾环征、正性重构以及点状钙化等与斑块容易破裂有密切关系。将冠状动脉斑块的形态学与功能特征等相结合,在未来有可能成为检测易损斑块的新方法。现将就多层螺旋CT与冠状动脉易损斑块的检测做一综述。     

易损斑块的病理生理机制及其检测的研究进展

随着对急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)病理生理机制的深入研究,目前对易损动脉粥样硬化斑块(简称:易损斑块)有了新的理解。认识易损斑块的内在特性和破裂机制,对于早期检测和处理易损斑块具有重要的临床意义。本文就易损斑块的概念、基本特征、病理生理机制及其检测作一论述。一、易损斑块的最新概念从病理生理角度来讲,ACS最主要的深层原因是易损斑块。易损斑块是指那些不稳定和有血栓形成倾向的斑块,主要包括破裂斑块、侵蚀性斑块和部分钙化结节性病变[1] 。大量的研究表明,约70 %～80 %的ACS是由于轻、中度狭窄的冠状动脉斑块的破裂、继发…     

急性冠脉综合征易损斑块的发病机理与早期检测

急性冠状动脉综合征（Acute coronary syndrome,ACS）是临床常见的急性心血管病之一,具有很高的致死率和致残率,采取有效措施及早发现冠状动脉粥样硬化病变和识别易损斑块,并据此制定相应策略积极干预缺血前状态,已成为当前的研究热点.本文对冠状动脉易损斑块的发病机理及主要检测手段做一简要综述.     

光学相干断层成像在检测易损斑块中的应用价值

冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块易发斑块破裂,导致急性冠状动脉综合征,引起急性心肌梗死。有效的评价斑块的结构及成份特点,监测其演变过程,对选择治疗时机和治疗方案有重要意义。光学相干断层成像是一种新型的生物医学成像技术,它可以对易损斑块准确识别。现就光学相干断层成像在检测易损斑块中的应用价值作一综述。     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者白细胞介素-18的变化及其临床意义

急性冠状动脉综合征的发生发展与动脉粥样硬化斑块的稳定性密切相关,易损斑块的破裂被认为是急性冠状动脉综合征的主要发病机制。目前研究认为动脉粥样硬化是慢性炎症疾病,越来越多的证据支持炎症反应在动脉粥样硬化的发生发展中起到重要作用。白细胞介素-18是近年来发现的一个促炎细胞因子,其在急性冠状动脉综合征粥样斑块易损性方面发挥了重要作用.并对急性冠状动脉综合征患者的早期诊断和冠状动脉病变的严重程度及对心血管终末事件的发生的预测有重要的临床意义。     

Novel functional risk factors for the prediction of cardiovascular events in vulnerable patients following acute coronary syndrome

Over the years there has been considerable improvement in the clinical outcomes of patients treated for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Despite a significant reduction in acute mortality, a large percentage of patients post ACS continue to experience adverse cardiovascular (CV) events, with high long-term mortality rates and overall suboptimal medical management. Long-term risk prediction tools rely on traditional CV risk factors and are developed and validated in specific populations. Established CV risk factors, however, only explain half or fewer of CV events. These risk models may thus not be optimal in determining individual risk for long-term adverse outcomes or in helping to identify individual patients who do not respond to therapy. Identifying the specific plaque characteristics associated with increased likelihood for thrombotic complications and rapid progression has led to the concept of the vulnerable plaque. Recently, "vulnerable myocardium" (ie, myocardium that is prone to myocardial ischemia and fatal arrhythmia) has been shown to play an important role in outcome. Both vulnerable plaque and vulnerable myocardium are associated with functional vascular abnormalities, such as endothelial dysfunction, which are considered a key event in the initiation, progression and complications of coronary artery disease. Endothelial dysfunction may serve as an underlying unifying mechanism that would independently predict long-term outcome in patients with ACS undergoing revascularization.     

影像学方法检查冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块性质的研究进展

急性冠状动脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome ACS)是以冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂或侵袭,继发完全或不完全闭塞性血栓形成为病理基础的一组临床综合征。斑块破裂是引起血栓或栓塞的主要原因,因此,易损斑块的早期检出对于临床预防ACS和减少并发症有重要的意义。笔者对近年来各种影像学方法检查易损斑块性质的研究进展进行综述,旨在为临床及早检出易损斑块,减少急性心血管事件提供帮助。     

Invasive imaging techniques for the assessment of vulnerable plaque

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the Western world and an ever-increasing problem in developing countries. Unheralded acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are common initial manifestations of coronary atherosclerosis and are often caused by lesions which have previously not generated symptoms. Histopathological studies have identified several plaque morphologies associated with ACS. However, the natural history of these high-risk or vulnerable lesions remains unknown and the limited knowledge about their eventual prognosis is provided by retrospective histopathological studies. Detection of these vulnerable plaques in vivo is essential to study their natural history and to evaluate potential treatment modalities and, therefore, may ultimately have an important impact on the prevention of acute myocardial infarction and death. Currently, there are several diagnostic imaging tools capable of evaluating determinants of plaque vulnerability. These techniques can provide information on the vessel lumen and wall size, tissue composition and the status of inflammation. This article aims to review the current status of these imaging techniques.     

Plaque Characterization and Atherosclerosis Evaluation by Coronary Angioscopy

When observed by angioscopy, the culprit lesions of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have a common appearance of a yellow plaque with irregular surface covered by a thrombus. Angioscopy is a powerful device to detect not only the ruptured plaques at ACS lesions but also the yellow plaques in their early stages. The culprit lesions of ACS are sometimes detected by angioscopy even in the angiographically normal segments of coronary arteries. Angioscopy can further classify the culprit lesions of ACS as (1) vasospasm, (2) plaque rupture, or (3) plaque erosion according to the angioscopic definitions. These classifications may be beneficial to determine the treatment strategy. Anti-vasospastic medications rather than stenting may be more suitable for the treatment of vasospasm-induced ACS. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of ruptured plaque rather than of erosive plaque tends to cause more distal embolization with thrombus and plaque contents. Therefore, distal protection device may be more beneficial for those cases. Although angioscopy may be able to identify vulnerable plaques as the plaques of intensive yellow color, it may be more practical to identify the patients at high risk of suffering ACS by evaluating the extent of coronary atherosclerosis. The process and the time course of plaque formation, maturation, and disruption are left to be clarified, however, the number of yellow plaques or the yellow color intensity of those plaques may be a marker of coronary atherosclerosis. Angioscopy should be useful not only as a diagnostic tool but also as an investigational tool. The effect of medications that regress coronary atherosclerosis may be evaluated by the angioscopically determined markers of coronary atherosclerosis.     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者易损斑块的临床病理分析

目的 观察易损斑块在急性冠状动脉综合征患者( ACS)中的病理组织学特点。方法 本研究回顾了北京医院1992-2006年尸检患者127例,分为ACS组67例;与其年龄、性别相匹配的临床表现无ACS的病例60例,从斑块的形态如有无血栓、粥池最大横切面占斑块面积、纤维帽最小厚度、炎细胞浸润密度等10个方面进行形态学观察,观...     

Drug-eluting stents and vulnerable plaque

Coronary artery disease with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) is the leading cause of death worldwide in both men and women. ACS mostly occur as a result of rupture of “vulnerable plaque” with a superimposed thrombus formation, which ultimately leads to distal cessation of blood flow. Vulnerable plaque mostly occurs in mildly obstructive coronary lesions rather than severely stenosed (< 50%) lesions. Support for this conclusion comes from studies of patients with ACS who had a recent prior coronary angiogram; the artery involved in the subsequent ACS was usually only moderately diseased. Whether early treatment of these mildly obstructive lesions with percutaneous coronary interventions may lead to prevention of this deadly malady remains unknown. The long-term efficacy of percutaneous coronary intervention for mildly obstructive coronary narrowing is limited by the occurrence of restenosis, which limits the applicability of this therapy for these lesions. However, use of drug-eluting stents has significantly reduced the incidence of in-stent restenosis, yielding much better long-term outcomes. This article reviews the available data for possible early treatment of mildly obstructive coronary lesions with drug-eluting stents for prevention of ACS.     

冠状动脉易损斑块形成机制研究进展

心血管疾病已经成为全世界致死率最高的疾病。急性冠脉综合征作为危害性极大的心血管事件之一,多由斑块破裂后继发血栓形成所致。深入了解易损斑块形成机制和影响因素,对急性心血管事件的预防和治疗具有非常重要的临床意义。本文将结合近年来有关易损斑块的研究结果,就易损斑块的概念、基本特征、病理生理机制的研究进展作一综述。     

In-hospital initiation of statin therapy in acute coronary syndromes: maximizing the early and long-term benefits

Patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are at high risk for recurrent coronary events, sudden death, and all-cause mortality. Conventional revascularization therapies reduce the risk of further ischemia but do not affect the underlying atherosclerotic disease. Statins have a proven record in the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Furthermore, statins have been shown to exert varying degrees of pleiotropic effects, which may stabilize vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. A compelling body of evidence from randomized controlled trials demonstrates that high-dose, potent statin therapy initiated immediately after an acute coronary event can significantly reduce early as well as longer-term morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, high-dose, potent statin therapy displays a reasonable safety profile. National guidelines now recommend that in patients with ACS, statin therapy should be initiated in hospital prior to discharge, irrespective of baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, to improve clinical outcomes. Every effort should be made to ensure all eligible patients with ACS are initiated and maintained on statin therapy.     

冠心病患者动脉粥样硬化斑块特征与Th细胞漂移的关系

目的探讨急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者和稳定型心绞痛(SA)患者外周血γ干扰素(INF-γ)、白细胞介素4(IL-4)、白细胞介素2(IL-2)及白细胞介素10(IL-10)水平与斑块形态特征的关系。方法 70例患者分为两组,其中ACS组37例,SA组33例,采用ELISA检测冠状动脉造影前外周血INF-γ、IL-4、IL-2及IL-10水平。根据冠状动脉造影斑块形态特征将冠状动脉斑块分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ及Ⅲ型,根据超声特点将颈动脉斑块分为易损性斑块和稳定性斑块,比较不同斑块类型者INF-γ、IL-4、IL-2及IL-10水平变化。结果 ACS患者INF-γ和IL-2水平高于SA患者(P<0.05),IL-4和IL-10水平无显著性差异。ACS患者冠状动脉斑块主要为Ⅱ型,颈动脉斑块主要为易损性斑块;SA患者冠状动脉斑块主要为Ⅰ和Ⅲ型,颈动脉斑块主要为稳定性斑块;不同斑块类型者INF-γ、IL-4、IL-2及IL-10水平不同,冠状动脉斑块Ⅱ型者INF-γ、IL-2水平较Ⅰ和Ⅲ型者显著性升高(P<0.05),而IL-4和IL-10水平无明显差异。颈动脉易损性斑块者INF-γ和IL-2水平较稳定性斑块者显著性升高(P<0.05),而IL-4和IL-10水平无明显差异。结论 Th细胞漂移和斑块特征与斑块的稳定性有关,对于冠状动脉事件有一定的预示作用。