Associations of maternal fish intake during pregnancy and breastfeeding duration with attainment of developmental milestones in early childhood: a study from the Danish National Birth Cohort

BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the overall effect of maternal fish intake during pregnancy on child development or examined whether the developmental benefits of maternal fish intake are greater in infants breastfed for a shorter duration. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to study associations of maternal prenatal fish intake and breastfeeding duration with child developmental milestones. DESIGN: We studied 25 446 children born to mothers participating in the Danish National Birth Cohort, a prospective population-based cohort study including pregnant women enrolled between 1997 and 2002. Mothers reported child development by a standardized interview, which we used to generate developmental scores at ages 6 and 18 mo. We used multivariate cumulative ordinal logistic regression to evaluate the odds of higher developmental scores associated with maternal fish intake and breastfeeding, after adjustment for child age, sex, and growth; maternal size and pregnancy characteristics; and parental education and social status. RESULTS: Higher maternal fish intake and greater duration of breastfeeding were associated with higher child developmental scores at 18 mo [odds ratio: 1.29 (95% CI: 1.20, 1.38) for the highest versus the lowest quintile of fish intake, and 1.28 (1.18, 1.38) for breastfeeding for > or =10 mo compared with breastfeeding for < or =1 mo]. Associations were similar for development at 6 mo. Associations of fish intake with child development did not differ by breastfeeding duration. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal fish intake during pregnancy and the duration of breastfeeding are independently associated with better early child development. Future research and consumption guidelines, incorporating nutritional benefits as well as contaminant risks, should consider the overall effect of prenatal fish consumption on child development.     

The Association of Maternal Pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index with Breastfeeding Initiation

Recent evidence extends the health benefits of breastfeeding to include reduction of maternal body mass index (BMI) and childhood obesity. Since most women decide if they will breastfeed prior to pregnancy, it is important to understand, given the high population prevalence of obesity, if maternal underweight, overweight or obese status is associated with breastfeeding initiation. Population-based study. Florida resident birth certificate records. All live singleton births (2004–2009), excluding observations that lacked the primary outcomes of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and breastfeeding initiation (final sample of 1,161,949 unique observations). Odds of initiating breastfeeding, adjusted by maternal and infant factors, stratified by pre-pregnancy BMI, categorized as underweight, normal, overweight and obese. Adjusting for the known maternal factors associated with breastfeeding initiation, underweight and obese women were significantly less likely to initiate breastfeeding than women with normal BMI, (adjusted odds ratio 0.87, 95 % confidence interval 0.85–0.89 for underweight women; 0.84, 95 % CI 0.83–0.85 for obese women). The magnitude of these findings did not significantly vary by race or ethnicity. Medicaid status and adherence to the Institute of Medicine’s 2009 pregnancy weight gain recommendations had only minor influences on breastfeeding initiation. Among adolescents, only underweight status predicted breastfeeding initiation; obesity did not. Underweight and obese women have significantly lower rates of breastfeeding initiation compared to women with normal pre-pregnancy BMI. Future studies need to address the health care, social, and physical barriers that interfere with breastfeeding initiation, especially in underweight and obese women, regardless of race, ethnicity or income.     

Postpartum Weight Change in Relation to Pre-Pregnancy Weight and Gestational Weight Gain in Women in Low-Income Setting: Data from the KITE Cohort in the Northern Part of Ethiopia

(1) Background: Postpartum weight may increase compared to pre-pregnancy due to weight retention or decrease due to weight loss. Both changes could pose deleterious effects on maternal health and subsequent pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to assess postpartum weight change and its associated factors. (2) Methods: A total of 585 women from the KIlte-Awlaelo Tigray Ethiopia (KITE) cohort were included in the analysis. (3) Results: The mean pre-pregnancy body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy were 19.7 kg/m² and 10.8 kg, respectively. At 18 to 24 months postpartum, the weight change ranged from −3.2 to 5.5 kg (mean = 0.42 kg [SD = 1.5]). In addition, 17.8% of women shifted to normal weight and 5.1% to underweight compared to the pre-pregnancy period. A unit increase in weight during pregnancy was associated with higher weight change (β = 0.56 kg, 95% CI [0.52, 0.60]) and increased probability to achieve normal weight (AOR = 1.65, 95% CI [1.37, 2.00]). Food insecurity (AOR = 5.26, 95% CI [1.68, 16.50]), however, was associated with a shift to underweight postpartum. Interestingly, high symptoms of distress (AOR = 0.13, 95% CI [0.03, 0.48]) also negatively impacted a change in weight category. (4) Conclusions: In low-income settings such as northern Ethiopia, higher weight gain and better mental health during pregnancy may help women achieve a better nutritional status after pregnancy and before a possible subsequent pregnancy.     

妊娠期糖尿病对子代体格发育的影响分析

目的 分析妊娠期糖尿病母亲及其婴儿的体格发育情况,为制定更为科学合理的高危婴儿喂养方案提供理论依据。方法 对339组妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)母亲及其新生儿进行了调查,并对其中114组婴儿在6月龄时进行了回访及体检,了解其体格发育情况。结果 母亲孕期血糖控制不好是低出生体重儿的影响因素(OR=4.44,95%CI1.69～11.69,P<0.05);孕前BMI和孕期体重增量是出生为巨大儿的影响因素(OR=1.18和1.11,95%CI1.06～1.30,1.04～1.18,P<0.05);新生儿出生体重分别与母亲孕前BMI、孕期体重增长,以及其6月龄年龄别体重(WAZ)、年龄别BMI(BAZ)、年龄别身高(HAZ)呈正相关(P<0.05);孕前体质指数(BMI)、孕期体重增量、新生儿出生体重为GDM产妇剖宫产的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论 GDM母亲子代低出生体重儿和巨大儿较多,孕期血糖控制好能减少低出生体重儿及巨大儿的发生。为预防GDM患者子代远期并发症,不仅要加强围生期保健,且从新生儿出生起就应将其纳入高危儿童管理体系,严密随访其喂养与营养状况、体格生长情况。     

Pre-Pregnancy Weight Status Is Associated with Diet Quality and Nutritional Biomarkers during Pregnancy

Although the positive association between pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity with excessive gestational weight gain is well known, it is not clear how pre-pregnancy weight status is associated with gestational weight gain through maternal diet during pregnancy. This study aimed to examine the relationship between pre-pregnancy weight status and diet quality and maternal nutritional biomarkers during pregnancy. Our study included 795 U.S. pregnant women from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2012. Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) was calculated based on self-reported pre-pregnancy weight and height. The cutoff points of <18.5 (underweight), 18.5–24.9 (normal), 25.0–29.9 (overweight), and 30 kg/m² (obese) were used to categorize pregnant women’s weight status. Diet quality during pregnancy was assessed by the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2010 based on a 24-h recall. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). For all pregnant women included in this study, the mean HEI-2010 (±standard error of the mean (SEM)) was 50.7 (±0.9). Women with obese pre-pregnancy BMI demonstrated significantly lower HEI-2010 compared to those with underweight and normal pre-pregnancy BMI, respectively. In an unadjusted model, women with pre-pregnancy obesity BMI had increased odds for being in the lowest tertile of HEI-2010 (33.4 ± 0.5) compared to those with underweight pre-pregnancy BMI (OR 5.0; 95% CI 2.2–11.4). The inverse association between pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity status and diet quality during pregnancy persisted even after we controlled for physical activity levels (adjusted OR (AOR) 3.8; 95% CI 1.2–11.7, AOR 5.4; 95% CI 2.0–14.5, respectively). Serum folate concentration (ng/mL) was significantly higher in underweight women compared to overweight women (23.4 ± 1.7 vs. 17.0 ± 0.8, p < 0.05). Serum iron concentration (ng/dL) was significantly higher in normal weight women compared to overweight women (86.2 ± 5.0 vs. 68.9 ± 3.0, p < 0.05). An inverse association was found between pre-pregnancy weight status and diet quality and maternal nutritional biomarkers during pregnancy. Poor diet quality as measured by HEI-2010 was shown among overweight and obese women. Nutrition education and interventions need to be targeted to those women entering pregnancy as overweight and obese.     

妇女孕前体质量指数、孕期增重对子痫前期-子痫影响研究

目的 分析孕妇孕前体质量指数(BMI)、孕期各阶段增重、孕期总增重与子痫前期-子痫（PE-E)发生的相关性。方法 采用概率比例规模抽样法(PPS抽样),招募西南三省5 396例单胎妊娠孕妇为研究对象,收集其一般人口学资料,测量获得其身高、孕前体质量、每次产前检查的体质量等指标,并计算孕期各阶段增重和孕期总增重。根据美国医学研究院(IOM)标准定义其孕期增重是否适宜。采用logistic回归分析孕前BMI、孕期增重指标与PE-E的关系。结果 与孕前BMI处于正常范围内的孕妇相比,孕前BMI较低者PE-E发生的可能性较低(OR=0.19,95%CI:0.03～0.62),孕前超重、肥胖的孕妇发病风险增加(超重OR=3.69,95%CI:2.21～6.01;肥胖OR=6.12,95%CI:1.68～17.30)。孕中期增重速率过大(OR=2.24,95%CI:1.25～4.35)、妊娠期总增重过高者(OR=1.70,95%CI:1.02～2.85)发生PE-E的风险增加。结论 孕前BMI、孕期增重和PE-E的发生密切相关,育龄妇女孕前应尽量达到正常体质量标准,孕期保持适宜的体质量增加,以减少PE-E发生的可能性。     

Prevalence and duration of breastfeeding in Asturias

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding, and factors associated with them, in Asturias (Spain). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out. A stratified random sample of 453 infants was drawn on a population of 4,326 infants aged 0-8 months at the time of the study. Sociodemographic data, and information on pre- and perinatal care were obtained through a telephone survey in which mothers were also asked whether they were breastfeeding on the day of the telephone call. A univariate logistic regression model was used to estimate the prevalence curve of breastfeeding according to infant age, and multiple logistic regression was used to determine the associations between the prevalence and covariates. The discontinuity index (DI) and the cumulative breastfeeding index (CBI) were also estimated as indicators of duration. RESULTS: A total of 418 telephone calls were made. The prevalence of initial exclusive breastfeeding was 51.4% (95% CI: 46.6-56.2%) which decreased to 14.9% at day 90 and to 8.7% at day 120. The DIs were 28.6% at day 30 and 71% at day 90. In the multivariate analysis the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was higher among mothers living in a rural or suburban area (OR = 5.69 and OR = 3.55, respectively), than among those living in urban areas. The prevalence was also higher among mothers with a university degree (OR = 3.90; 95% CI: 1.77-8.58), and among those who had been seen by a midwife during pregnancy (OR = 2.13; 95% CI: 1.04-4.38). A negative correlation was found between exclusive breastfeeding and the newborn having received food supplements during the first hours after birth (OR = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.20-0.95). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of breastfeeding in Asturias, and especially its duration, is much lower than that recommended by the World Health Organization. Mothers living in urban areas do not follow the most appropriate patterns of breastfeeding.     

Effects of Wealth on Nutritional Status of Pre-school Children in Bangladesh

This paper explores the relationship between household wealth and nutritional status of pre-school children in Bangladesh using the nationally representative 2007 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey data. Chronic malnutrition was measured by z-score of height-for-age and the effect of household wealth on adverse childhood growth rate was assessed by multivariate logistic regression analyses. Overall, 43% of the children were stunted. The multivariate binary logistic regression analysis yielded significantly increased risk of stunting among the poorest (OR=2.26, 95% CI=1.77-2.89) as compared to the richest. The multivariate multinomial logistic regression produced elevated risk of moderate stunting (OR=1.98, 95% CI=1.50-2.61) and severe stunting (OR=2.88, 95% CI=2.00-4.14) of children in the poorest category compared to their richest counterparts. Children's age, duration of breastfeeding, mother's education, body mass index, mother's working status and place of region were also identified as important determinants of children's nutritional status. The findings suggest that apart from poverty reduction, maternal education, and strengthening of child and maternal health care services are important to improve health and nutritional status of the children.     

孕前超重、孕期过度增重与巨大儿发生风险的前瞻性队列研究

目的 探讨巨大儿发生与孕前超重、孕期过度增重的直接关联及关联强度。方法 2015年1月起在上海市浦东新区妇幼保健院建立孕妇队列,创建孕妇健康档案,收集孕期及分娩信息,包括一般人口学特征、孕前体重、孕期增重、分娩体重、孕期健康状况及各种孕期并发症、分娩情况等,计算孕前BMI及孕期增重,收集新生儿出生体重,了解巨大儿发生与孕前超重、孕期过度增重之间的关系。结果 巨大儿发生率为6.6%（149/2 243）。不同孕前BMI组巨大儿发生率差异有统计学意义（P=0.001）。在控制了孕妇年龄、孕产史等因素后,logistic回归分析结果显示,与孕前BMI适宜的孕妇比,孕前BMI超重以及肥胖的孕妇生产巨大儿的风险均增加（OR=3.12,95%CI：1.35~7.22,P=0.008; OR=2.99,95%CI：1.17~7.63,P=0.022）。不同孕期增重组巨大儿发生率差异有统计学意义（P=0.002）。在控制了孕妇年龄、孕产史、孕期并发症等因素后,logistic回归分析结果显示,与孕期增重适宜的孕妇比,孕期增重不足的孕妇生产巨大儿的风险降低（OR=0.52,95%CI：0.30~0.90,P=0.019）。而孕期过度增重在调整了各种孕期指标后,与孕期增重适宜的孕妇比,巨大儿发生风险差异有统计学意义（OR=1.41,95%CI：0.96~2.09,P=0.084）。结论 孕前超重或肥胖是巨大儿发生的风险因素。     

Maternal prepregnant body mass index, duration of breastfeeding, and timing of complementary food introduction are associated with infant weight gain

BACKGROUND: Women who are overweight or obese before pregnancy breastfeed for shorter durations than do normal-weight women. These shorter durations may place infants of overweight and obese women at risk of not receiving the benefits of breastfeeding, which may include a reduced risk of overweight later in life. OBJECTIVE: We examined how maternal prepregnant body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) and infant feeding pattern are associated with infant weight gain. DESIGN: In this prospective, observational study, we used multiple regression analyses adjusted for potential confounding factors to examine these associations among 3768 mother-infant dyads from the Danish National Birth Cohort. RESULTS: In multiple regression analyses, increasing maternal prepregnant BMI, decreasing durations of breastfeeding, and earlier complementary food introduction were associated with increased infant weight gain. An interaction was identified for short durations of breastfeeding (<20 wk). Earlier complementary food introduction (<16 wk) was associated with greater infant weight gain; however, the timing of complementary food introduction did not increase infant weight gain at longer durations of breastfeeding (> or =20 wk). In this sample, prepregnant obesity (BMI > or = 30.0), short durations of breastfeeding, and earlier introduction of complementary food were associated with 0.7 kg of additional weight gain during infancy. CONCLUSIONS: Infant weight gain is associated with maternal prepregnant BMI and with an interaction between the duration of breastfeeding and the timing of complementary food introduction. Future investigations of the effects of breastfeeding on infant weight gain should account for all of these factors.     

浙江省某市2002-2015年婴幼儿营养状况分析

目的 了解浙江省某市2002-2015年婴幼儿营养状况,分析有关影响因素。方法 利用该市电子医疗记录数据库,提取孕妇首次随访数据与婴幼儿体格检查数据。采用Z值评分对婴幼儿营养状况进行评价,应用Logistic回归探讨婴幼儿生长不良的影响因素。结果 在48 827名体检的婴幼儿中,低体重、生长迟缓、消瘦、超重、肥胖率分别为1.43%、1.31%、1.90%、2.62%、0.34%。不同性别间肥胖发生率的差别具有统计学意义（χ2=5.164,P=0.023）。婴幼儿超重、肥胖检出率呈逐年下降趋势,低体重率呈上升趋势。Logistic回归分析显示,母亲高文化程度是婴幼儿低体重、生长迟缓、消瘦的保护因素;孕前体重指数（body mass index,BMI）较高是婴幼儿超重（OR=1.063,95%CI:1.057~1.069,P<0.001）、肥胖（OR=1.074,95%CI:1.060~1.088,P<0.001）的危险因素;高危妊娠是婴幼儿低体重（OR=2.214,95%CI:1.928~2.542,P<0.001）、生长迟缓（OR=2.543,95%CI:2.193~2.949,P<0.001）、消瘦（OR=1.211,95%CI:1.062~1.380,P=0.004）的危险因素。结论 该地区婴幼儿生长发育情况总体良好,但仍面临营养不良与营养过剩的双重问题。母亲孕前BMI、文化程度及是否高危妊娠是儿童生长不良的影响因素。     

Health Status and Health Insurance Coverage of Women with Live-Born Infants: An Opportunity for Preventive Services After Pregnancy

Most women in the US have access to health care and insurance during pregnancy; however women with Medicaid-paid deliveries lose Medicaid eligibility in the early postpartum period. This study examined the association between health insurance coverage at the time of delivery and health conditions that may require preventive or treatment services extending beyond pregnancy into the postpartum period. We used 2008 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data from 27 states (n = 35,980). We calculated the prevalence of maternal health conditions, including emotional and behavioral risks, by health insurance status at the time of delivery. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess the association between health insurance coverage, whether Medicaid or private, and maternal health status. As compared to women with private health insurance, women with Medicaid-paid deliveries had higher odds of reporting smoking during pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.85, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.56–2.18), physical abuse during pregnancy (AOR: 1.73, 95 % CI: 1.24–2.40), having six or more stressors during pregnancy (AOR: 2.48, 95 % CI: 1.93–3.18), and experiencing postpartum depressive symptoms (AOR: 1.24, 95 % CI: 1.04–1.48). There were no significant differences by insurance status at delivery in pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity, pre-pregnancy physical activity, weight gain during pregnancy, alcohol consumption during pregnancy, or postpartum contraceptive use. Compared to women with private insurance, women with Medicaid-paid deliveries were more likely to experience risk factors during pregnancy such as physical abuse, stress, and smoking, and postpartum depressive symptoms for which continued screening, counseling, or treatment in the postpartum period could be beneficial.     

孕妇妊娠期糖尿病和孕期体重增长对0~6个月纯母乳喂养影响的交互作用研究

目的 探讨苏州地区0~6个月母乳喂养情况和相关影响因素,分析孕妇妊娠期糖尿病和孕期体重增长对母乳喂养的交互作用。 方法 选取2016年6月—2020年3月在苏州某医院就诊及分娩的4 256例符合入选标准的孕产妇作为研究对象。收集孕产妇基本情况、孕前体重、分娩前体重、分娩情况以及孕期妊娠糖尿病患病情况,并计算孕期体重变化。通过电话结合产后访视调查产后0~6个月母乳喂养情况。采用多因素logistic回归模型探索母乳喂养的影响因素,并通过Bootstrap方法分析孕妇妊娠期糖尿病和孕期体重增长对母乳喂养的交互作用。 结果 纳入研究的孕产妇平均年龄为(29.52±8.74)岁。15.20%的孕产妇患有妊娠糖尿病;14.80%的孕产妇孕期体重增长不足,而42.55%增长过度;57.38%的研究对象产后6个月内采取母乳喂养。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄在25岁以上(OR=1.68~3.82)、高中以上学历(OR=1.83~2.23)、足月生产孕产妇(OR=1.84)更倾向于母乳喂养,而孕前超重及肥胖(超重OR=0.82;肥胖OR=0.82)、有再次分娩意愿(OR=0.67)、妊娠期糖尿病(OR=0.61)及妊娠期体重增长过高(OR=0.61)或者过低者(OR=0.63)母乳喂养率更低。交互作用分析显示,并发妊娠糖尿病及孕期体重增长过低或过高者母乳喂养水平显著低于未患妊娠糖尿病且孕期体重增长正常者,交互作用指数为1.67(1.01,4.97)(P=0.02)。 结论 并发妊娠糖尿病及妊娠期体重增长过低或过高均为影响母乳喂养的重要因素,且二者存在相加交互作用。     

孕前体质指数、孕期增重与婴幼儿血红蛋白的关系

目的 探讨孕前体质指数（body mass index,BMI）、孕期增重与婴幼儿血红蛋白的关系。方法 选择按期体检与分娩的孕妇及婴儿作为研究对象,孕妇一般情况及分娩情况将由问卷调查的方式收集。并采用单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归模型进行数据分析。结果 受检对象共980例,按孕前BMI分组,孕前消瘦者占19.0%,孕前体重正常者占71.0%,孕前超重肥胖者占10.0%。孕期增重按美国国家科学院（institute of medicine,IOM）标准分组,孕期增重低于IOM推荐标准者占27.8%,符合IOM推荐标准者占31.4%,高于IOM推荐标准者占40.8%。贫血发生率为49.7%。单因素分析中孕前BMI、孕期增重对贫血均有统计学意义（均有P<0.05）。同时多因素分析显示,孕前消瘦者（OR=2.027,95%CI:1.433～2.867）,孕期增重不足者（OR=2.499,95%CI:1.772～3.523）是婴幼儿贫血的危险因素。结论 孕前BMI、孕期增重情况可能是婴幼儿贫血的危险因素,控制孕前BMI、孕期增重情况可以有效降低贫血的发生风险。     

Postpartum weight retention in relation to gestational weight gain and pre-pregnancy body mass index: A prospective cohort study in Vietnam

BackgroundThe prevalence of maternal overweight and obesity is increasing in Asia. This study prospectively investigated the association between pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG) and 12-month postpartum weight retention (PPWR) in a large cohort of Vietnamese mothers.MethodsOf the 2030 pregnant women recruited from three cities in Vietnam at 24–28 weeks of gestation, a total of 1666 mothers were followed up for 12 months after delivery and available for analysis. The outcome variable PPWR was determined by subtracting the pre-pregnancy weight from the 12-month postpartum measured weight, while GWG and pre-pregnancy BMI were classified according to the Institute of Medicine and WHO criteria for adults, respectively. Linear regression models were used to ascertain the association between pre-pregnancy BMI, GWG and PPWR accounting for the effects of plausible confounding factors.ResultsBoth pre-pregnancy BMI and GWG were significantly associated with PPWR (P < 0.001). The adjusted mean weight retention in underweight women before pregnancy (3.71 kg, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.37–4.05) was significantly higher than that in those with normal pre-pregnancy weight (2.34 kg, 95% CI 2.13–2.54). Women with excessive GWG retained significantly more weight (5.07 kg, 95% CI 4.63–5.50) on average at 12 months, when compared to mothers with adequate GWG (2.92 kg, 95% CI 2.67–3.17).ConclusionsBeing underweight before pregnancy and excessive GWG contribute to greater weight retention twelve months after giving birth. Interventions to prevent postpartum maternal obesity should target at risk women at the first antenatal visit and control their weight gain during the course of pregnancy.     

分娩巨大儿孕妇体重的危险因素分析

目的 探讨孕妇孕期增重及各孕期体重增加速度与分娩巨大儿的相关性,减少巨大儿的发生率.方法 采用病例对照研究方法,将106例巨大儿和109例正常体重出生儿(对照组)母亲的孕前体重及孕期体重变化等资料作一回顾性分析. 结果 经过单因素和多因素非条件logistic回归分析表明,孕前体重(OR=2.204,95%CI:1.377～3.529)、孕12～20周体重增加速度(kg/周,OR=1.961,95% CI:1.204～3.194)、孕20～30周体重增加速度(kg/周,OR=1.811,95%CI:1.078～3.041)、孕30周至产前体重增加速度(kg/周,OR=1.858,95%CI:1.095～3.153)、男性婴儿(OR=2.630,95%CI:1.420～4.850),是发生巨大儿的危险因素.值得注意的是孕30周后每周体重增加在0.5～1.0 kg的孕妇比每周体重增加在0.5 kg以下的孕妇发生巨大儿的风险增加1.13倍(OR=2.13,95%CI:1.07～4.22). 结论 巨大儿的发生与孕妇孕前体重、孕期增重、胎儿性别等因素相关.     

母亲孕期增重及婴儿喂养方式与儿童肥胖的相关性分析

目的分析母亲孕期增重和婴儿的喂养方式与儿童肥胖之间的关系,为制定降低儿童肥胖率的相关措施提供参考。方法选取湖北省江陵县人民医院所在区域内的4家幼儿园中的951名儿童及其家长作为研究对象,采用问卷调查的方式对儿童及母亲的孕期情况进行调查。调查的内容包括:儿童的身高、体重、婴儿喂养方式等。采用单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析儿童肥胖与母亲孕期增重和婴儿喂养方式之间的关系。结果发放调查问卷951份,收回有效调查问卷940份,调查问卷的回收率为98.84%。受访儿童中肥胖的发生率为10.00%(94/940)。单因素分析结果表明,母亲孕期体重增加>15 kg的儿童肥胖发生率高于孕期体重增加未超过15 kg的儿童,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),婴儿6个月内纯母乳喂养的儿童肥胖率低于未进行纯母乳喂养的儿童,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,母亲孕期体重增加>15 kg是儿童肥胖的危险因素(P<0.05),婴儿6个月内纯母乳喂养是儿童肥胖的保护因素(P<0.05)。结论母亲孕期体重增加>15 kg和婴儿6个月内纯母乳喂养是儿童肥胖的影响因素,应引导孕妇适当控制体重增长,鼓励产妇采用纯母乳喂养婴儿,降低儿童肥胖发生率。     

Factors Influencing Inadequate and Excessive Weight Gain in Pregnancy: Colorado, 2000–2002

Objectives: To identify the biological, psychosocial, and behavioral characteristics that are associated with inadequate and/or excessive weight gain in pregnancy. Methods: Univariate, bivariate, and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted using data from Colorado's 2000–2002 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS). Independent variables included biological risk factors (prepregnancy BMI, parity, preterm labor, maternal morbidity), psychosocial risk factors (pregnancy intention, WIC and Medicaid enrollment, area of residence, age, race/ethnicity, education, and stressors), and behavioral risk factors (smoking and drinking alcohol in the last trimester of pregnancy). Results: In the bivariate analysis, all the biological risk factors were significantly associated with the pregnancy weight gain distribution, as were several of the psychosocial risk factors (WIC and Medicaid enrollment, area of residence, race/ethnicity, and maternal education). Smoking and alcohol use were not significant. After controlling for other variables through logistic regression, the only characteristics associated with inadequate weight gain were parity, underweight or obesity, preterm labor, nausea, residence in a rural area, low levels of education, and smoking. The characteristics associated with excessive weight gain were overweight or obesity, high blood pressure, and having 12 years of education. Conclusion: Having a pre-pregnancy BMI above 29 greatly increases the risk for both inadequate and excessive weight gain. Unfortunately, obesity, like the other major risk factors identified here (maternal education and parity) are not modifiable after a given pregnancy begins. To address these problems, a sustained approach to women's health, education, and well-being across the lifespan will be required, rather than a reliance upon targeted interventions during pregnancy.     

围孕期空气污染物暴露与妊娠期贫血的关联研究

目的 探讨孕前期和孕早期主要空气污染物暴露与孕中期贫血发生风险间的关系。方法 在合肥市3家医院招募3 427名孕中期产检的孕妇作为研究对象。通过问卷调查收集人口学特征、健康状况和生活方式等信息,常规检查获得血红蛋白(hemoglobin, Hb)浓度并诊断贫血。结果 孕中期贫血发生率为35.5%。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,在单污染物模型中,孕前期NO2（OR = 1.45, 95%CI:1.33～1.57）及孕早期O3和NO2暴露均与孕期贫血风险增加显著相关,但在双污染物模型中,仅孕前期NO2与贫血风险仍存在统计学关联。多因素线性回归分析结果显示,在单污染物模型中,孕前期NO2（β = - 2.02, 95%CI:- 2.34～- 1.70）及孕早期O3（β = - 2.61, 95%CI:- 3.23～- 2.00）和NO2（β = - 1.59, 95%CI:- 2.04～- 1.15）暴露与Hb浓度呈显著负相关,在双污染物模型中,上述统计学关联仍存在。多项式曲线拟合结果显示,孕前期和孕早期NO2暴露浓度与Hb浓度之间均存在负性线性关系（P＜0.05）。结论 围孕期NO2暴露与Hb浓度降低有关,并增加妊娠期贫血风险。     

母亲孕前体质指数及孕期增重与学龄前儿童超重肥胖的关系研究

目的 探讨母亲孕前BMI及孕期增重与学龄前儿童超重肥胖的关系。方法 2016年6-11月,以广州市4 303名3~5岁学龄前儿童为研究对象,根据WHO标准和中国成人肥胖标准分别判断儿童和母亲孕前体重状态,参照美国医学研究所孕期增重推荐值判断母亲孕期增重情况。应用多因素二分类非条件logistic回归模型和协方差分析母亲孕前BMI和孕期增重与学龄前儿童超重肥胖的关系。结果 矫正混杂因素后,logistic回归分析显示,母亲孕前超重肥胖的儿童发生超重肥胖的风险是母亲孕前体重正常儿童的1.820倍（OR=1.820,95% CI：1.368~2.422）;与母亲孕期增重适宜的儿童相比,母亲孕期增重过度的儿童超重肥胖发生风险增加（OR=1.296,95% CI：1.007~1.667）。协方差分析结果也显示,母亲孕前体重超重肥胖和母亲孕期增重过度均增加儿童BMI Z值。根据母亲孕前BMI分为3组进行分层分析,结果显示,不同孕期增重组间儿童超重肥胖发生风险差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。但与母亲孕前BMI适宜且孕期增重适宜组相比,母亲孕前超重肥胖且孕期增重过度组的儿童发生超重肥胖的风险增加（OR=1.574,95% CI：1.029~2.409）。结论 母亲孕前超重和孕期增重过度均增加学龄前儿童超重肥胖的风险,且母亲孕前超重较孕期增重过度对学龄前儿童超重肥胖发生的影响更大。