Effects of an air-powder abrasive system on plasma-sprayed titanium implant surfaces: an in vitro evaluation

The purpose of this study was to conduct an in vitro evaluation of the effects of an air-powder abrasive system, commonly used in clinical dentistry for periodontal maintenance, on the surfaces of plasma-sprayed titanium dental implants. Twenty-eight plasma-coated titanium implant specimens were divided into a sterile water-treated control group and an air-powder-abrasive-treated test group. All specimens were subjected to three different in vitro testing conditions and post-treatment evaluations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM): (1) Topographical features of implant surfaces were studied before and after direct exposure to the abrasive; (2) biocompatibility of treated implant surfaces was evaluated and compared with those of control specimens via in vitro fibroblast attachment studies; and (3) the attachment of a common oral microbe to the implant surface and its subsequent removal by exposure to the air-powder abrasive were also evaluated. Results indicate that exposure of implant specimens to the air-powder abrasive for various periods resulted in only slight changes in surface topography, i.e., rounding of angles and edges of the plasma-spray coating and occasional surface pitting. Examination by SEM and a statistical comparison of the difference between the mean numbers of attached fibroblasts between control and test groups revealed no statistical significance. In both specimen groups, fibroblasts exhibited uniform attachment over the entire implant surface. A comparison of test and control groups demonstrated 100% removal of bacteria from the surfaces of test specimens exposed to the air-powder abrasive and approximately a 75% removal from control specimens exposed to sterile water.     

Surface properties of titanium and zirconia dental implant materials and their effect on bacterial adhesion

Objectives

Zirconia ceramic material has been widely used in implant dentistry. In this in vitro study the physiochemical properties of titanium and zirconia materials were investigated and the affinity of different bacteria to different materials was compared.

Methods

Disc samples with different surface states were used: polished partially stabilized zirconia (PZ), titanium blasted with zirconia (TBZ), titanium blasted with zirconia then acid etched (TBZA), and polished titanium (PT) as a control. Surface topography was examined using scanning electron microscopy and profilometry. Contact angle, surface free energy (SFE), surface microhardness and chemical composition were determined.Disc samples were separately incubated with Streptococcus mitis and Prevotella nigrescens, either with or without pre-coating with human saliva, for 6 h and the surface area covered by bacteria was calculated from fluorescence microscope images.

Results

PZ and TBZ exhibited lower surface free energy and lesser surface wettability than PT. Also, PZ and TBZ surfaces showed lower percentage of bacterial adhesion compared with control PT surface.

Conclusions

The zirconia material and titanium blasted with zirconia surface (TBZ surface) showed superior effect to titanium material in reducing the adhesion of the experimented bacteria especially after coating with saliva pellicle. Modifying titanium with zirconia lead to have the same surface properties of pure zirconia material in reducing bacterial adhesion.SFE appears to be the most important factors that determine initial bacterial adhesion to smooth surface.     

Profilometric and standard error of the mean analysis of rough implant surfaces treated with different instrumentations

PURPOSE: This study evaluated, in vitro, the effects of different instrumentations used in the treatment of peri-implantitis on implant surfaces coated with hydroxyapatite or titanium plasma spray (TPS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: There were 14 cylindrical rough implants used, including 7 hydroxyapatite and 7 TPS coated. Split in 2 parts for a total of 24 experimental surfaces, implants were treated with a stainless-steel curette, plastic curette, ultrasonic scaler tip, and air-powder-water spray. There was 1 hydroxyapatite and 1 TPS implant used as controls. Profilometry and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine instrumented surfaces for variations in surface topography. RESULTS: All experimental procedures determined changes on tested rough implant surfaces. Such alterations were related to the implant coating material, and the procedure consisting in coating removal and/or leveling of surface roughness. CONCLUSION: Although a plastic curette and air-powder-water spray induced less implant surface alterations, these instrumentations left deposits on the surface that may affect, in vivo, the tissue healing process.     

Plaque formation on surface modified dental implants

Bacterial adhesion on titanium implant surfaces has a strong influence on healing and long-term outcome of dental implants. Parameters like surface roughness and chemical composition of the implant surface were found to have a significant impact on plaque formation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of two physical hard coatings on bacterial adhesion in comparison with control surfaces of equivalent roughness. Two members of the oral microflora, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis were used. Commercially pure titanium discs were modified using four different surface treatments: physical vapour deposition (PVD) with either titanium nitride (TiN) or zirconium nitride (ZrN), thermal oxidation and structuring with laser radiation. Polished titanium surfaces were used as controls. Surface topography was examined by SEM and estimation of surface roughness was done using a contact stylus profilometer. Contact angle measurements were carried out to calculate surface energy. Titanium discs were incubated in the respective bacterial cell suspension for one hour and single colonies formed by adhering bacteria were counted by fluorescence microscopy. Contact angle measurements showed no significant differences between the surface modifications. The surface roughness (Ra) of all surfaces examined was between 0.14 and 1.00 microm. A significant reduction of the number of adherent bacteria was observed on inherently stable titanium hard materials such as TiN and ZrN and thermically oxidated titanium surfaces compared to polished titanium. In conclusion, physical modification of titanium implant surfaces such as coating with TiN or ZrN may reduce bacterial adherence and hence improve clinical results.     

Surface treatments of titanium dental implants for rapid osseointegration.

The osseointegration rate of titanium dental implants is related to their composition and surface roughness. Rough-surfaced implants favor both bone anchoring and biomechanical stability. Osteoconductive calcium phosphate coatings promote bone healing and apposition, leading to the rapid biological fixation of implants. The different methods used for increasing surface roughness or applying osteoconductive coatings to titanium dental implants are reviewed. Surface treatments, such as titanium plasma-spraying, grit-blasting, acid-etching, anodization or calcium phosphate coatings, and their corresponding surface morphologies and properties are described. Most of these surfaces are commercially available and have proven clinical efficacy (>95% over 5 years). The precise role of surface chemistry and topography on the early events in dental implant osseointegration remain poorly understood. In addition, comparative clinical studies with different implant surfaces are rarely performed. The future of dental implantology should aim to develop surfaces with controlled and standardized topography or chemistry. This approach will be the only way to understand the interactions between proteins, cells and tissues, and implant surfaces. The local release of bone stimulating or resorptive drugs in the peri-implant region may also respond to difficult clinical situations with poor bone quality and quantity. These therapeutic strategies should ultimately enhance the osseointegration process of dental implants for their immediate loading and long-term success.     

Titanium surface modification and its effect on the adherence of Porphyromonas gingivalis: an in vitro study

AIM: Titanium dental implants are an important treatment option in the replacement of missing teeth. Implant failures can, however, occur and may be promoted by the loss of tissue as a result of local bacterial infection (peri-implantitis). OBJECTIVES: Bacterial adherence to implant surfaces is believed to be influenced by material surface roughness and surface-free energy parameters. Consequently, the aim of this study was to modify these properties of titanium and identify what effect these modifications had on subsequent bacterial adherence. Materials and methods: In this study, 16 titanium samples of different roughness (R(a) 34.57-449.42 nm) were prepared using specific polishing procedures. A further six samples were chemically altered by argon plasma discharge treatment and immersion in silane solutions to produce different surface hydrophobicities. An in vitro adhesion assay using Porphyromonas gingivalis was used to assess the effect of modification on bacterial adherence. RESULTS: A significant reduction in adhesion to materials categorised as being 'very smooth' (R(a) 34.57+/-5.79 nm) was evident. This reduction did not occur with 'smooth' (R(a) 155.00+/-33.36 nm), 'rough' (R(a) 223.24+/-9.86 nm) or 'very rough' (R(a) 449.42+/-32.97 nm) surfaces. Changing material surface hydrophobicity was also not found to effect bacterial adhesion. CONCLUSIONS: Adhesion of P. gingivalis to titanium was inhibited at surface roughness levels below those generally encountered for implant collars/abutments (R(a) 350 nm). Considerations of these findings may be beneficial in the production of titanium implants in order to reduce bacterial colonisation.     

Cell culture tests for assessing the tolerance of soft tissue to variously modified titanium surfaces

The aim of our research project was to achieve an improvement in the integration of enossal dental implants in the region of peri-implantary soft tissue. Improvement in the adhesion of the gingiva of the surface of enossal implants was to be achieved by modification of the titanium surface. The effect of different modifications on the biocompatibility of the modified titanium surfaces was tested: sulfur dioxide plasma treatment of titanium; acetylene plasma treatment of titanium followed by sulfur dioxide plasma etching; plasma nitration of titanium; replacement of titanium by glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy silane; coating titanium with poly[(ethene-co-vinyl acetate)-graft-vinyl chloride] and coating titanium with fibronectin. Determination of the chemical composition of the surface was carried out using X-ray photospectroscopy. The adsorption of fibronectin at the surface of the titanium was tested using an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. In selected in vitro tests with human gingival fibroblasts, cell morphology was assessed using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Cell proliferation and protein synthesis, as well as the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenases were evaluated. By means of centrifugation and by determining initial cell adhesion, the adhesion of gingival fibroblasts was investigated. According to the kind of modification made to the titanium surfaces, it was possible to observe differences in the cellular behavior of gingiva fibroblasts on the differently modified surfaces of the implants. Coating the titanium using fibronectin produced optimization of cell growth and improvement in the adhesion of gingiva fibroblasts to the implant surface. In contrast, modification of the titanium with poly[(ethene-co-vinyl acetate)-graft-vinyl chloride] generally resulted in a deterioration of the biocompatibility of the surface. A marked correlation between the cellular compatibility of the modified titanium and the surface modification made did not become apparent. One reason for this is the large number of parameters determining the interaction between implant and tissue.     

Surface chemistry effects of topographic modification of titanium dental implant surfaces: 1. Surface analysis

PURPOSE: To analyze the surface composition of 34 different commercially available titanium dental implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Surface composition was evaluated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Samples were divided into 4 groups, depending on their surface topography (machined, sandblasted, acid etched, or plasma sprayed). RESULTS: Statistical analysis of the data showed a clear relationship between surface composition and topography, which can be easily accounted for by the chemical effects of the surface treatment performed. On average, acid-etched and plasma-sprayed surfaces had higher titanium and lower carbon concentration than machined surfaces. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Current studies aimed at the evaluation of implants with different topography should not implicitly assume that topography is the only variable controlling the biologic response. Rather, when comparing different topographies, it should be taken into account that surface chemistry may be a variable as well.     

Effect of a cordless retraction paste material on implant surfaces: an in vitro study

Cordless retraction paste material for gingival retraction in implant dentistry has recently become of interest to the clinician. However, few studies have been conducted on the use of retraction pastes and their possible interaction with implant surfaces. This in vitro study evaluated the effect of a cordless retraction paste material, Expasyl? (Acteon), on TiUnite? (Nobel Biocare) implant surfaces. Three areas of the fixtures were evaluated before and after contact with the retraction paste using scanning electron microscopy to evaluate changes in surface topography and energy-dispersive spectroscopy to identify any surface chemistry modifications. Alteration of the initial surface after exposure to Expasyl? was identified, with the implant collar showing the most changes.     

In Vitro Biofilm Formation on Titanium and Zirconia Implant Surfaces

Background: It has been hypothesized that zirconia might have a reduced bacterial adhesion compared with titanium; however, results from experimental studies are rather controversial. The aim of the present study is to compare biofilm formation on zirconia and titanium implant surfaces using an in vitro three‐species biofilm and human plaque samples. Methods: Experimental disks made of titanium (Ti) or zirconia (ZrO₂) with a machined (M) or a sandblasted (SLA) and acid‐etched (ZLA) surface topography were produced. An in vitro three‐species biofilm or human plaque samples were applied for bacterial adhesion to each type of disk, which after 72 hours of incubation was assessed using an anaerobic flow chamber model. Results: Zirconia showed a statistically significant reduction in three‐species biofilm thickness compared with titanium (ZrO₂‐M: 8.41 μm; ZrO₂‐ZLA: 17.47 μm; Ti‐M: 13.12 μm; Ti‐SLA: 21.97 μm); however, no differences were found regarding three‐species‐biofilm mass and metabolism. Human plaque analysis showed optical density values of 0.06 and 0.08 for ZrO₂‐M and ZrO₂‐ZLA, and values of 0.1 and 0.13 for Ti‐M and Ti‐SLA, respectively; indicating a statistically significant reduction in human biofilm mass on zirconia compared with titanium. Additionally, zirconia revealed a statistically significant reduction in human plaque thickness (ZrO₂‐M: 9.04 μm; ZrO₂‐ZLA: 13.83 μm; Ti‐M: 13.42 μm; Ti‐SLA: 21.3 μm) but a similar human plaque metabolism compared with titanium. Conclusion: Zirconia implant surfaces showed a statistically significant reduction in human plaque biofilm formation after 72 hours of incubation in an experimental anaerobic flow chamber model compared with titanium implant surfaces.     

Human gingival fibroblast functions are stimulated by oxidized nano-structured titanium surfaces

Objectives

The aim of this study was to analyze the features of an oxidized titanium implant surface and to evaluate its effects on the response of human gingival fibroblasts.

Methods

10 mm × 10 mm × 1 mm turned (control) and oxidized (test) titanium samples (P.H.I. s.r.l., Italy) were examined by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy and characterized by height, spatial and hybrid roughness parameters. Primary cultures of human gingival fibroblasts were seeded on titanium samples, and cell morphology, adhesion, proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition, in terms of type I collagen synthesis, were evaluated.

Results

Control and test surfaces appeared considerably different at the microscopic analyses: turned samples were grooved, whereas oxidized surfaces showed a more complex micro- and nano-scaled texture, as evidenced by roughness parameters. Cell adhesion and proliferation rate, as well as collagen synthesis, were greater on oxidized vs turned surfaces.

Conclusions

Although both control and test samples were in the range of average roughness proper of smooth surfaces, they exhibited significantly different topographic properties in terms of height and, mostly, hybrid parameters. Furthermore, oxidized surfaces enhanced human gingival fibroblast adhesion, proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition, and this could be due to the different structure at micro- and nano-scale levels.

Clinical significance

Oxidized nanostructured titanium surfaces could have a significant clinical utilization in virtue of their affinity for soft tissue attachment at the implant neck and/or at the transmucosal portion of the prosthetic abutment.     

纯钛表面氨基化改性对细胞生长的影响

目的：采用射频低温等离子体,研究庚胺在不同模式下对纯钛表面改性后的理化特征及对不同细胞粘附的影响。方法：利用能谱仪表征不同处理表面的结构、化学成分。同时通过体外培养、细胞计数和荧光显微镜观察研究两种细胞在不同表面的粘附情况。结果：连续波偶连脉冲模式表面引入的氨基最多,成骨细胞在此组表面的粘附显著优于其他组,成纤维细胞则相反,在氨基改性表面早期的粘附明显少于未处理组。结论：等离子体活化的纯钛能影响不同细胞的生长,加速成骨细胞粘附及生长的同时,抑制成纤维细胞的早期贴附。     

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell response to nano-structured oxidized and turned titanium surfaces

Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyse the topographic features of a novel nano‐structured oxidized titanium implant surface and to evaluate its effect on the response of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM‐MSC) compared with a traditional turned surface. Methods: The 10 × 10 × 1 mm turned (control) and oxidized (test) titanium samples (P.H.I. s.r.l.) were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and characterized by height, spatial and hybrid roughness parameters at different dimensional ranges of analysis. Primary cultures of BM‐MSC were seeded on titanium samples and cell morphology, adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation, in terms of alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin synthesis and extracellular matrix mineralization, were evaluated. Results: At SEM and AFM analyses turned samples were grooved, whereas oxidized surfaces showed a more complex micro‐ and nano‐scaled texture, with higher values of roughness parameters. Cell adhesion and osteogenic parameters were greater on oxidized (P<0.05 at least) vs. turned surfaces, whereas the cell proliferation rate was similar on both samples. Conclusions: Although both control and test samples were in the range of average roughness proper of smooth surfaces, they exhibited significantly different topographic properties in terms of height, spatial and, mostly, of hybrid parameters. This different micro‐ and nano‐structure resulted in an enhanced adhesion and differentiation of cells plated onto the oxidized surfaces.     

Initial attachment of human gingival fibroblast‐like cells in vitro to titanium surfaces oretreated with saliva and serum

Wound healing at the implant‐soft tissue interface occurs in the presence of saliva and blood. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate potential influence of saliva and serum on initial attachment of human gingival fibroblast‐like cells to titanium (Ti) surfaces. 10×10mm large specimens were prepared from pure Ti, incubated for 1 h in either whole human saliva, fetal calf serum, their mixtures in proportions 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75, or buffer as control. Subsequently suspensions of human gingival fibroblast‐like cells were applied in 4 separate assays to Ti surfaces for 40 min and cell attachment was evaluated by means of image analysis under reflected light microscopy. Significantly lower numbers of attached cells ( p <0.001) were found on all surfaces pretreated with saliva alone or in combination with serum. Pretreatment with serum alone showed no consistent enhancing effect on cell adhesion. These results suggest that exposure of implant necks to saliva during implant insertion or peri‐implantitis treatment might inhibit adhesion of gingival fibroblasts and thus indirectly support isolation of the implant by epithelial proliferation.     

Chemical treatment of machined titanium surfaces. An in vitro study.

Microbial plaque accumulation on titanium dental implant surfaces can result in an inflammatory condition of the surrounding tissues. Cleaning of such a contaminated surface, in viva, by means of a solution of amino-alcohol, following surgical exposure, has been proposed. However, the tissue healing following treatment resulted in formation of a fibrous capsule at the tissue-implant interface, i.e. improper implant re-integration.The present experiment was designed to investigate the possible influence of an amino-alcohol solution on machined titanium surface properties. Titanium samples with topography and chemical composition similar to the clinically used Brinemark implant surfaces were used in this experimental in-vitro study to investigate the adsorption of amino-alcohol to such surfaces, and the possibilities to chemically remove the adsorbed alcohols in order to recover a pristine titanium surface. The amino-alcohol solution was supplied to the samule surfaces and four different methods were subseque& used in order-to remove the adsorbed alcohol molecules. It was shown that rinsing in water, saline solution and 5% H₂O₂ did not remove the amino₂alcohol from the surface. Howewer, exposure to ozone produced by using a commercial mercury lamp in ambient air resulted in complete removal of the adsorbed amino-alcohol The results show that the amino-alcohol used forms a stable and dense film at the implant surface in vitro. Presence of such a film most likely prevents re-integration to occur at the implant tissue interface in viva.     

不同去污方法对种植体表面处理的体外研究

目的    评估不同去污方法对污染种植体的清洁效果和表面形态的影响，为临床中种植体表面清洁方案的选择提供依据。方法　研究样本为收集自重度种植体周炎病例的8颗离体种植体，随机分为4组，每组2颗种植体，分别使用钛刮治器（刮治组）、钛刷（钛刷组）、喷砂（喷砂组）和铒激光（激光组）对种植体表面进行清洁并记录清洁时长，使用扫描电镜和X射线能谱仪对种植体表面进行成像和元素分析。结果     清洁效果：①刮治组、钛刷组和喷砂组的组间清洁时长差异无统计学意义（均P > 0.05），激光组用时明显高于刮治组（P < 0.05）；②低倍电镜图显示喷砂组与钛刷组的清洁程度相当，残留沉积物明显少于刮治组，而激光组去污前后沉积物量无明显变化；③元素分析显示仅喷砂组钛元素占比明显高于刮治组和基线（P < 0.05）。表面形态：高倍电镜图显示激光去污和喷砂去污对蜂窝结构无影响，刮治组轻微改变，而钛刷组破坏严重。结论    钛刮治器清洁污染种植体的能力有限，喷砂清洁有一定优势。目前单一的机械去污仍无法实现彻底清洁，需进一步探究更有效的去污方案。     

Effect of oxygen plasma immersion ion implantation treatment on corrosion resistance and cell adhesion of titanium surface

Objective: The study was to investigate the corrosion resistance and cell adhesion of titanium (Ti) surface for dental implant application by oxygen plasma immersion ion implantation (O‐PIII) treatments. Materials and methods: Commercially pure Ti discs (grade 2) were used as the substrate. O‐PIII surface treatments, with different oxygen doses (1 × 10¹⁶ and 4 × 10¹⁶ ions/cm²), were performed in a high‐vacuum chamber with a radio frequency plasma source. Atomic force microscope, X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer and nanoindenter were used to analyze surface topography, chemical composition (three samples per group) and mechanical property (twenty‐five samples per group) of Ti specimens, respectively. Corrosion resistance of Ti specimens (five samples per group) was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization curve measurement in simulated blood plasma solution. The adhesion and spreading of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) on Ti surfaces were studied. Results: The results showed that O‐PIII treatment had no significant influence on the surface topography of Ti specimens. The thickness of oxide layer (mainly as TiO₂) on the O‐PIII‐treated Ti specimens increased with an increase in oxygen dose implanted. The O‐PIII‐treated Ti specimens possessed higher surface hardness and Young's modulus than the untreated Ti specimen. Potentiodynamic polarization tests revealed that the O‐PIII‐treated Ti surfaces had lower corrosion rate (I_corr) and passive current (I_pass) than the untreated Ti surface. The adhesion and spreading of hMSCs on Ti surfaces were improved by O‐PIII treatment. Conclusions: O‐PIII treatment could enhance the corrosion resistance and cell adhesion of Ti surface for dental implant application due to the increase in surface thickness of Ti‐oxides (mainly as TiO₂) on Ti. To cite this article:
Yang C‐H, Wang Y‐T, Tsai W‐F, Ai C‐F, Lin M‐C, Huang H‐H. Effect of oxygen plasma immersion ion implantation treatment on corrosion resistance and cell adhesion of titanium surface.
Clin. Oral Impl. Res. xx , 2011; 000–000.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02132.x     

Soft tissue cell adhesion to titanium abutments after different cleaning procedures: Preliminary results of a randomized clinical trial

Objectives: A randomized controlled trial was performed to assess soft tissue cell adhesion to implant titanium abutments subjected to different cleaning procedures and test if plasma cleaning can enhance cell adhesion at an early healing time. Study Design: Eighteen patients with osseointegrated and submerged implants were included. Before re-opening, 18 abutments were divided in 3 groups corresponding to different clinical conditions with different cleaning processes: no treatment (G1), laboratory customization and cleaning by steam (G2), cleaning by plasma of Argon (G3). Abutments were removed after 1 week and scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze cell adhesion to the abutment surface quantitatively (percentage of area occupied by cells) and qualitatively (aspect of adhered cells and presence of contaminants). Results: Mean percentages of area occupied by cells were 17.6 ± 22.7%, 16.5 ± 12.9% and 46.3 ± 27.9% for G1, G2 and G3 respectively. Differences were statistically significant between G1 and G3 (p=0.030), close to significance between G2 and G3 (p=0.056), and non-significant between G1 and G2 (p=0.530). The proportion of samples presenting adhered cells was homogeneous among the 3 groups (p-valor = 1.000). In all cases cells presented a flattened aspect; in 2 cases cells were less efficiently adhered and in 1 case cells presented filipodia. Three cases showed contamination with cocobacteria. Conclusions: Within the limits of the present study, plasma of Argon may enhance cell adhesion to titanium abutments, even at the early stage of soft tissue healing. Further studies with greater samples are necessary to confirm these findings. Key words:Connective tissue, dental abutments, randomized controlled trial, clinical research, glow discharged abutment, plasma cleaning.     

微纳复合结构对成纤维细胞黏附增殖的影响

目的：探讨经不同方法处理后的纯钛表面对成纤维细胞黏附增殖的影响。方法：将36个试件分平均为3组：机械抛光组（A组）;喷砂酸蚀组（B组）;喷砂酸蚀碱热组（C组）,每组均12个试件。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察分析3组试件表面微观结构和细胞在试件表面的铺展情况,激光共聚焦显微镜（CLSM）检测各试件表面的粗糙度;运用CCK-8试剂盒在450 nm波长下检测各试件对成纤维细胞（ L929）黏附与增殖的吸光度值（ OD值）。结果：A组表面光滑,试件表面成纤维细胞骨架大多呈梭形铺展,伸展较差;B组和C组表面粗糙,且C组表面可见微纳复合结构,试件表面成纤维细胞骨架呈三维空间向铺展,表面黏附成纤维细胞数量明显多于A组和B组。观察第1,3,5 d试件表面细胞增殖情况,可见粗糙表面较光滑表面更利于成纤维细胞的增殖。结论：喷砂酸蚀碱热方法处理后的纯钛表面形成微米-纳米复合孔洞,表面活性好,促进成纤维细胞早期黏附及表面铺展,且不抑制细胞的增殖。