脑梗死、糖尿病及脑梗死合并糖尿病患者感觉障碍程度的研究

目的 探讨脑梗死、糖尿病及脑梗死合并糖尿病患者的感觉障碍(主要为痛、温觉)程度.方法 对脑梗死、糖尿病及脑梗死合并糖尿病患者各30例,使用神经定量感觉检查(QST)方法 分别检测冷觉、热觉、冷痛觉、热痛觉阈值,并与正常对照组比较.结果 与正常对照组相比,脑梗死组和脑梗死合并糖尿病组双手及双足冷觉、冷痛觉和热觉均减退(均P<0.01);脑梗死组左足、脑梗死合并糖尿病组双足热痛觉减退(均P<0.01);糖尿病组右足冷觉、双手及双足冷痛觉和双足热觉减退(P<0.05～0.01).脑梗死合并糖尿病组与脑梗死组的左足热觉、右足热痛觉阈值及与糖尿病组的双手及双足冷、热觉及双足热痛觉阈值比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05～0.01).结论 脑梗死合并糖尿病患者的感觉功能损害程度明显重于单一脑梗死或糖尿病患者.     

CT引导下阿霉素治疗原发性三叉神经痛定量感觉分析

目的评价原发性三叉神经痛患者阿霉素治疗后疼痛程度和感觉功能变化,并探讨二者的相关性。方法于CT引导下阿霉素治疗23例原发性三叉神经痛患者,分别于治疗前以及治疗后1 d、7 d、1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月采用视觉模拟评分(VAS)评价疼痛程度,定量感觉检测(QST)测定患侧下颏冷觉、温觉、冷痛觉、热痛觉阈值。结果与治疗前相比,治疗后1 d、7 d、1个月、3个月、6个月和12个月VAS评分降低(均P=0.000);治疗后1、3、6和12个月患侧下颏冷觉(P=0.003,0.000,0.000,0.000)和冷痛觉(P=0.022,0.000,0.000,0.013)阈值降低,温觉(P=0.004,0.002,0.000,0.000)和热痛觉(P=0.004,0.002,0.000,0.000)阈值升高。Pearson相关分析显示,阿霉素治疗后VAS评分与患侧下颏冷觉(r=0.703,P=0.000)和冷痛觉(r=0.679,P=0.002)阈值呈正相关,与温觉(r=-0.782,P=0.000)和热痛觉(r=-0.726,P=0.001)阈值呈负相关。结论 QST检测是一种无创性、简便的感觉功能评价方法,可以定量测定感觉神经损害,成为评价三叉神经毁损术治疗效果的有价值指标。     

腕管综合征病人定量感觉测试研究

目的对腕管综合征病人(CTS)进行定量感觉测试(QST)研究,了解CTS病人是否存在小神经纤维的损害并客观评价其感觉障碍的程度。方法对19例临床及常规肌电图及神经传导速度检查证实的CTS病人(共34只手)检测其第2指、3指、5指的温度觉及振动觉。结果患者组第2指、3指、5指的温度觉及振动觉阈值与正常对照组之间存在显著性差异,第2指、3指温度觉异常率在12%~35%之间,振动觉的异常率分别为26%和24%。振动觉的测试结果与神经传导速度之间有很好的相关性。结论应用QST测试可以发现CTS病人存在小神经纤维的损害。QST对于CTS的早期诊断价值不如肌电图-神经传导速度(EMG~NCV)敏感,但可较客观的评价小纤维损害的程度,两者结合,可以对周围神经病变作出全面的评价。     

神经减压术治疗糖尿病下肢周围神经病变的适应证及疗效分析

目的探讨糖尿病性周围神经病变(DPN)神经减压手术适应证及疗效。方法采用DELLON术式对560例DPN病人卡压的下肢神经进行显微减压术。术前和术后1.5年进行多伦多临床神经病变评分(TCSS),定量感觉功能测定(QST)和神经感觉运动传导速度(NCV)检测,同时选取25例志愿者作为正常对照组行对比性研究。结果 DPN术前NCV异常率为74.9%,QST异常率为90.9%,两者间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。NCV与冷感觉阈值呈正相关(r=0.395,P0.01),与热感觉阈值、振动觉阈值呈负相关(r为-0.387、-0.367,P0.01)。TCSS评分与冷感觉阈值呈负相关(r=-0.522,P0.01),与热感觉阈值、振动觉阈值呈正相关(r为0.552、0.502,P0.01)。NCV术后较术前明显增快(P0.05),QST的冷感觉阈值较术前明显升高(P0.05),热感觉阈值、振动觉阈值较术前明显降低(P0.01,P0.05)。术后TCSS评分420例改善至10～13分(P0.01)。结论 QST检测适用于DPN早期诊断,QST异常是实施下肢神经减压术的适应证。QST与NCV两者联合使用对选择适宜手术病例,把握手术时机具有重要临床意义,并可作为评价手术疗效的客观依据。TCSS评分简单、全面,可作为门诊DPN的早期筛查。     

慢性紧张性头痛的定量感觉检查及心理健康水平

目的探讨慢性紧张性头痛(chronic tension-type headache,CTTH)患者定量感觉阈值的改变及与精神、心理障碍的关系。方法用定量感觉检测(quantitative sensory test,QST)仪对CTTH组96例及健康对照组用Limits法测定颞肌及颈后的冷觉(cold sensation,CS)、温觉(warm sensory,WS)、冷痛觉(cold pain,CP)、热痛觉(heatpain,HP)阈值,比较两组阈值,并用症状自评量表(symptom check list 90,SCL-90)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(Hamilton anxi-ety scale,HAMA)和汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression scale,HAMD)对两组进行心理健康状况筛查。结果 SCL-90评分,CTTH组在躯体化、强迫、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖等因子分明显高于对照组(P0.01);CTTH组出现焦虑、抑郁障碍67例(70%)。头痛伴焦虑抑郁组QST阈值降低,阈值与对照组比较有统计学差异(P0.01);头痛无焦虑抑郁组QST阈值较对照组降低(P0.05),但较头痛伴抑郁焦虑组高(P0.05)。结论 CTTH患者存在不良心理水平,焦虑、抑郁在CTTH的发病过程中有重要作用。QST显示痛、温觉过敏,提示CTTH患者头痛发作可能还与中枢对疼痛的敏感性增高有关。     

吉兰-巴雷综合征和多发性神经病患者的温度觉及震动觉定量测定

目的了解定量感觉检查(QST)评价吉兰-巴雷综合征(GBS)及多发性神经病(PNP)患者感觉功能的作用。方法用温度觉分析仪(TSA-2001)及震动觉分析仪(VSA-6003)、以Limits法测定GBS、PNP及正常人左侧肢体四个部位的温度觉阈值(TT)及震动觉阈值(VT)，GBS及PNP患者同时测了感觉传导速度(SCV)。结果GBS及PNP患者四肢远端存在冷、温觉阈值、震动觉阈值增大；QST比临床检查及SCV更敏感。GBS患者VT与SCV有显著相关性。PNP患者各部位的TT、VT与SCV无显著性相关。2例尿毒症性多发性神经病患者有矛盾性热感觉。结论QST对于周围神经感觉功能的评价是一敏感而可靠的方法，有助于周围神经病的诊断。     

定量感觉及神经传导检测在糖尿病患者中的应用比较

目的:分析定量感觉检查(QST)及神经传导检测(NCS)在糖尿病患者中的应用价值.方法:用QST对100例2型糖尿病(T2DM)组和50例正常对照组分别进行四肢的冷觉(CS)、温觉(WS)、冷痛觉(CP)、热痛觉(HP)的感觉阈值测定并进行比较分析;并对T2DM患者进行上肢的正中神经、尺神经,下肢的胫神经、腓神经运动和感觉支的NCS、复合肌肉动作电位(CMAP)、感觉神经动作电位(SNAP)以及运动末梢潜伏期(DML)进行测定并分析.T2DM患者分为有症状组和无症状组,分别对QST及NCS的异常率进行分析并比较.结果:T2DM组QST和NCS结果与正常对照组比较差异有显著意义(P＜0.01); QST与NCS异常率比较差异有显著意义(P＜0.01),QST的异常率均显著大于NCS;提示糖尿病周围神经病(DPN)患者中周围神经小纤维受损比大纤维更明显,T2DM患者有症状组和无症状组各值比较差异均有显著意义(P＜0.01).结论:QST对DPN的早期诊断提供可靠依据,QST对DPN的诊断敏感性高,但特异性低,需与NCS结合对糖尿病周围神经状况进行评价更为完善.QST和NCS不能相互替代,全面了解DPN病情需QST和NCS结合,并密切结合临床.     

高频超声、神经电生理对糖尿病性周围神经病的手术评估

目的 探讨高频超声、神经电生理在糖尿病性周围神经病(DPN)早期诊断及其神经减压手术时机、疗效评估中的应用价值.方法 对560例糖尿病性下肢周围神经病患者,按Dellon术式对卡压神经进行显微松解术.所有病例术前、术后1.5年进行多伦多临床神经病变评分(TCSS),神经高频超声、定量感觉功能(QST)、神经感觉传导速度(NCV)检测,并在相应时间节点采用同样指标与健康对照组进行对比.结果 DPN患者高频超声显示受累神经肿胀、增粗,内部回声减低,神经内线状结构消失,神经前后径(D1)和横径(D2),横断面积(CSA)手术前后差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).NCV阳性检测率为74.9%,QST阳性检测率为90.9%,两者差异有统计学意义.DPN早期诊断QST较NCV更为敏感.NCV术后较术前明显增快(P＜0.05),冷感觉阈值较术前明显升高(P＜0.05);热感觉阈值较术前明显降低(P＜0.01);振动觉阈值较术前明显降低(P＜0.05).NCV与冷感觉阈值呈正相关;与热感觉阈值、振动觉阈值呈负相关.术前TCSS评分19分者术后75%改善至10～13分(P＜0.01).结论 高频超声能够从形态学角度提供神经卡压程度、部位等信息.QST检测适用于DPN的早期诊断,QST异常是实施下肢神经减压术的适应证.QST与NCV两者联合使用对把握手术时机具有重要意义,高频超声、NCV、QST可作为评价手术疗效的客观依据.     

定量感觉检查在二硫化碳所致周围神经病变诊断中的应用

目的:了解定量感觉检查(QST)在二硫化碳(CS2)所致作业工人周围神经病变诊断方面中的应用价值.方法:使用温度觉分析仪[1]、振动觉分析仪,用改良的“Marstock”方法测定48例接触CS2 5年以上的作业工人(观察组)与48例正常人(对照组)的肢体进行定量温度觉检查(QTT)、定量振动觉检查(QVT),用肌电图/诱发电位仪给予神经传导测定.结果:观察组的QTT、QVT、运动神经传导速度(MCV)、感觉神经传导速度(SCV)异常率均明显高于对照组(P＜0.01),差异有显著意义.观察组中的QTT、QVT异常率明显高于MCV、SCV(P＜0.01),差异有显著意义.有症状的观察组的QTT、QVT、MCV、SCV异常率高于无症状组(P＜0.05),差异有显著意义.提示CS2作业工人的小神经有髓纤维和无髓感觉纤维受损比大神经纤维更常见.结论:QST可为CS2所致周围神经病变的诊断提供可靠的依据.     

定量感觉检查对糖尿病周围神经病的早期诊断价值

目的　探讨定量感觉检查(QST)对糖尿病周围神经病的早期诊断价值。方法　对46例糖尿病 患者神经传导速度(NCV)和QST进行检测,并将其结果进行对比研究。结果　46例糖尿病患者中NCV异常 率为72.8%(35/46),NCV诊断糖尿病周围神经病32例(69.6%);QST异常率为91.3%(42/46),QST诊断 糖尿病周围神经病40例(86.9%),两者差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论　QST较NCV对糖尿病周围神经病 变的诊断敏感性高;糖尿病患者温度觉异常率显著高于振动觉和NCV;提示其小神经纤维受损比大神经纤维 受损更常见。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.