血清脂联素水平与肥胖度的关系

目的 研究上海地区人群血清脂联素(adiponeetin)水平与年龄、性别、体脂及血清瘦素水平的关系。方法 用放射免疫分析法测定104例正常非肥胖和57例超重或肥胖个体[体重指数(BMI)≥25kg/m~2]的血清脂联素水平。结果 正常非肥胖者脂联素男性(10.15±6.33)mg/L,女性(13.82±6.09)mg/L;超重或肥胖者脂联素男性(5.78±3.55)mg/L,女性(8.13±4.32)mg/L。正常女性血清脂联素水平高于男性,肥胖及超重个体血清脂联素水平显著低于正常人。脂联素浓度与BMI、腰围和体脂％呈显著负相关,与血清瘦素呈负相关,但扣除体脂因素后两者并尤明显相关性。在本年龄段中,脂联素与年龄关系不大。结论 脂联素作为脂肪细胞分泌的一种激素蛋白,其浓度变化可能与肥胖及其相关疾病密切相关,表明脂联素的增加可能是有益的。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者血清脂联素水平的研究

目的 探讨血清脂联素在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者体内的变化。方法 选择伴有肥胖的OSAHS患者71例(肥胖OSAHS组)、不伴肥胖的OSAHS患者21例(非肥胖OSAHS组)、单纯性肥胖者26例(单纯性肥胖组)和健康成人22例(正常对照组)。其中肥胖OSAHS组和单纯性肥胖组的体重指数(BMI)均大于25,两组间BMI差异无显著性。肥胖OSAHS组又进一步分为轻度(26例)、中度(22例)和重度(23例)。均接受多导睡眠仪监测和放射免疫法测定血清脂联素水平。结果 正常对照组血清脂联素水平[(8.9±0.6)mg/L]显著高于单纯性肥胖组[(7.1±1.3)mg/L](P<0.05)、非肥胖OSAHS组[(5.4±0.6)mg/L,P<0.01]和肥胖OSAHS组[(5.0±1.0)mg/L,P<01]。与单纯性肥胖组的血清脂联素水平相比,无论肥胖OSAHS组或非肥胖OSAHS组均显著降低,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。肥胖OSAHS组与非肥胖OSAHS组的血清脂联素水平相比,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。肥胖OSAHS组与单纯性肥胖组的分析显示:血清脂联素水平与呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)(r=-0.78,P<0.01)、BMI(r=-0.21,P<0.05)、腰围(r=-O.36,P<0.01)和颈围呈负相关(r=-0.42,P<0.01),与最低脉搏血氧饱和度呈正相关(r=0.48,P<0.01)。结论 OSAHS患者中血清脂联素水平较正常对照和单纯肥胖者更低,除了腰围和颈围的因素     

超重及肥胖人群血清网膜素-1水平的变化

目的 探讨在南京地区人群中超重及肥胖者血清网膜素-1水平的变化及其与体重指数、腰围、脂联素之间的相关性.方法 从2008年3月至7月全国糖尿病和代谢综合征患病率及变迁调查江苏分中心的南京地区调查人群中,选取42例超重及肥胖者和55名健康对照者,分别测定体重指数、腰围、空腹胰岛素、窄腹血糖、血脂、血清网膜素-1及脂联素的水平,计算腰臀比及胰岛素抵抗指数.采用SPSS 15.0软件进行统计学分析,血清网膜素-1和各指标问的相关性分析采用Pearson相关分析法.结果 健康对照者的血清网膜素-1浓度为(0.024±0.012)μg/L,脂联素浓度为(7.7±2.4)mg/L,超重及肥胖者的血清网膜素-1浓度为(0.016±0.007)μg/L,脂联素浓度为(6.4±3.1)mg/L.结果 显示超重及肥胖者的血清网膜素-1及脂联素水平明显低于健康对照者(P<0.05),且相关分析表明血清网膜素-1与体重指数(r=-0.321,P<0.05)、腰围(r=-0.312,P<0.05)、腰臀比(r=0.243,P<0.05)及甘油三脂(r=-0.220,P<0.05)之间旱显著负相关,与脂联索(r=0.232,P<0.05)呈明显正相关.结论 超莆及肥胖者的血清网膜素-1水平较健康对照者显著下降,且血清网膜素-1浓度变化与脂联素之间呈正相关,提示网膜素水平变化可能与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病密切相关.     

高血压病超重及肥胖患者血清脂联素水平和IL-6含量的变化

目的研究高血压病超重及肥胖患者血清脂素水平、白介素-6(IL-6)含量的变化及其临床意义。方法63名正常非肥胖对照(男31名,女32名)和57名体重指数>25kg/m2的单纯性超重肥胖个体和41名高血压病超重肥胖患者进入研究,测量血压(BP)、体重指数(BMI)、腰围(WC)、腰臀围比(WHR),用ELISA法检测所有研究对象血清脂联素浓度、血清IL-6含量。结果单纯性超重肥胖患者与高血压超重病肥胖患者血清脂联素水平显著低于正常对照者[单纯性超重肥胖男性(7.03±1.67)mg/L,高血压病超重肥胖男性(6.13±1.74)mg/Lvs正常对照男性(8.21±0.93)mg/L,t=3.868,t=5.388,均P<0.01;单纯性超重肥胖女性(7.90±1.35)mg/L,高血压病超重肥胖女性(6.97±1.16)mg/Lvs正常对照女性(9.22±0.68)mg/L,t=4.612,t=7.167,均P<0.01]。高血压病超重肥胖男性血清IL-6含量显著高于正常对照男性[高血压病超重肥胖男性(394.86±353.9)pg/mlvs正常对照男性(248.02±223.2)pg/ml,t=2.368,P<0.05;高血压病超重肥胖女性(303.2±283.6)pg/mlvs正常对照女性(230.5±214.2)pg/ml,t=0.9046,P>0.05]。在高血压病超重肥胖患者中,脂联素与体重指数、腰围、腰臀围比、收缩压之间呈显著负相关;IL-6与收缩压之间呈显著正相关。结论脂联素水平下降与超重肥胖、血压之间存在一定的相关性;IL-6含量升高可能与高血压病有关。     

2型糖尿病患者一级亲属脂联素及三种细胞因子与胰岛素抵抗的相关性

目的研究2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者非糖尿病一级亲属脂联素、TNF-α、IL-6及C-RP水平的变化及其与胰岛素抵抗(IR)的相关性。方法测定糖耐量正常的T2DM患者一级亲属36例,及无T2DM家族史的正常人对照组46例的血糖、血脂、胰岛素、脂联素、TNF-α、IL-6及hsC-RP。结果①T2DM患者一级亲属组脂联素水平显著低于正常人对照组(11·9±3·0mg/Lvs14·4±3·2mg/L,P<0·01),而TNF-α、IL-6及hsC-RP水平显著高于正常人对照组(分别是14·0±2·8pg/mlvs10·3±2·6pg/ml,P<0·01;13·8±2·7pg/mlvs8·1±2·2pg/ml,P<0·01;1·3±0·4mg/Lvs0·7±0·3mg/L,P<0·01);②T2DM患者一级亲属组IR指数与脂联素呈负相关(r=-0·666,P<0·01),与TNF-α、IL-6呈正相关(分别为r=0·731,P<0·01;r=0·640,P<0·01)。结论脂联素、TNF-α、IL-6及C-RP可能与T2DM患者一级亲属的IR相关。     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者血清瘦素、脂联素的变化

目的:探讨非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)患者血清瘦素、脂联素的变化.方法:选取NAFLD患者60例,与健康组60例相对照.ELISA法测定血清瘦素、脂联素水平,并与体质量指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)、甘油三脂(TG)、总胆固醇(Tchol)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、血糖(FBG)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、稳态模型评估的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)相结合,从而判定瘦素、脂联素在NAFLD中的作用.结果:NAFLD组与正常对照组相比,血清瘦素水平升高(12.37±1.99μg/L vs 5.20±41.03 μg/L,P<0.01),脂联素水平降低(12.69±2.83 mg/Lvs 22.83±4.61 mg/L,P<0.01).Logistic多因素回归分析显示瘦素与WHR、HOMA-IR、FBG呈独立正相关(β=8.175,0.974,0.564,P<0.01).脂联素与HOMA-IR、BMI呈独立负相关(β=-0.495,-0.3 14,P<0.01).结论:NAFLD患者血清瘦素水平升高,脂联素水平降低,这两种细胞因子均与胰岛素抵抗相关.     

社区中老年人群脂联素水平及其影响因素

目的 调查社区中老年人群的血清脂联素水平,分析其影响因素.方法 对仪征地区2个社区50岁以上退休人群,进行流行病学调查并应用ELISA法检测血清脂联素水平.结果 587人的平均血清脂联素水平为(8.15±3.00) mg/L.2型糖尿病(T2DM)组、高脂血症组的低脂联素水平(四分位分级)的比例分别高于无T2DM组、无高脂血症组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,血清低脂联素水平(低于中位数水平)与T2DM(OR=2.659,95%CI=1.667,4.238)、腹型肥胖(OR=1.528,95%CI =1.002,2.328)之间的关系有统计学意义.未发现年龄、性别、吸烟及饮酒等因素与血清脂联素水平间的联系.结论 低血清脂联素水平可能与T2DM、腹型肥胖存在相关性.     

肥胖人群中血清瘦素、游离脂肪酸和脂联素水平的相互关系

目的 测定肥胖人群中血清瘦素、游离脂肪酸(FFA)和脂联素的血清水平及分析其相互之间的关系。方法 20名正常非肥胖对照和63名体重指数>25kg/m~2的超重肥胖个体进入研究,后者按其血糖水平又分为单纯性肥胖组(38例)和2型糖尿病组(25例)。所有研究对象均分别完成口服葡萄糖耐量试验和减少样本数的静脉葡萄糖耐量试验(FSIVGTT)。使用SPSS10.0统计软件包统计分析血清胰岛素、瘦素、游离脂肪酸和脂联素在各组人群间的水平差异以及与肥胖度和胰岛素敏感指数等指标的关系。结果 肥胖患者的血清瘦素和FFA水平均显著高于正常对照,唯血清脂联素水平显著低于正常对照[瘦素:单纯肥胖(15.55±1.87)μg/L,糖尿病肥胖(13.41±5.07)μg/Lvs正常对照(2.83±0.70)μg/L,均P<0.001;FFA:单纯肥胖(670.5±239.8)μmol/L,糖尿病肥胖(780.8±381.7)μmol/Lvs正常对照(393.2±152.1)μmol/L,P<0.001和P<0.01;脂联素:单纯肥胖(9.11±2.16)μg/L,糖尿病肥胖(4.25±1.59)μg/Lvs正常对照(12.14±3.57)μg/L,P<0.01和P<0.001]。在以胰岛素敏感指数为应变量的多元回归方程中,脂联素、空腹胰岛素、FFA和腰臀比(WHR)进入方程(r~=0.28,P<0.001)。结论 肥胖人群的血清瘦素、FFA水平显著高于正常人群,血清脂联素水平则与之相反;肥胖度是影响     

2型糖尿病合并肥胖患者脂联素水平与胰岛素抵抗的相关性

目的 研究2型糖尿病合并肥胖患者脂联素水平和胰岛素抵抗之间的相关性,探讨脂联素在2型糖尿病合并肥胖患者发生胰岛素抵抗中的作用.方法 选择30例2型糖尿病合并肥胖患者、25例2型糖尿病患者及25例非糖尿病对照人员(其中13例为肥胖者),检测体质指数、腰/臀比值、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血清空腹胰岛素、血脂、脂联素水平,计算胰岛素抵抗指数和胰岛素敏感指数.分析血清脂联素与胰岛素抵抗的相关性.结果 (1)糖尿病肥胖组的检测体质指数、糖化血红蛋白、空腹血糖、胰岛素抵抗指数、血清空腹胰岛素、腰/臀比值均高于对照肥胖组,脂联素、胰岛素敏感指数低于对照肥胖组(P<0.05).(2)糖尿病非肥胖组甘油三酯、糖化血红蛋白、空腹血糖、胰岛素抵抗指数、血清空腹胰岛素均高于对照非肥胖组,胰岛素敏感指数、脂联素低于对照非肥胖组(P<0.05).(3)糖尿病肥胖组甘油三酯、胆固醇、体质指数、糖化血红蛋白、空腹血糖、胰岛素抵抗指数、血清空腹胰岛素、腰/臀比值均高于糖尿病非肥胖组,胰岛素敏感指数、脂联素低于糖尿病非肥胖组(P<0.05).结论 脂联素与2型糖尿病肥胖患者的胰岛素抵抗发生有关,脂联素降低易导致胰岛素抵抗,脂联素水平可作为2型糖尿病合并肥胖患者发生胰岛素抵抗的监测标准.     

血清脂联素水平与冠脉病变严重程度有关

目的: 了解血清脂联素水平与冠脉病变严重程度的关系。方法: 入选96例冠状动脉造影（CAG）的冠心病患者,根据临床病史和CAG结果分为2组:急性冠脉综合征(ACS)组60例,稳定型心绞痛(SAP)组36例;另收集非冠心病CAG阴性组40例为对照组。用Gensini评分系统对冠状动脉病变程度进行评分。根据Gensini评分系统将冠脉病变组分为Gensini积分≥30分组和<30分组,再根据冠脉病变支数分为单支,双支和3支组。采用双抗体夹心ELISA法测定血清脂联素水平。分析血清脂联素水平与冠脉病变严重程度及冠脉病变支数的相互关系。结果: ACS组和SAP组血清脂联素水平［(7.2±2.6)mg/L,(8.4±3.2)mg/L］明显低于非冠心病组［(19.5±2.5)mg/L,均P<0.01］,且ACS组和SAP组之间差异也具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。Gensini积分≥30分脂联素水平［(7.0±1.6）mg/L］明显低于<30分组,［(13.7±6.7)mg/L,P<0.01］。3支病变组血清脂联素水平［(7.5±2.8)mg/L］较单支组［(13.2±5.8)mg/L］显著降低（P<0.01）,较双支病变组［(10.7±4.8)mg/L］也显著降低（P<0.05）。双支病变组与单支病变组之间差异无统计学意义。血清脂联素水平与冠脉病变严重程度Gensini积分呈负相关(r=-0.713,P<0.01)。结论: 脂联素水平与冠脉病变严重程度及冠脉病变支数显著相关,低脂联素水平可以作为评价冠脉病变严重程度的一个指标。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.