胃肠外营养在结核性肠外瘘治疗中的应用

１９９４年７月～１９９７年４月，本院共收治肠结核伴肠外瘘３例，经静脉营养及抗结核治疗均治愈。１临床资料例１女，２４岁，因腹痛、腹胀半年，加重１０天，于当地医院行剖腹探查，术中证实腹腔多部位结核，行肠粘连松解术，术后１３天并发切口裂开、肠外瘘转本院。查...     

肠外营养对胃肠动力及分泌的影响

肠外营养支持广泛应用于临床，然而肠外途径营养及循环中各营养素对胃肠道动力及胃肠分泌的影响却知之甚少。本文综述肠外营养支持及葡萄糖、氨基酸、脂肪乳剂对胃肠动力及分泌的影响。静脉输注葡萄糖可抑制胃肠动力和分泌，这种抑制效应具有剂量依赖性。静脉输注高剂量氨基酸，则能刺激胃酸分泌、胰液分泌、胆囊收缩和肠道动力。静脉输注脂肪乳剂，可延缓胃排空并干扰消化期肠道动力模式。接受肠外营养支持病人胆囊活力降低，胆汁淤积，易患胆囊结石。     

胃肠癌肿术后围化疗期肠外营养的临床研究

目的：研究胃肠外营养在胃癌、结肠癌术后围化疗期的临床疗效。方法：80例胃癌、结肠癌术后病人采用自身前后交叉对比的方法随机分为两组。一组为单纯化疗者,另一组在接受化疗的同时给予胃肠外营养,结果：胃肠外营养能增强病人的食欲,改善病人的营养状况,提高机体免疫力,使病人如期接受化疗,组能减轻化疗药物的不良反应。结论：胃肠癌术后围化疗期有必要给予胃肠外营养。     

75例胃肠肿瘤术前、术后肠外营养治疗体会

目的：探讨胃肠肿瘤术前、术后肠外营养治疗方法与效果。方法：选取笔者所在医院2003-2011年收治的胃肠肿瘤患者150例,随机分为两组。在术前、术后,治疗组采取肠外营养治疗,对照组采取肠内营养治疗,对比两组的临床治疗效果。结果：两组病例术后营养治疗10d后,白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白、IgA、IgG、IgM均有明显提高,两组治疗后白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁白蛋白比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,治疗组治疗后IgA、IgG、IgM则明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：在胃肠肿瘤患者的临床治疗中,术前、术后分别给予肠外营养治疗的效果较为理想,值得进一步推广。     

消化道术后肠内营养与肠外营养联合应用与单纯肠外营养的比较

目的 探讨消化道恶性肿瘤术后早期肠内营养（EN）和肠外营养（PN）联合应用对患者恢复的影响，并与完全胃肠外营养（TPN）进行比较。方法 将2002年1月-2004年3月择期行消化道恶性肿瘤手术的患者65例随机分为二组：EN-PN组（35例）和TPN组（30例），于术后24小时开始营养治疗。分别于术前和术后第7天测定血清白蛋白（ALB）、前白蛋白（PA）、转铁蛋白（TFN）及白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）水平，同时测定血清内毒素水平和尿乳果糖/甘露醇（L/M）评价肠黏膜通透性，测定血清IgA、IgG、IgM、CD4、CD8及CD4/CD8评价免疫功能，比较二组患者感染等并发症的发生率和平均住院时间。结果 术后第7天，EN-PN组的尿L/M、血清内毒素、IL-6及TNFα水平均明显低于TPN组（P〈0．05），而EN-PN组的IgG及CD4/CD8水平均明显高于TPN组（P〈0．05），EN-PN组TFN及PA明显高于TPN组（P〈0．05），EN-PN组患者感染并发症和住院时间亦明显降低（P〈0．01）。结论 消化道恶性肿瘤患者术后早期应用肠内和肠外营养相结合的营养方式是安全有效的，可提高患者的免疫功能，促进患者恢复。     

黄疸与肠外营养

在胃肠外营养中，肝功能异常很常见。组织学检查显示脂肪肝、肝内淤胆、胆囊三角内炎症细胞侵润。很多年来，关于肝功能异常的原因经常引起争议，但到目前为止，仍不清楚。当TPN用于危重病人，如休克、败血症、营养不良和感染性疾病等，这些疾病本身就可以引起肝功能异常。毫无疑问，TPN本身对肝功能异常也有一定的影响。当然结石引起肝外胆管阻塞而不能进食者除外，过去认为色氨酸中毒、非氨基酸平衡溶液、必须脂肪酸的缺乏、脂肪过多、葡萄糖过多或少是TPN引起黄胆的原因。随着我们对TPN的进一步认识，我们认为这种可能性很小。一些引起TPN并发症的其它原因正为我们所认识。     

微量胃肠喂养联合肠外营养在早产儿中的应用观察

目的?对微量胃肠喂养联合肠外营养在早产儿中的应用进行评价和观察.方法将40例胎龄为26~34周,体重为1238~2080g的早产儿随机分为两组,每组各为20例,分别叫观察组和对照组.观察组给予早期的微量胃肠喂养联合肠外营养,对照组给与常规喂养.监测和观察两组患者的喂养时间、胎粪排尽时间、喂养的耐受程度、体重增长情况.结果观察和对照组相比较,喂养时间、胎粪排尽时间、恢复出生体重时间明显缩短,喂养的耐受性明显增强.比较差异,具有统计学意义.结论微量胃肠联合肠外营养,可减少喂养并发症的发生,使喂养不耐受得到改善,同时促进早产儿肠道的成熟.     

添加谷氨酰胺双肽的低热量肠外营养在高龄腹部手术病人的临床应用

目的 :探讨添加谷氨酰胺 (Gln)双肽的低热量肠外营养 (PN)在高龄腹部手术病人中的应用价值。　方法 :4 0例病人随机分成研究组和对照组 ,各 2 0例。所有病人术后第 1～ 6天接受等热量 83.6kJ/ (kg·d)、等氮 0 .16 g/(kg·d)的PN支持 ,研究组病人另增加 0 .3g/ (kg·d)的Gln双肽。术前及术后第 1、7天检测血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、IgG、IgA和IgM ,并进行淋巴细胞计数 (LCC)。计算术后第 1、4、7天氮平衡。　 结果 :两组病人术后血清白蛋白和前白蛋白值均较术前下降 ,对照组下降明显 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;术后LCC均较术前升高 ,尤以研究组升高显著 (P <0 .0 1)。累积氮平衡研究组明显高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。未观察到不良反应或并发症。　结论 :添加Gln双肽的低热量肠外营养在高龄腹部手术病人中使用安全 ,具有改善氮平衡、减轻术后血清蛋白水平下降和促进淋巴细胞计数恢复的作用     

低热量肠外营养在病儿术后早期应用的护理

0 引言 小儿外科病儿的营养状况直接关系到手术的耐受性和预后.我科自2002年10月至2007年1月以来,对119例需要PN支持的病儿,于手术后第1天经外周静脉输注低热量PN液,均取得预期效果.现将护理体会总结如下.     

消化道恶性肿瘤术后早期肠内与肠外营养治疗的比较

目的探讨消化道恶性肿瘤术后早期肠内营养(EEN) 肠外营养(PN)可行性,并将其与完全胃肠外营养(TPN)对患者营养状况和免疫功能的影响进行比较。方法将2001年10月～2003年3月在本院普外科行择期消化道恶性肿瘤手术患者随机分为EEN PN组(22例)和TPN组(24例),于术后24h开始营养治疗,他们在获得能量与氮量方面差异无显著性。术前、术后第1、3、7天测定血前白蛋白(PA)、白蛋白(ALB)和血色素(Hb)水平;术前、术后第7天测定血IgA、IgG、IgM、T淋巴细胞亚群CD3、CD4、CD8及CD4/CD8水平;术后第1～7天每日测定氮平衡(NB)。比较两组上述指标在术后的差异。结果两组间在术前、术后第1、3、7天测定的血PA、ALB、Hb及术后第1～7天测定的NB比较,差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。术后第7天EEN PN组CD3、CD4水平明显高于TPN组(P<0.05熏P<0.01),而两组在CD8及CD4/CD8的差异无显著性(P>0.05)。术后第7天EEN PN组IgM明显高于TPN组(P<0.05),而两组在IgA、IgG的差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论EEN PN是腹部术后安全有效的营养途径。由于EEN PN在改善免疫功能方面明显优于TPN,因此它应成为消化道肿瘤患者术后首选的营养方式。     

消化道肿瘤术后早期营养对免疫和应激反应的作用

目的 比较消化道恶性肿瘤术后早期肠内营养（EEN）＋肠外营养（PN）与术后早期完全胃肠外营养（TPN）对患者应激和免疫指标的影响。方法将择期进行消化道恶性肿瘤根治手术患者随机分为EEN＋PN组（22例）和TPN组（24例），两组患者分别于术后24小时开始等热量、等氮营养治疗。比较两组患者术前与术后1周CD3、CD4、CD8、CD4／CD8、IgA、IgG、IgM、C-反应蛋白（CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）、白介素2（IL2）水平的差异。结果EEN＋PN组术后7天CD3、CD4、IgM显著高于TPN组（P〈0．05）；TPN组术后1天IL2显著高于EEN＋PN组（P〈0．05）。两组患者术前、术后7天CD8、CD4／CD8、IgA、IgG、CRP、TNFα差异均无显著性（P＞0.05）。结论EEN＋PN在改善应激和免疫指标方面优于TPN，可成为消化道肿瘤患者术后首选的营养方式。     

Oral Nutritional Supplements and Enteral Nutrition in Patients with Gastrointestinal Surgery

Nowadays, patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery are following perioperative treatment in enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols. Although oral feeding is supposed not to be stopped perioperatively with respect to ERAS, malnourished patients and inadequate calorie intake are common. Malnutrition, even in overweight or obese patients, is often underestimated. Patients at metabolic risk have to be identified early to confirm the indication for nutritional therapy. The monitoring of nutritional status postoperatively has to be considered in the hospital and after discharge, especially after surgery in the upper gastrointestinal tract, as normal oral food intake is decreased for several months. The article gives an overview of the current concepts of perioperative enteral nutrition in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery.     

Changes in the Gastrointestinal Tract during Enteral or Parenteral Feeding

Intestinal adaptation, in terms of increasing intestinal length and weight, usually occurs rapidly after small-bowel resection. However, this response depends on provision of enteral nutrients. If total parenteral nutrition without enteral feeding is prolonged, hypoplasia of the intestinal mucosa results. Adaptation is probably mediated through the presence of luminal nutrients, particularly glutamine, which is preferentially used by the intestine. However, systemic hormonal factors, possibly gastrin, cholecystokinin, and glucagon, also influence intestinal adaptation. Thus, in the management of short-bowel syndromes, enteral nutrition should be added to total parenteral nutrition as soon as possible.     

胃癌手术后早期肠内肠外营养支持效果

目的探讨胃癌手术后早期肠内肠外营养(EN-PN)与完全肠外营养(TPN)的治疗效果。方法对2000年1月～2004年12月在我院普外科行胃癌根治术198例患者进行回顾性分析,其中97例(EN-PN组)采用术后早期肠内肠外营养治疗,101例(TPN组)采用完全肠外营养治疗,比较两组患者的术后营养指标(体重、血浆白蛋白、前白蛋白、视黄醇结合蛋白)、肛门排气时间、胃排空恢复时间、住院时间和总住院费、并发症发生率。结果EN-PN组术后第7天的血浆前白蛋白和视黄醇结合蛋白(302.54±58.65)g/L和(39.21±6.54)mg/L均显著高于TPN组的(236.89±48.84)g/L(P<0.05)和(25.36±5.37)mg/L(P<0.01);EN-PN组的肛门排气时间、胃排空恢复时间、住院时间分别为(56.8±7.1)小时、(6.6±3.8)天、(15.5±5.8)天,均显著少于TPN组的(79.6±14.6)小时(P<0.01)、(13.2±6.2)天(P<0.05)和(22.6±5.6)天(P<0.05);EN-PN组的并发症发生率18.6%和总住院费16568.35元均显著少于TPN组的40.6%(P<0.01)和28612.85元(P<0.01)。结论胃癌术后早期肠内肠外联合营养治疗安全可靠、简便易行、符合生理、肠功能恢复快、并发症少、费用低廉。     

Low‐Dose Parenteral Soybean Oil for the Prevention of Parenteral Nutrition–Associated Liver Disease in Neonates With Gastrointestinal Disorders

Background: Neonates with gastrointestinal disorders (GDs) are at high risk for parenteral nutrition–associated liver disease (PNALD). Soybean‐based intravenous lipid emulsions (S‐ILE) have been associated with PNALD. This study's objective was to determine if a lower dose compared with a higher dose of S‐ILE prevents cholestasis without compromising growth. Materials and Methods: This multicenter randomized controlled pilot study enrolled patients with GDs who were ≤5 days of age to a low dose (~1 g/kg/d) (LOW) or control dose of S‐ILE (~3 g/kg/d) (CON). The primary outcome was cholestasis (direct bilirubin [DB] >2 mg/dL) after the first 7 days of age. Secondary outcomes included growth, PN duration, and late‐onset sepsis. Results: Baseline characteristics were similar between the LOW (n = 20) and CON groups (n = 16). When the LOW group was compared with the CON group, there was no difference in cholestasis (30% vs 38%, P = .7) or secondary outcomes. However, mean ± SE DB rate of change over the first 8 weeks (0.07 ± 0.04 vs 0.3 ± 0.09 mg/dL/wk, P = .01) and entire study (0.008 ± 0.03 vs 0.2 ± 0.07 mg/dL/wk, P = .02) was lower in the LOW group compared with the CON group. Conclusion: In neonates with GDs who received a lower dose of S‐ILE, DB increased at a slower rate in comparison to neonates who received a higher dose of S‐ILE. Growth was comparable between the groups. This study demonstrates a need for a larger, randomized controlled trial comparing 2 different S‐ILE doses for cholestasis prevention in neonates at risk for PNALD.     

早期肠内营养支持对胃肠肿瘤术后患者肠黏膜通透性的影响

目的研究术后早期肠内营养支持对胃肠肿瘤患者肠黏膜通透性的影响。方法20例经病理证实为胃肠肿瘤的患者随机分为PN组和EN组。PN组术后行TPN支持,能量为105kJ·kg-1·d-1,氮入量0.2g·kg-1·d-1。EN组术后第1天起经鼻饲管(放置于Treitz韧带下或空肠输出袢下30cm)输注能全力,量由500ml/d递增至1500ml/d,速度由21ml/h递增至63ml/h。分别于术前1d及术后第8天分别给患者口服甘露醇5g和乳果糖10g,收集患者随后6h的全部尿液,测量6h尿中甘露醇排除率与乳果糖排除率之比值(lactulose/mannitolratio,L/M比值)。结果20例胃肠肿瘤患者术前L/M值为0.047±0.025,与正常人群的L/M值相比差异有极显著性(P<0.01)。术前PN组的L/M比值为0.050±0.030,EN组的L/M比值为0.044±0.023,两组间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。术后第8天分别经一段时期的EN和PN支持后,PN组的L/M比值为0.105±0.034,PN组的L/M比值为0.084±0.40,两组分别与术前相比差异有极显著性(P<0.01),两组间相比差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论术后早期短程应用能全力肠内营养支持对于胃肠肿瘤患者的肠黏膜通透性的影响与肠外营养支持相比差异无显著性。     

Aluminum Exposure in Neonatal Patients Using the Least Contaminated Parenteral Nutrition Solution Products

Aluminum (Al) is a contaminant in all parenteral nutrition (PN) solution component products. Manufacturers currently label these products with the maximum Al content at the time of expiry. We recently published data to establish the actual measured concentration of Al in PN solution products prior to being compounded in the clinical setting [1]. The investigation assessed quantitative Al content of all available products used in the formulation of PN solutions. The objective of this study was to assess the Al exposure in neonatal patients using the least contaminated PN solutions and determine if it is possible to meet the FDA “safe limit” of less than 5 μg/kg/day of Al. The measured concentrations from our previous study were analyzed and the least contaminated products were identified. These concentrations were entered into our PN software and the least possible Al exposure was determined. A significant decrease (41%–44%) in the Al exposure in neonatal patients can be achieved using the least contaminated products, but the FDA “safe limit” of less than 5 μg/kg/day of Al was not met. However, minimizing the Al exposure may decrease the likelihood of developing Al toxicity from PN.     

Providing the Best Parenteral Nutrition before and after Surgery for NEC: Macro and Micronutrients Intakes

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the main gastrointestinal emergency of preterm infants for whom bowel rest and parenteral nutrition (PN) is essential. Despite the improvements in neonatal care, the incidence of NEC remains high (11% in preterm newborns with a birth weight <1500 g) and up to 20–50% of cases still require surgery. In this narrative review, we report how to optimize PN in severe NEC requiring surgery. PN should begin as soon as possible in the acute phase: close fluid monitoring is advocated to maintain volemia, however fluid overload and electrolytes abnormalities should be prevented. Macronutrients intake (protein, glucose, and lipids) should be adequately guaranteed and is essential in each phase of the disease. Composite lipid emulsion should be the first choice to reduce the risk of parenteral nutrition associated liver disease (PNALD). Vitamin and trace elements deficiency or overload are frequent in long-term PN, therefore careful monitoring should be planned starting from the recovery phase to adjust their parenteral intake. Neonatologists must be aware of the role of nutrition especially in patients requiring long-term PN to sustain growth, limiting possible adverse effects and long-term deficiencies.