阿霉素温度/pH双敏型自组装嵌段共聚物胶束的制备

本文用透析法制备了新型温度/pH双敏自组装嵌段共聚物聚组氨酸-聚乳酸羟基乙酸-聚乙二醇-聚乳酸羟基乙酸-聚组氨酸 (OLH-b-PLGA-b-PEG-b-PLGA-b-OLH) 胶束, 采用荧光探针技术测定其不同温度下临界胶束浓度 (CMC); 用透析法测定共聚物胶束的包封率和载药量; 对胶束的粒径、形态和表面电位进行考察, 并对阿霉素胶束的体外释药和pH敏感性进行了研究。CMC介于0.022 4～0.001 7 μg·mL⁻¹, 胶束包封率为92.8%, 载药量为15.7%; 载药胶束粒径为 (61.7 ± 13.4) nm, zeta电位为−9.88 mV; 阿霉素的体外释药速率随pH降低 (pH 7.4～5.0) 而增加。结果表明, 胶束的CMC随温度升高而降低, 体外释药具有明显的pH敏感性, 该载体材料作为抗肿瘤药物的靶向传递系统具有较好的应用前景。     

伏立康唑N-三甲基壳聚糖包衣脂质体的制备及体外性质考察

摘 要 目的：制备N 三甲基壳聚糖（TMC）包衣伏立康唑（VCZ）脂质体冻干品,对其体外性质进行考察。方法: 采用薄膜分散法制备VCZ脂质体（VCZL）,以季铵化程度60%的TMC（TMC60）对其进行包衣。处方采用正交试验进行优化,并筛选出最优的冻干保护剂制备冻干品。考察其形态、粒径及Zeta电位,并用透析袋法研究体外释药特性。结果: TMC60包衣VCZL最优处方组成为质量比卵磷脂 ∶〖KG-*4〗胆固醇4 ∶〖KG-*4〗1,药物 ∶〖KG-*4〗类脂1 ∶〖KG-*4〗20,TMC60溶液浓度为0.15 mg·ml-1,PBS的pH为7.4。TMC60包衣VCZL形态圆整,平均粒径为（590.4±16.0）nm,冻干复水化后平均粒径为（503.2±20.5）nm;VCZL的Zeta电位为-46.4 mV,TMC60包衣后为+54.9 mV,冻干复水化后为+52.6 mV;冻干前后平均包封率无明显变化;体外释药符合Higuchi方程。结论: TMC60包衣VCZL粒径均匀,带正电荷,包封率较高,具有缓释性,冻干对其主要性质无显著影响。     

塞来昔布载药胶束的制备与表征

摘 要 目的：以聚乙二醇单甲醚 聚乳酸（mPEG PLA）嵌段共聚物为载体材料制备塞来昔布载药胶束并评价其药剂学性质。方法: 采用薄膜分散法制备塞来昔布载药胶束,采用单因素试验法初步筛选塞来昔布载药胶束的处方和制备工艺,并采用Box Behnken效应面法进一步优化。评价了载药胶束的微观形态、粒径分布、Zeta电位等理化性质,并采用动态膜透析法考察载药胶束的体外释药情况。结果:透射电镜显示塞来昔布载药胶束粒径均一,成球状分布,平均粒径为（35.6±15.1）nm,多聚分散系数（PdI）为（0.152±0.05）,Zeta电位为（-24.6±2.9）mV;塞来昔布载药胶束在0.5%十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）磷酸盐缓冲液（pH6.8）中24 h累积释放81.5%。结论:采用Box Behnken效应面法优化塞来昔布载药胶束处方与制备工艺是简单、可行的。     

丹参素脂质体的制备及体外释放度研究

摘 要 目的： 制备丹参素脂质体并考察其体外释放度。方法: 采用逆相蒸发法制备丹参素脂质体,以包封率为指标,通过正交试验考察大豆卵磷脂浓度、大豆卵磷脂与丹参素药脂比和水相pH值。透射电镜观察所制备脂质体的形态和粒径,利用HPLC测定丹参素含量,透析法比较丹参素脂质体和游离丹参素的体外释放度。结果: 最佳制备工艺：磷脂浓度为40 mg·mL^-1,药脂比为1∶10,水相pH为6.6。制备的丹参素脂质体为圆整球形,平均粒径(174±36) nm,平均包封率38.9%。丹参素浓度范围在2.0～20.0 mg·L^-1的线性关系良好（r=0.998 4）,丹参素脂质体的体外释放度比游离丹参素慢,能达到24 h缓释。结论:采用逆相蒸发法制备的丹参素脂质体粒径大小均匀,具有一定的缓释效果。～     

多西他赛pH敏感嵌段共聚物胶束的制备

本文在合成pH敏感两亲性嵌段共聚物聚(2-乙基-2-噁唑啉)-聚乳酸(PEOz-PDLLA)的基础上，采用薄膜分散法制备多西他赛pH敏感嵌段共聚物胶束，利用芘荧光探针技术测定胶束的临界胶束浓度(CMC)；通过高效液相色谱测定胶束的载药量及包封率；分别利用透射电镜、动态光散射法和zeta电位分析仪对胶束的形态、粒径和表面电位进行了表征；采用透析法考察了载药聚合物胶束的体外释放行为。结果表明，胶束的临界胶束浓度值为1.0×10^-3 g·L^-1；载药量可达15.0%，包封率为91.1%；胶束的粒度分布很窄，平均粒径为28.7nm；胶束粒子为圆球形且分散良好，其表面zeta电位值为(1.19±0.12)mV；在pH 7.4释放介质中，多西他赛胶束具有缓释作用；而在pH 5.0条件下，胶束释药明显加快，体现出PEOz-PDLLA胶束释药行为的pH敏感性。综合上述研究可见，PEOz-PDLLA嵌段共聚物胶束作为疏水性抗肿瘤药物的给药系统具有很好的应用前景。     

紫杉醇pH敏感嵌段共聚物胶束的制备与体外评价

目的应用pH敏感聚组氨酸-聚乳酸-聚乙二醇(poly(L-histidine)-poly(D,L-lactide)-poly(ethylene glycol),PHis-PLA-mPEG)聚合物为载体材料,采用溶剂挥发法制备紫杉醇pH敏感嵌段共聚物胶束,并对其体外性质进行评价。方法采用芘荧光探针法测定PHis-PLA-mPEG聚合物的临界胶束浓度(critical micelle concentration,CMC);超速离心法测定紫杉醇共聚物胶束的包封率和载药量;分别利用动态光散射法和Zeta电位分析仪对胶束的粒径分布和表面电位进行测定;采用透析法测定载药胶束在不同pH条件下的体外释药行为。结果 PHis-PLA-mPEG临界胶束质量浓度为8.9 mg·L-1,胶束载药量质量分数为8%;包封率可达90%以上;载药胶束的平均粒径为150.2nm,PDI为0.097,粒度分布较窄,Zeta电位为-14.3 mV;载药胶束在弱酸性条件下,药物释放行为明显加快。结论 PHis-PLA-mPEG聚合物载体材料具有较好的pH敏感释药行为,其作为抗肿瘤药物的靶向传递系统具有较好的应用前景。     

pH敏感聚(2-乙基-2-噁唑啉)-壳聚糖-阿霉素共聚物胶束的制备及性质考察

目的合成pH敏感两亲性接枝共聚物聚(2-乙基-2-噁唑啉)-壳聚糖-阿霉素(PEOz-g-CS-HyzDOX),采用透析法制备阿霉素pH敏感两亲性共聚物胶束并对其相关的制剂学性质、细胞抑制及细胞摄取行为进行考察。方法分别利用透射电镜(TEM)、动态光散射法(DLS)和zeta电位分析仪对胶束的形态、粒径和表面电位进行表征;采用透析法考察载药聚合物胶束的体外释放行为;采用MTT法考察聚合物胶束的细胞抑制作用。结果反应产物使用红外及核磁表征,确定为目标产物;PEOz-g-CS-Hyz-DOX聚合物胶束载药量为4.2%。采用透析法制备的载阿霉素聚(2-乙基-2-噁唑啉)-壳聚糖丁二酸单甲酯胶束(PEOz-g-CSMS/DOX)载药量可达5.62%,包封率为59.35%;两种胶束的粒径均较小且粒径分布很窄,胶束粒子为类球形且分散良好;两种胶束释药行为体现pH敏感性;PEOz-g-CS-Hyz-DOX聚合物胶束体外细胞毒作用及细胞摄取均优于PEOz-g-CSMS/DOX胶束和阿霉素溶液。结论以壳聚糖为载体的化学腙键释药胶束作为抗肿瘤药物的药物传递系统具有可行性及良好的应用前景。     

HPLC法测定姜黄素-槲皮素复方自微乳的载药量和包封率

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC法测定姜黄素 槲皮素复方自微乳（CUR-QUE-SMEDDS）的载药量和包封率。方法: 采用离心法分离游离药物,HPLC法测定药物含量。色谱柱：Purospher STAR LP C18 柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相：乙腈 4%冰醋酸（50∶50）,流速：1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长：370 nm,柱温：30℃,进样量：10 μl。结果: 姜黄素和槲皮素的线性范围分别为10.728~96.552 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）和1.08~9.72 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率分别为99.98%（RSD=1.46%,n=9）和100.34%（RSD=1.06%,n=9）。CUR QUE SMEDDS中姜黄素和槲皮素的包封率分别为（95.97±0.50）% 和（95.91±2.52）%,载药量分别为（25.82±0.15）mg·g^-1和（1.80±0.05）mg·g^-1。结论:该法准确可靠,快速简便,适用于测定CUR-QUE-SMEDDS的载药量和包封率。     

多西他赛普朗尼克P123胶束的制备

摘 要 目的： 优化以普朗尼克P123为载体材料的多西他赛胶束处方工艺。方法: 采用薄膜水化法制备多西他赛普朗尼克P123胶束。采用星点设计 效应面法优化胶束处方工艺,以包封率作为评价指标,考察投药量、有机溶剂体积、水化体积、水化温度。采用透射电镜观察胶束形态,并测定胶束的粒径和Zeta电位,以透析法进行胶束体外释放特性考察。结果: 以多元线性回归和二次、三次多项式拟合指标与因素之间的数学关系,结果表明三次多项式拟合度较好,制备出的胶束形态圆整,平均粒径和Zeta电位分别为108.3 nm和 3.99 mV,多分散指数为0.265,平均包封率和载药率分别为（97.91%±0.28％）和（3.72%±0.12％）,多西他赛胶束120 h的累积释放率达95.03%,具有一定的缓释能力。结论:采用薄膜水化法制备的多西他赛胶束工艺简单可行,具有较高的包封率,在体外具有较好的缓释效果。     

酮洛芬固体脂质纳米粒的制备与评价

摘 要 目的：制备酮洛芬固体脂质纳米粒的处方并对其进行质量评价。方法: 以包封率为评价指标,通过正交试验优化制剂处方并对其从形态、粒径、Zeta电位、药物存在状态进行表征,采用透析法进行体外释放并对释放过程进行拟合。结果: 酮洛芬固体脂质纳米粒的最优处方为酮洛芬50 mg、泊洛沙姆0.1 g、吐温 80 0.2 g、卵磷脂0.15 g、单硬脂酸甘油酯0.05 g,其包封率为61.95%,粒径151.7 nm,Zeta电位为-30.2 mv,形态圆整,差示扫描量热（DSC）分析表明药物以非结晶形式分散于纳米粒骨架中;体外释药曲线显示纳米粒体外释药先快后慢,12 h累积释放药物（85.11±7.62）%,包封于降解材料骨架内的药物通过骨架溶蚀缓慢释放,药物的体外释放符合Higuchi方程。结论: 酮洛芬固体脂质纳米粒制备方法简便、可行,质量评价较好,值得进一步研究。     

血管生成素-2和环氧化酶-2在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达及意义

目的 探讨血管生成素-2(Ang-2)和环氧化酶-2(COX-2)在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达及其与膀胱移行细胞癌病理分级、临床分期之间的关系.方法 选取经临床病理诊断的膀胱移行细胞癌标本64例,正常膀胱组织19例.应用免疫组化S-P法检测Ang-2和COX-2在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达情况,并与临床资料对照进行统计学分析.结果 Ang-2和COX-2在正常膀胱组织中均无表达:膀胱移行细胞癌中Ang-2、COX-2的阳性表达率分别为46.9%(30/64)、54.7%(35/64).膀胱移行细胞癌中,Ang-2阳性表述率随其病理分级和临床分期增加而升高,经X2检验,G1与G3相比,差异有显著意义(P=0.016);Tis-T1期和T2-T4期相比,差异有显著意义(P=0.001),COX-2阳性表达率随其病理分级和临床分期增加而升高,经X2检验,G1与G3相比,差异有显著意义(P=0.002);Tis-T1期和T2-T4期相比,差异有显著意义(P=0.002).Ang-2与COX-2的等级相关系数Rs为0.541,P＜0.01.结论 Ang-2和COX-2过表达均与膀胱移行细胞癌的恶性程度和浸润进展有关.膀胱移行细胞癌中Ang-2、COX-2的表达具有两两正相关关系;可能两者相互作用,通过影响肿瘤血管形成,共同参与膀胱移行细胞癌的发生、发展.     

2型糖尿病患者血中升压因子作用机制的探讨

目的：了解２型糖尿病患者（ＮＩＤＤＭ）血中升压因子水平及相关离子转运酶的变化,探讨对血压相互影响的机制。方法：采用生我省在性测定方法测定了３２例２型糖尿病患者和３３例健康人血中升压因子活性,用化学法测定Ｎａ＾＋－Ｋ＾＋－ＡＴＰ酶、Ｃａ＾２＋－Ｍｇ＾２＋－Ｍｇ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性变化。结果：糖尿病组和正常组升压因子阳性纺有显著性差异;糖尿病组的升压模式与自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）的有所不同;ＮＩＤＤ     

Bronchodilator activity of dimaprit in the guinea pig in vitro and in vivo.

The bronchodilator activity of the H2-recptor agonist, dimaprit, was assessed in vitro and in vivo. In vitro dimaprit relaxed guinea pig tracheal spirals and parenchymal strips that were constricted by the H1 receptor agonist, 2-PEA, or by carbachol. The H2-receptor antagonist, metiamide, inhibited this effect of dimaprit in vitro on both tissues constricted by 2-PEA but not on the carbachol constricted tracheal spiral. Intravenous infusion of dimaprit in the intact guinea pig resulted in reversal of bronchoconstriction induced by subcutaneous injection of 2-PEA. In vivo pretreatment with the H2-recptor antagonist, metiamide, resulted in a diminished sensitivity to the bronchodilating effects of intravenous dimaprit.     

乌贼墨对H_(22)癌细胞内Ca~(2 )、ATP浓度及线粒体Ca~(2 )/Mg~(2 )-ATP酶活性的影响

利用荧光探针和荧光素,研究了乌贼墨对Ｈ_(２２)癌细胞内 Ｃａ~（２＋）、ＡＴＰ浓度及线粒体Ｃａ~（２＋）／Ｍｇ~（２＋）－ＡＴＰ酶活性的影响。结果发现,乌贼墨使Ｈ_(２２)癌细胞内Ｃａ~（２＋）浓度降低了２．３和３．７倍,线粒体Ｃａ~（２＋）／Ｍｇ~（２＋）－ＡＴＰ酶活性降低了 ２８％和 ５８％,ＡＴＰ浓度升高 Ｔ ７７％和 ８３％。结果提示乌浓墨可能通过降低细胞内Ｃａ~（２＋）浓度,继而影响到线粒体上Ｃａ~（２＋）依赖性Ｃａ~（２＋）／Ｍｇ~（２＋）-ＡＴＰ酶活性,减少了Ｃａ~（２＋）向线粒体内的转运,减轻甚至消除了Ｃａ~（２＋）对ＡＴＰ合成的抑制作用。这可能是乌贼墨抑制肿瘤生长的机制之一。     

龙芽楤木总甙对前列腺素及环核苷酸的影响

用龙芽楤木总甙的生理盐水溶液给小鼠ip,连续7d。实验证明:龙芽楤木总甙能显著刺激前列腺素E_2和F_(2a)的合成,诱导cAMP含量明显增加,cGMP含量明显下降。对组织胺释放无影响,从而为在分子水平探讨该药作用机理提供了依据。     

组织因子和基质金属蛋白酶-2在口腔鳞癌生长和转移中的作用

目的 研究人类口腔鳞状细胞癌(oral squamous cell carcinoma,OSCC)中组织因子(tissue factor,TF)和基质金属蛋白酶-2(matrix metalloproteinase-2,MMP-2)在肿瘤生长和转移中的作用及二者之间的关系.方法 收集口腔癌标本42例、正常口腔黏膜10例,采用免疫组化的方法检测TF和MMP-2的表达,并分析二者之间及其和肿瘤分期、淋巴结转移的关系.结果 口腔癌中TF和MMP-2的表达均较正常组织明显增加,口腔癌中TF和MMP-2的高表达和肿瘤的临床分期及淋巴结转移有关,同时二者的高表达存在一致性.结论 在口腔癌中TF和MMP-2关系密切,共同参与了肿瘤的生长和转移.     

The production of skeletal muscle atrophy and mammary tumors in rats by feeding 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide

Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of a food additive, 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (AF-2) was examined by its oral administration to Wistar rats for 18 months. Male rats given 0.4% AF-2 diet developed ataxia of the hind foot around 4 months of feeding, and severe atrophy of skeletal muscles of the whole body was seen in 31 of 43 rats after 12 months. In female rats, mammary tumors developed in 78% of the animals given 0.4% AF-2 diet. Multiple papillomas were observed in the forestomach.     

Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) metabolites in human urine and serum after a single oral dose of deuterium-labelled DEHP

Human metabolism of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) was studied after a single oral dose of 48.1 mg to a male volunteer. To avoid interference by background exposure the D4-ring-labelled DEHP analogue was dosed. Excretion of three metabolites, mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl)phthalate (5OH-MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate (5oxo-MEHP) and mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP), was monitored for 44 h in urine and for 8 h in serum. Peak concentrations of all metabolites were found in serum after 2 h and in urine after 2 h (MEHP) and after 4 h (5OH-MEHP and 5oxo-MEHP). While the major metabolite in serum was MEHP, the major metabolite in urine was 5OH-MEHP, followed by 5oxo-MEHP and MEHP. Excretion in urine followed a multi-phase elimination model. After an absorption and distribution phase of 4 to 8 h, half-life times of excretion in the first elimination phase were approximately 2 h with slightly higher half-life times for 5OH- and 5oxo-MEHP. Half-life times in the second phase—beginning 14 to 18 h post dose—were 5 h for MEHP and 10 h for 5OH-MEHP and 5oxo-MEHP. In the time window 36 to 44 h, no decrease in excreted concentrations of 5OH- and 5oxo-MEHP was observed. In the first elimination phase (8 to 14 h post dose), mean excretion ratios of MEHP to 5oxo-MEHP and MEHP to 5OH-MEHP were 1 to 1.8 and 1 to 3.1. In the second elimination phase up to 24 h post dose mean excretion ratios of MEHP to 5oxo-MEHP to 5OH-MEHP were 1 to 5.0 to 9.3. The excretion ratio of 5OH-MEHP to 5oxo-MEHP remained constant through time at 1.7 in the mean. After 44 h, 47% of the DEHP dose was excreted in urine, comprising MEHP (7.3%), 5OH-MEHP (24.7%) and 5oxo-MEHP (14.9%).     

2′,4′-二氯苯基哒嗪衍生物的抗小鼠癫痫作用

本文对2′,4′-二氯苯基哒嗪衍生物对几种实验性癫痫模型的对抗作用进行了研究,其中化合物Ⅰ和Ⅱ对最大电休克发作实验(MEST),戊四唑(Met)印防己毒素发作和荷包牡丹碱发作等四种实验性癫痫模型均有很强的对抗作用,强于苯妥英钠,苯巴比妥和卡马西平,但也显示中枢抑制作用,预防指数不高,化合物Ⅲ和Ⅳ对这四种动物惊厥模型亦有较强的对抗作用,均大大强于丙戊酸钠和乙琥胺,其中化合物Ⅲ的中枢神经系统毒性较低,抗MEST的预防指数高达23.4.     

New metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in human urine and serum after single oral doses of deuterium-labelled DEHP

The metabolism of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in humans was studied after three doses of 0.35 mg (4.7 g/kg), 2.15 mg (28.7 g/kg) and 48.5 mg (650 g/kg) of D4-ring-labelled DEHP were administered orally to a male volunteer. Two new metabolites, mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl)phthalate (5cx-MEPP) and mono[2-(carboxymethyl)hexyl]phthalate (2cx-MMHP) were monitored for 44 h in urine and for 8 h in serum for the high-dose case, in addition to the three metabolites previously analysed: mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl)phthalate (5OH-MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate (5oxo-MEHP) and mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP). For the medium- and low-dose cases, 24 h urine samples were analysed. Up to 12 h after the dose, 5OH-MEHP was the major urinary metabolite, after 12 h it was 5cx-MEPP, and after 24 h it was 2cx-MMHP. The elimination half-lives of 5cx-MEHP and 2cx-MMHP were between 15 and 24 h. After 24 h 67.0% (range: 65.8–70.5%) of the DEHP dose was excreted in urine, comprising 5OH-MEHP (23.3%), 5cx-MEPP (18.5%), 5oxo-MEHP (15.0%), MEHP (5.9%) and 2cx-MMHP (4.2%). An additional 3.8% of the DEHP dose was excreted on the second day, comprising 2cx-MMHP (1.6%), 5cx-MEPP (1.2%), 5OH-MEHP (0.6%) and 5oxo-MEHP (0.4%). In total about 75% of the administered DEHP dose was excreted in urine after two days. Therefore, in contrast to previous studies, most of the orally administered DEHP is systemically absorbed and excreted in urine. No dose dependency in metabolism and excretion was observed. The secondary metabolites of DEHP are superior biomonitoring markers compared to any other parameters, such as MEHP in urine or blood. 5OH-MEHP and 5oxo-MEHP in urine reflect short-term and 5cx-MEHP and 2cx-MMHP long-term exposure. All secondary metabolites are unsusceptible to contamination. Furthermore, there are strong hints that the secondary oxidised DEHP metabolites—not DEHP or MEHP—are the ultimate developmental toxicants.