电解可脱性弹簧圈早期血管内栓塞颅内破裂动脉瘤及相关问题讨论

目的探讨早期电解可脱性弹簧圈(GDC)血管内栓塞颅内动脉瘤的临床疗效及应用价值。方法急诊用GDC血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤52例。结果成功栓塞52例共计55个颅内动脉瘤。51例痊愈,1例死亡。完全栓塞(>95%)栓塞32个,大部分栓塞(80%~95%)20个,部分栓塞(<80%)3个。并发动脉瘤破裂2例,其中1例痊愈,1例死亡。并发脑梗死3例,局部溶栓后,遗留轻偏瘫和单瘫。2例弹簧圈末端遗留于动脉瘤外,经抗凝治疗未发生并发症。3例复发再次栓塞后治愈。结论早期GDC血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤是一种较为安全、可靠、有效的治疗方法。     

GDC栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤的探讨(附66例报告)

目的 探讨GDC栓塞颅内动脉瘤时机及手术技巧。方法 经全脑DSA检查，66例颅内动脉瘤患者全部实施血管内GDC栓塞治疗。股动脉入路57例，颈动脉入路9例。结果 完全栓塞50例，次全栓塞15例，失败1例。15例患者于栓塞术后半年复查脑血管造影，14例显示瘤腔内无造影剂充盈，另1例动脉瘤腔较原来有所增大，再次栓塞治疗。结论 GDC是颅内动脉瘤栓塞治疗的有效材料，为外科手术提供了补充。     

颅内动脉瘤GDC栓塞治疗并发的缺血性脑损害

目的 探讨电解式可脱铂金弹簧圈(GDC)栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤并发的缺血性脑损害及其影响因素、临床表现和治疗情况，以有效地防治GDC术中或术后的脑缺血事件。方法 回顾性分析42例行GDC栓塞治疗术的颅内动脉瘤患者，共行GDC术43例次，对其临床资料、影像学资料、脑缺血并发症的诊断及治疗情况等进行分析，探讨脑缺血并发症发生的影响因素、治疗措施及预后。结果 43例次GDC术中，发生术中或术后脑缺血事件的11例次．经相应治疗，9例有不同程度的好转。宽颈动脉瘤是继发缺血性脑损害的独立危险因素。结论 缺血性脑损害是GDC术治疗颅内动脉瘤的常见并发症，及时发现和早期治疗可使预后良好。     

40例颅内动脉瘤介入治疗临床分析

目的 总结GDC治疗难治性颅内动脉瘤的经验。方法 共治疗40例40个动脉瘤，其中8例在蛛网膜下腔出血急性期进行栓塞。术前H-H分级Ⅳ级3例，Ⅲ级6例，Ⅰ-Ⅱ级31例。采用GDC进行栓塞。结果 致密填塞动脉瘤33例，不全填塞7例。均保持载瘤动脉通畅。无死亡及永久并发症。结论 GDC是治疗颅内动脉瘤比较理想的方法，但对于宽颈及梭形动脉瘤疗效欠佳。     

颅内动脉瘤破裂急性期的电解可脱式弹簧圈栓塞治疗技巧与并发症

目的总结颅内动脉瘤破裂急性期的电解可脱式弹簧圈(GDC)栓塞治疗操作技巧、并发症及其防治经验。方法1998年10月至2002年10月我科用GDC栓塞治疗破裂急性期颅内动脉瘤41例,动脉瘤大小3.6～25mm;位于Willis环前循环39例,后循环2例。结果术后造影100%栓塞33例,90%～99%栓塞5例,90%以下栓塞3例。产生与栓塞技术相关的并发症6例,与蛛网膜下腔出血相关的并发症5例。平均住院时间12 d;术后随访12～48个月,无再出血,恢复良好36例,中度致残,生活能自理4例,死亡1例。结论GDC栓塞治疗急性期的破裂颅内动脉瘤安全有效。正确处理术中并发症,提高栓塞技术有助于减少术后并发症,提高治愈率。     

血管内支架结合电解可脱弹簧圈治疗颅内宽颈动脉瘤

目的：总结使用血管内支架结合电解可脱弹簧圈（GDC）治疗颅内宽颈动脉瘤的体会，探讨其适应证、方法、疗效及并发症。方法：18例颅内宽颈动脉瘤，首先将冠脉支架跨动脉瘤颈放置，通过支架上的网孔将微导管送入动脉瘤腔，应用GDC栓塞动脉瘤。结果：15例动脉瘤达到致密堵塞，3例大部堵塞，载瘤动脉通畅。无手术 并发症，患均恢复良好。结论：联合使用支架及微弹簧圈是治疗颅内宽颈动脉瘤的有效方法，远期疗效尚需进一步随访。     

血管内介入栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤(附88例报告)

目的总结血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤的经验，着重讨论微弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤的方法、技术和手术相关并发症的防治。方法回顾性分析血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤88例病人(90个动脉瘤)的临床资料。采用电解脱铂金弹簧圈(GDC)栓塞28例．可解脱式弹簧圈(DCS)栓塞18例，多点电解脱弹簧圈(EDC)栓塞42例。结果100％闭塞70例．95％～90％闭塞13例．80％闭塞5例。术后发生手术相关并发症9例，包括微弹簧圈移位3例，术中动脉瘤破裂4例，严重脑血管痉挛2例；其中2例死亡。结论血管内栓塞动脉瘤是一种微创、安全、有效治疗动脉瘤的方法。选择正确的技术和方法对改善动脉瘤栓塞治疗效果，减少并发症有重要意义。     

颅内动脉瘤栓塞治疗的并发症

目的研究颅内动脉瘤栓塞治疗的并发症,分析其发生原因、预防措施及处理方法。方法对84例颅内动脉瘤进行栓塞治疗,微导管选用Tracker、Excel或Prowler系列,栓塞剂选用GDC或EDC。结果术中发生血管痉挛、血栓形成8例,动脉瘤破裂2例,弹簧圈落入载瘤动脉4例。无死亡。结论娴熟的微导管技术和术前仔细研究动脉瘤结构是减少术中并发症的关键。     

电解可脱性弹簧圈栓塞颅内动脉瘤30例

目的总结电解可脱弹簧圈(GDC)栓塞颅内动脉瘤的经验。方法回顾性分析采用GDC栓塞30例(共32个)颅内动脉瘤的临床资料。结果术中动脉瘤破裂1例,致密填塞导致血管小分支闭塞1例。术后死亡1例,发生短暂性神经功能缺失1例。结论正确处理术中并发症,熟悉动脉瘤和载瘤动脉的解剖关系,提高栓塞技术等,有助于减少颅内动脉瘤血管内治疗的并发症与提高治愈率。     

颅内动脉瘤的血管内栓塞治疗

目的探讨应用电解可脱性弹簧圈（GDC）栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤的临床效果。方法采用GDC栓塞23例患者共动脉瘤25个，其中17个为后交通动脉瘤，4个为前交通动脉瘤，4个为大脑中动脉瘤；Hunt—Hess分级：I级2例，II级17例，III2例，IV级2例。结果25个动脉瘤全部成功栓塞，随访3～30个月无再出血。结论GIDC栓塞颅内动脉瘤是安全、有效和微创的治疗手段。     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

The organization of the connections between the cortex and the claustrum in the monkey

The distribution of labelled cells and of extracellular granules in the claustrum has been studied after injections of horseradish peroxidase in several areas of the neocortex. The frontal and parietal lobes are related to the anterior and posterior halves respectively of the claustrum, and the occipital and temporal cortex to the posterior and inferior margins. Parts of the claustrum related to areas of the cortex in the frontal lobe overlap considerably in the antero-posterior dimension with parts related to widely separated but interconnected areas of the parieto-temporal cortex. Areas of cortex within one lobe which are interconnected are related to parts of the claustrum which overlap in the dorsoventral dimension.     

Experimental study of the projections of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius and the area postrema in the cat

Projections from the area postrema and adjacent parts of the medial solitary nucleus are demonstrated with the Nauta method following lesions limited exclusively to these structures. Experiments are controlled with lesions involving adjacent bulbar regions, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Ascending pathways in the dorsal and lateral columns of the spinal cord project ipsilaterally to the area postrema and bilaterally to a para-alar nucleus in the ventral periphery of the nucleus gracilis. Neurons in the area postrema project mainly inspilaterally to the dorsal and medial regions of the medial solitary nucleus. Neurons in the posterior half of the medical solitary nucleus project ipsilaterally to the lateral solitary nucleus, dorsal vagal nucleus, ambigus, retrofacial nucleus, and dorsal and lateral bulbar reticular formation. Projections to nuclei intercalatus and prepositus hypoglossi, bilaterally, and to the ipsilateral dorsal tegmental nucleus by way of the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus are also shown. No direct projections to the diencephalon are demonstrated. Control lesions in the dorsal column nuclei reveal projections to the contralateral inferior olive and thalamic reticular and ventrobasal nuclei, but not to the projection sites of the solitary nucleus. Evidence is given to support the hypothesis that ascening visceral pathways are interruped in the bulbar reticular formation and dorsal tegmental nucleus before reaching the diencephalon. Correlations are suggested with functional aspects of the central autonomic and reticular activating systems.