复方板蓝根含片中靛玉红的含量测定

目的应用双波长薄层扫描法测定复方板蓝根含片中靛玉红的含量。薄层条件为0．3％CMC—Na硅胶G板，苯-氯仿-丙酮(5：4：1)为展开剂，波长λs=540nm，λR=700nm，平均回收率为98．0％，RSD为1．9％。     

薄层扫描法测定健脾开胃颗粒剂中人参皂苷Rg1、Re的含量

目的 制定健脾开胃颗粒剂的内在控制质量标准。方法 Rg1以氯仿-甲醇-水(25：10：1)为展开剂，Re以正丁醇-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水(15：40：22：10)10℃下放置下层液为展开剂；10％硫酸乙醇为显色剂，以硅胶G为吸附剂，Rg1：(λs=535nm，λg=660nm)，Re：(λs=525nm，λg=700nm)双波长薄层扫描法测定健脾开胃颗粒剂中人参皂苷Rg1、Re的含量。结果线性方程：Rg1：F=7688．9x 5173．4(r=0．9983)：Re：Y=9699．3x 14．494(z=0．9977)平均回收率：Rg1：95．56％，Re：98．79％；精密度：RSD Rg1：0．85、0．23(n=5)。结论 该法简便、快速，可作为该制剂的质量控制指标之一。     

HPLC法测定骨筋丸胶囊中血竭素高氯酸盐的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法对骨筋丸胶囊进行含量测定。方法：选用Hypersil ODS分析柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），乙腈-0．05mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钠溶液（45：55），流速：1．0ml·min^-1；检测波长：440nm。结果：血竭素高氯酸盐在0．14～1．40μg内线性关系良好（r=0．9997），平均回收率为98．3％，RSD=0．7％n=6）。结论：方法简便、快速、准确，能有效控制骨筋丸胶囊质量。     

双波长薄层扫描法测定祛白酊中补骨脂素和异补骨脂素的含量

目的：建立双波长薄层扫描法测定祛白酊中补骨脂素和异补骨脂素的含量。方法：选用补骨脂素λs=272nm，λR=305nm；异补骨脂素λs=275nm，λR=310nm；以石油醚-乙酸乙酯(20：10)为展开剂。结果：补骨脂素在1．06～5．30μg内呈良好的线性关系(r=0．9986)，平均回收率100．9％，RSD=1．63％(n=5)；异补骨脂素在1．02～5．10μg呈良好的线性关系(r=0．9991)，平均回收率100．0％，RSD=1．14％(n=5)。结论：本法简便、快速，可用于祛白酊中补骨脂紊和异补骨脂素的含量测定。     

薄层扫描法测定痛消胶囊中延胡索乙素的含量

目的：建立痛消胶囊中延胡索乙素的质量控制方法。方法：采用TLCS法测定痛消胶囊中延胡索乙素的含量。展开剂为正己烷－醋酸乙酯－二乙胺（9：1：1）,双波长反射锯齿扫描,测定波长λS=350nm,参比波长λR=310nm。结果：延胡索乙素的线性范围为0．5－3．5μg（r=0.9974),加样回收率为95．4％,RSD＝2．3％（n=6)。结论：该方法可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定骨筋丸胶囊中士的宁含量

目的 建立骨筋丸胶囊中士的宁的含量测定方法。方法 采用反相高效液相色谱法，以乙腈-0．01mol／L庚烷磺酸钠与0.02mol／L磷酸二氢钠等比例混合溶液（20：80）为流动相，10％磷酸调pH=2．8，流速为1．0mL／min，检测波长为254nm，柱温为30％。结果 士的宁线性范围是0．5712～1．3448μg，平均加样回收率为98．09％，RSD为0．72％。结论 该方法快速，结果准确，操作简便，可用于产品的质量控制。     

薄层扫描法测定康胃泰胶囊中黄芪甲苷的含量

目的：建立康胃泰胶囊中黄芪甲苷的含量测定方法，为控制康胃泰胶囊的质量提供依据。方法：样品经薄层层析、15％硫酸乙醇溶液显色后，于λs=520nm，λR=680nm波长处扫描测定。结果：样品的平均回收率为98．27％，RSD=2．41。结论：本法可作为康胃泰胶囊中黄芪甲苷的定量方法。     

薄层扫描法测定安宫宁胶囊中千层纸甲素A的含量

目的：建立安宫宁胶囊中千层纸甲素A的含量测定方法。方法：测定波长λS＝315nm，参比波长λR＝360nm，展开剂为苯－甲醇－冰醋酸（95：5：0．2），结果：千层纸甲素A的平均回收率为96．96％，RSD＝2．1％，结论：该方法简便，快速，准确。可用于安宫宁胶囊的质量控制。     

薄层扫描法测定心疾宁胶囊中小檗碱的含量

采用薄层扫描法对心疾宁胶囊中小檗碱的含量进行了测定,样品测定波长λs=430nm,λ_R=600nm,回收率为101.7％。     

薄层扫描法测定利舒康胶囊中盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的：建立利舒康胶囊中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定法。方法：采用薄层扫描法，以正丁醇-冰醋酸-水（7：1：2）为展开剂，进行薄层扫描，波长：λ=345nm。结果：点样量在0．039-0．195p．g范围内呈良好的线性关系。平均回收率为98．1％，RSD为0．84％。结论：此方法简单、准确，可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.