心脏手术患者急性肾损伤危险因素及预后的前瞻性队列研究

  目的 观察心脏手术后急性肾损伤（AKI）的发病危险因素及预后影响因素。 方法 前瞻性收集2009年4月至2011年5月住院接受心脏外科手术治疗患者资料,包括人口统计学资料、术前一般情况、手术类型、围手术期情况及预后等。结果 共纳入4007例心脏手术患者,死亡77例（1.9%）,术后发生AKI 1250例,发病率为31.2%,接受肾脏替代治疗（RRT）者104例,RRT治疗率2.6%;AKI组院内病死率显著高于非AKI组（5.4%比0.3%,P<0.01）;AKI后接受RRT(AKI-RRT)患者院内病死率36.5% (38/104)。心脏移植术后AKI发病率最高（73.0%）、院内病死率最高（18.9%）,其次为冠状动脉（冠脉）旁路移植术联合瓣膜手术（AKI发病率57.8%、院内病死率6.1%）、主动脉瘤手术（AKI发病率52.1%、院内病死率5.5%）。Logistic多因素回归分析显示：男性、年龄、BMI、高血压、慢性心力衰竭、术前血肌酐>106.0 μmol/L、术中心肺旁路时间、术中低血压、主动脉瘤手术为心脏手术后AKI发生的独立危险因素;术前血肌酐>106.0μmol/L、术中低血压是影响AKI后肾功能完全恢复的独立危险因素,而尿量恢复是肾功能完全恢复的有利因素。结论 心脏手术后AKI发病率高、预后较差,其发病与围手术期多种危险因素密切相关。心脏移植术、冠脉旁路移植术联合瓣膜手术及主动脉瘤手术为术后AKI发病的高危手术。     

不同急性肾损伤时期行CVVH治疗对心脏术后患者多脏器功能的影响

目的探讨不同急性肾损伤(AKI)时期行持续性静—静脉血液滤过(CVVH)治疗对心脏术后患者多脏器功能的影响。方法对60例行心脏体外循环术后出现AKI患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,将患者随机分为3组,其中对速尿治疗敏感、未行CVVH治疗32例(对照组),对速尿治疗不敏感、行CVVH治疗28例[Ⅰ期12例(H1组),Ⅱ期16例(H2组)。观察并比较各组心、肺、肝、肾功能的相关指标。结果三组比较,H2组血肌酐明显降低,H1组平均动脉压明显升高(P均<0.05);H1组、H2组中心静脉压、氧合指数、总胆红素、直接胆红素变化无统计学差异(P均>0.05)。对照组谷丙转氨酶升高,H1组、H2组升高后有下降趋势(P均<0.05)。结论不同AKI时期行CVVH治疗对心脏术后患者的多脏器功能影响各异,速尿治疗不敏感的Ⅰ期患者行CVVH治疗,有心、肾保护作用。     

连续静-静脉血液滤过治疗心脏术后肾功能衰竭临床研究

目的 观察连续静—静脉血液滤过（CVVH）治疗心脏术后肾功能衰竭的疗效。方法行股静脉或颈内静脉插管术，置入三腔血透管，选用BM25型（美国百特公司）血液滤过系统进行床旁CVVH。置换液以前稀释法输入，2000—4000ml／h，血流量150—300ml／min。治疗中采用低分子肝素持续抗凝。结果 人均CVVH时间为59．3h；血肌酐（Cr）和血尿素氮（BUN）下降明显（P〈0．05）；所有患者治疗中血流动力学稳定；没有发现出血或栓塞等并发症。26例患者中治愈18例；2例转为门诊间隙性透析，等待肾脏移植；死亡6例。结论CVVH是治疗心脏术后肾功能衰竭的安全、方便和有效的方法，能够降低死亡率。     

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过对心脏瓣膜置换术后多脏器功能障碍综合征患者机体免疫功能和氧化应激的影响

目的 观察连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过（CVVH）对心脏瓣膜置换术后多脏器功能障碍综合征（MODS）患者机体免疫功能和氧化应激的影响.方法 31例心脏术后MODS伴急性肾衰竭（ARF）的患者使用AV600型聚砜膜血滤器行CVVH治疗,分别在治疗0、2、6、12、24和48小时取血,检测存活（A组）和死亡（B组）患者促炎因子[肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α和白细胞介素（IL）-6]、抗炎因子（IL-10）、单核细胞人类白细胞（HLA）-DR抗原表达、过氧化指标[丙二醛（MDA）]和抗氧化指标[过氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-px）和血浆总抗氧化能力（TAC）]的变化.结果 （1）A组患者治疗前单核细胞分泌活跃,治疗后单核细胞分泌TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10均明显减少,B组患者则表现为分泌抑制状态,治疗后无明显变化;（2）与正常人比较,两组患者单核细胞表达HLA-DR明显降低;治疗后,A组患者明显改善,B组患者无改善;（3） CVVH治疗后,A组患者红细胞内MDA明显降低,SOD和GSH-px明显增高,而B组患者在整个治疗期间基本维持治疗前水平.结论 CVVH有助于改善心脏术后MODS患者机体的免疫功能状态和氧化应激损伤.     

日间连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过治疗高龄老年急性肾衰竭伴多脏器衰竭46例回顾

目的观察日间连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过（CVVH）用于高龄老年重症急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）伴多器官功能衰竭（MOF）患者中的临床疗效以及治疗并发症的情况。方法回顾性分析我院接受日间CVVH治疗的46例ARF患者的临床资料，年龄80．101（85．6±5．5）岁，观察CVVH的疗效及治疗过程中血压、心率等生命体征，监测治疗前后血尿素氮、肌酐、电解质、动脉血气变化，同时观察CVVH治疗中并发症情况。结果所有患者对CVVH治疗均耐受良好，治疗过程中血压、心率平稳，血流动力学稳定。与治疗前相比较，血尿素氮、肌酐显著下降（P〈0．05），电解质紊乱、酸中毒得到纠正。46例患者中存活时间超过2周者34例（73．9％），3例肾功能恢复正常。治疗中技术相关并发症发生率低，其中4例出现导管相关性感染，10例并发出血，经积极处理后好转。结论高龄老年人应用日间CVVH救治ARF伴MOF是安全有效的，良好的内环境、稳定的血流动力学有助肾功能的恢复。CVVH并发症少，是救治高龄ARF的首选治疗手段。     

心脏腔镜手术与非腔镜手术患者围术期血乳酸水平对比观察

目的 对比观察心脏腔镜手术与非腔镜手术患者围术期血乳酸水平的变化.方法 同期心脏腔镜手术患者22例、心脏非腔镜手术患者20例,对两组患者围术期血乳酸水平进行监测.结果 术前及术中两组患者乳酸水平无明显差异（P＞0.05）,术后两组患者血乳酸水平均较术前明显升高,且术后2~12 h心脏腔镜手术组血乳酸水平明显高于非腔镜手术组（P＜0.05）.结论 心脏腔镜手术后患者血乳酸水平增高幅度明显高于非腔镜手术者.     

A型主动脉夹层术后急性肾损伤患者接受连续性肾脏替代治疗的预后因素

目的 分析Stanford A型主动脉夹层术后出现急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury, AKI）并接受连续性肾脏替代治疗（continuous renal replacement therapy, CRRT）的患者预后因素。 方法 筛选2015年4月 ~ 2018年3月西京医院收治A型主动脉夹层心脏手术后出现AKI并接受CRRT治疗的患者,记录患者术前、术中、术后临床资料,按患者是否存活分为2组:存活组(n = 32)和死亡组(n = 34)。 结果 最终纳入66例患者,年龄（49 ± 9）岁,男性占91%,术前血肌酐（144 ± 77）μmol/L。其中,34例患者死亡（52%）。多因素Logistic回归分析表明术中红细胞输注的量（HR = 3.169, 95% CI 1.180 -8.513;P < 0.05）和术后多脏器功能衰竭（HR = 3.575, 95% CI 1.196 -10.687;P < 0.05）是A型主动脉夹层术后出现AKI并接受CRRT的患者死亡独立危险因素。 结论 对于A型主动脉夹层术后需要CRRT治疗的AKI患者,术中输注红细胞量越多以及术后出现多脏器功能衰竭患者的死亡风险越大。     

CVVH治疗对脓毒症并发急性肾损伤患者免疫功能的影响

目的 探讨连续性静脉—静脉血液滤过(CVVH)治疗对脓毒症并发急性肾损伤(AKI)患者免疫功能的影响.方法 选择脓毒症并发AKI患者21例,均在基础治疗的基础上给予CVVH治疗.分别观察患者治疗前后CD3+、CD3+/CD4+、CD3+/CD8+、C反应蛋白(CRP)、WBC、尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Cr)、急性生理与慢性健康评分Ⅱ( APACHE Ⅱ)的变化.结果 CVVH治疗后,大多数患者临床症状改善.与治疗前比较,治疗后CD3+、CD3+/CD4+、CD3+/CD8+显著升高(P均＜0.05);APACHE Ⅱ、CRP、WBC、BUN、Cr明显降低(P均＜0.05).结论 CVVH能调节脓毒症并发AKI患者的T淋巴细胞亚群免疫稳态,改善患者预后.     

体外循环心脏手术后急性肾损伤相关危险因素分析

目的 分析体外循环心脏手术后发生急性肾损伤(AKI)的危险因素及血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)的变化趋势.方法 回顾分析114例体外循环心脏直视手术患者的临床资料,根据基础Scr水平,采用AKI网络推荐标准(AKIN)分为A、B、C、D4个组,绘制四组Scr、Bun的变化趋势图,分析四组患者围手术期各项观察指标,探讨AKI发生的相关危险因素.结果 心脏术后发生AKI患者的Scr、Bun水平经历了1～3 d升高和2～3 d的恢复过程.单因素分析显示,术前Scr正常的患者,基础Scr值、体外循环(CPB)时间、阻断时间、术后总引流量、术后输入红细胞量是心脏术后发生AKI的相关危险因素.多因素回归分析显示,基础Scr值和LVEF＜40％可能是发生AKI的独立危险因素.对于肾功能不全者,术后总引流量是发生AKI的相关危险因素.结论 心脏术后肾功能指标Scr和BUN的变化趋势有一定规律.AKI的发生与多种围手术期危险因素密切相关,基础Scr值与肾功能可能并不一致.对心脏手术患者应加强术前评估和术中、术后监测,预防和减少AKI的发生.     

连续静脉血液滤过治疗对血浆NT-proBNP水平的影响及其意义

目的:研究连续静脉血液滤过(CVVH)对N端脑钠尿肽原(NT-proBNP)的影响,以及此类患者CVVH治疗前后NT-proBNP的水平和心功能的相关性。方法: 对50例接受CVVH治疗患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,收集CVVH治疗前后的血样,采用电化学发光免疫技术检测血浆NT-proBNP的水平,并比较NT-proBNP水平在血液净化治疗前后的变化及其与左室射血分数(LVEF)的相关性。结果: 血浆NT-proBNP的水平在CVVH治疗前明显高于治疗后（P<0.01）。CVVH治疗前NT-proBNP的水平与LVEF呈负相关性（Pearson系数为-0.783）,治疗结束后此种相关性消失。CVVH治疗前,死亡组患者NT-proBNP的水平高于存活组患者（P<0.01）。治疗结束后,两组患者血浆NT-proBNP的水平无统计学差异。结论: CVVH治疗可以使血浆NT-proBNP的水平显著下降,且NT-proBNP水平下降的程度与CVVH治疗的时间及脱水量呈正相关。对于接受CVVH治疗及肾功能不全的患者,需慎重以NT-proBNP的水平作为评价心功能的血清学指标。     

Regional citrate anticoagulation reduces polymorphonuclear cell degranulation in critically ill patients treated with continuous venovenous hemofiltration

Citrate which chelates ionized calcium can be used as regional anticoagulation in continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH). This is the first study conducted to examine the potentially additive benefit effect of regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) on polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell degranulation of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and cytokines production in patients with critically acute kidney injury (AKI) undergoing CVVH treatment. This prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted in 20 critically ill patients with AKI who underwent CVVH. The patients were randomized into regional citrate group (n=10) and heparin group (n=10). The pre-dilution CVVH with polyethersulfone dialyzers were utilized in both groups. The levels of pre-filter and post-filter MPO as well as inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured at baseline, 6h, and 24 h after initiating CVVH. In the heparin group, the post-filter serum MPO levels were significantly higher than the pre-filter (median 49.0 vs. 60.5 ng/mL, P<0.05) at 6 h. There were no significant differences between pre- and post-dialyzer MPO levels in the citrate group. Citrate could significantly decrease systemic pre-filter serum MPO levels from baseline at 6 h (median 43.5 vs. 17.3 ng/mL, P<0.01) as well as IL-8 levels (P<0.05) whereas heparin provided only significant TNF-α reduction (P<0.05). The CVVH circuit survival in the citrate group was longer than the heparin group. In conclusion, citrate, utilized as a regional anticoagulant in CVVH, can reduce both membrane bioincompatibility-induced and systemic oxidative stress and inflammation, and can prolong CVVH circuit survival time.     

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过在重症胰腺炎治疗中的价值

目的 观察在传统治疗重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)的同时行连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)的疗效。方法 53例SAP患者在接受传统治疗的同时行CVVH,每次至少持续24h。监测CVVH前后病情及血清淀粉酶、脂肪酶的变化,行动脉血气分析和APACHlE Ⅱ评分,测血中内毒素水平。结果 CVVH治疗后患者心动过速、呼吸窘迫、腹痛、腹胀等症状明显缓解,APACHEⅡ评分明显降低,淀粉酶、脂肪酶、尿素氮、肌酐明显降低,酸中毒、低氧血症纠正。CVVH治疗6h后,血中内毒素水平下降,24h后又恢复至治疗前的水平。53例患者中38例痊愈出院,存活率为71．7％。结论 在传统治疗SAP的同时行CVVH,能提高抢救的成功率,降低病死率。     

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过在48例难治性心力衰竭患者中的治疗作用

目的探讨连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)对难治性心力衰竭患者的治疗作用及安全性。方法48例难治性心力衰竭患者经常规强心、利尿等治疗效果不佳后接受CVVH治疗共167例次。观察治疗前后心率、血压、呼吸频率、肺部罗音、肝颈静脉回流征和水肿等的变化,并判断心功能的改变;测定治疗前、后左心室射血分数、肾功能及电解质等。结果经CVVH治疗后大部份患者(77.1%)呼吸困难缓解,心率逐渐恢复,血压维持正常,肺部罗音减少,肝颈静脉回流征转为阴性,水肿消退,左心室射血分数增加,心功能从Ⅳ级提高到Ⅱ~Ⅲ级;38例合并肾功能不全的患者经CVVH治疗后血尿素氮、肌酐降低;28例合并电解质紊乱者经治疗后高钾血症和低钠血症得到纠正。9例合并严重心律失常的患者有6例经CVVH治疗后心率、心律恢复正常。结论CVVH能平稳地清除水分及溶质并保持血流动力学的稳定,可以安全有效地应用于难治性心力衰竭的治疗。     

The prognosis and risk factors for acute kidney injury in high-risk patients after surgery for type A aortic dissection in the ICU

BackgroundAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a major complication of cardiac surgery, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for the incidence and prognosis of AKI in high-risk patients before and after surgery for acute type A aortic dissection (TAAD) in the intensive care unit (ICU).MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study from April 2018 to April 2019. The primary end points of this study were morbidity due to AKI and risk factors for incidence, and the secondary end points were mortality at 28 days and risk factors for death.ResultsWe enrolled 60 patients, 52 (86.67%) patients developed postoperative AKI, 28 (53.84%) patients died. Preoperative lactic acid level (P=0.022) and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) duration (P=0.009) were identified as independent risk factors for postoperative AKI. The 28-day mortality for postoperative patients with TAAD was 46.67%, 53.84% for those with TAAD and AKI, 67.5% for those who required continue renal replacement therapy (CRRT). The risk factors for 28-day mortality due to postoperative AKI for patients requiring CRRT were CPB duration (P=0.019) and norepinephrine dose upon diagnosis of AKI (P=0.037).ConclusionsMorbidity due to AKI in postoperative patients with TAAD was 86.67%, and preoperative lactic acid level and CPB duration were independent risk factors. The 28-day mortality of postoperative patients with TAAD was 46.67%, 53.84% for those with TAAD and AKI, and 67.5% for those requiring CRRT. CPB duration and norepinephrine dose upon diagnosis of AKI may influence patients’ short-term prognosis.     

Risk factors for acute kidney injury in overweight patients with acute type A aortic dissection: a retrospective study

Background

To identify risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI) in overweight patients who underwent surgery for acute type A aortic dissection (TAAD).

Methods

A retrospective study including 108 consecutive overweight patients [body mass index (BMI) ≥24] between December 2009 and April 2013 in Beijing Anzhen Hospital has been performed. AKI was defined by Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria, which is based on serum creatinine (sCr) or urine output.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 43.69±9.66 years. Seventy-two patients (66.7%) developed AKI during the postoperative period. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify two independent risk factors for AKI: elevated preoperative sCr level and 72-h drainage volume. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) was required in 15 patients (13.9%). The overall postoperative mortality rate was 7.4%, 8.3% in AKI group and 5.6% in non-AKI group. There is no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P=0.32).

Conclusions

A higher incidence of AKI (66.7%) in overweight patients with acute TAAD was confirmed. The logistic regression model identified elevated preoperative sCr level and 72-h drainage volume as independent risk factors for AKI in overweight patients. We should pay more attention to prevent AKI in overweight patients with TAAD.     

Cystatin C is a biomarker for predicting acute kidney injury in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure

AIM:To investigate serum cystatin C level as an early biomarker for predicting acute kidney injury(AKI)in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF).METHODS:Fifty-six consecutive patients with hepatitis B virus-related ACLF who had normal serum creatinine(Cr)level(<1.2 mg/dL in men,or<1.1 mg/dL in women)were enrolled in the Liver Failure Treatment and Research Center of Beijing 302 Hospital between August 2011 and October 2012.Thirty patients with chronic hepatitis B(CHB)and 30 healthy controls in the same study period were also included.Measurement of serum cystatin C(CysC)was performed by a particle-enhanced immunonephelometry assay using the BN Prospec nephelometer system.The ACLF patients were followed during their hospitalization period.RESULTS:In the ACLF group,serum level of CysC was 1.1±0.4 mg/L,which was significantly higher(P<0.01)than those in the healthy controls(0.6±0.3mg/L)and CHB patients(0.7±0.2 mg/L).During the hospitalization period,eight ACLF patients developed AKI.Logistic regression analysis indicated that CysC level was an independent risk factor for AKI development(odds ratio=1.8;95%CI:1.4-2.3,P=0.021).The cutoff value of serum CysC for prediction of AKI in ACLF patients was 1.21 mg/L.The baseline CysC-based estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR CysC)was significantly lower than the creatinine-based eGFR(eGFR CG and eGFR MDRD)in ACLF patients with AKI,suggesting that baseline eGFR CysC represented early renal function in ACLF patients while the Cr levels were still within the normal ranges.CONCLUSION:Serum CysC provides early prediction of renal dysfunction in ACLF patients with a normal serum Cr level.     

糖尿病患者Apo－Al、Apo－B测定及其临床意义

本文对６０例糖尿病患者及６２例正常人的血清载脂蛋白（Ａｐｏ）－Ａｌ，Ａｐｏ－Ｂ高密度脂蛋白（ＨＤＬ）和低密度脂蛋白（ＬＤＬ）水平进行了测定，结果显示：（１）糖尿病患者Ａｐｏ－Ａｌ水平和Ａｐｏ－Ｂ水平均明显高于正常人（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（２）住院治疗前，糖尿病患者血清ＨＤＬ水平明显低于正常人（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（３）住院治疗期间糖尿病患者血清ＨＤＬ水平显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），而ＬＤＬ水平无明显改变（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

持续静脉-静脉血液滤过对危重症甲型H1N1流感患者呼吸功能的影响

目的 探讨持续静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)对危重症甲型H1N1流感患者呼吸功能的影响.方法 通过对入选的10例甲型H1N1流感危重症患者在常规治疗的基础上联合应用CVVH治疗,分别观察干预前及干预后24 h、48 h、72 h、120 h的血清炎性介质水平[肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白介素6(IL-6)、IL-8...