情绪信息对不同知觉负载下视觉搜索绩效的影响

目的：探讨情绪信息对不同知觉负载下视觉搜索绩效的影响。方法：采用字母搜索任务,调节目标字母的灰度来操纵知觉负载,进行3（情绪面孔：积极、中性和消极）×9（知觉负载：目标字母灰度RGB 0,0,0～RGB 80,80,80）的被试内实验设计,记录被试在不同条件下的字母搜索正确率和反应时。结果：（1）相对于高知觉负载,低知觉负载条件下的视觉搜索正确率更高,反应更快;（2）情绪效价与知觉负载的交互作用显著。在低知觉负载水平下,积极面孔条件下的视觉搜索正确率更低;高知觉负载水平下没有表现出情绪效价的影响作用。结论：知觉负载和情绪信息会共同影响视觉搜索绩效。低知觉负载条件下积极情绪分心物表现出干扰优势。     

汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童图形和汉字的视觉加工特点

目的:考察汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童图形和汉字的视觉辨识能力,探索其视觉加工特点.方法:采用病例对照设计,根据ICD-10诊断标准筛选出53名阅读障碍儿童,按照年龄、性别、家庭一般状况等匹配条件,按1:1的比例选择同班级53名正常儿童为对照组.根据汉字特点,采用人机对话的方式.比较两组儿童完成图形视觉加工任务和汉字视觉加工任务的正确率和平均反应时.结果:图形视觉辨别任务显示:阅读障碍儿童正确率为(0.78±0.10),正常儿童正确率为(0.81±0.08);阅读障碍儿童平均反应时为(2494.42±488.23)ms,正常儿童为(2358.59 ± 593.48)ms,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).汉字视觉辨别任务显示:阅读障碍儿童正确率为(0.96±0.04),正常儿童为(0.96±0.04),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);阅读障碍儿童平均反应时[(1715.21±343.76) ms]有长于正常儿童[(1598.72±318.03)ms]的趋势(P=0.073).结论:视觉加工能力对汉语儿童的阅读能力有一定的影响,但不够显著,视觉加工能力可能只是汉字识别的必要条件,而非充分条件.     

不同文字阅读障碍儿童的视知觉加工特点

目的:研究不同文字阅读障碍儿童的视知觉加工特征。方法:从小学3-4年级维吾尔族儿童中筛选出仅在汉字、仅在维吾尔文以及两种文字上同时存在障碍的三组阅读障碍儿童,共44名;匹配年龄、智力水平相对的对照组儿童16名。采用同型判断视觉辨别任务,比较四组儿童在电子数字、汉字、维吾尔文真假材料上的反应时和正确率差异。结果:与对照组相比,汉单障碍组和双障碍组儿童在电子数字加工任务中表现了显著落后;维吾尔文单障碍组儿童在电子数字视觉加工任务中表现正常,但在维吾尔文假字字形加工任务中表现了显著落后。结论:属于表意文字的中文阅读障碍儿童可能存在更为一般性的视知觉加工落后;属于浅层正字法的拼音文字维吾尔文阅读障碍儿童不存在更为一般性的视知觉加工落后,可能存在语音加工落后。     

听力障碍与听力正常儿童视觉注意技能比较

目的:考察听力障碍和听力正常儿童的视觉注意技能。方法:采用Toni智力测验筛选出16名听力障碍儿童和18名听力正常儿童为被试,采用DMDX系统呈现实验材料和记录被试完成视觉搜索任务的反应时和准确率。结果:听力障碍儿童的平均反应时长于听力正常儿童(1272.4±60.3/977.6±51.3,P=0.001);搜索项目大小与被试听力的交互作用及被试听力、搜索项目大小和搜索特征的交互作用均显著(F(2,29)=5.863,P=0.005;F(4,29)=3.14,P=0.017)。结论:听力障碍儿童搜索目标的速度慢于听力正常儿童;两组被试有相似的加工方式,即对单一的颜色特征的搜索进行了平行加工,而对方向和颜色的混合特征进行了系列加工。     

初中生“基本认知能力测验”信效度分析

目的初中生"基本认知能力测验"信效度分析。方法以中国社会科学院心理研究所基本认知能力测验系统(2.0版)为工具,对分层随机抽取的300名初中生进行认知能力测试。结果①各分量表重测信度比较高,其相关系数分别是:数字拷贝0.90,汉字比较0.73,心算0.75,汉字旋转0.62,数字工作0.91,双字词再认0.59,无意义图形再认0.56,均达到显著水平(P0.05);②因素分析发现基本认知能力测验有6个纬度,分别是:数字拷贝、双字词再认、数字加工、数字工作、汉字比较、心算。结论基本认知能力测验信效度较好,能很好的反映初中生的认知状况。     

汉语听写困难儿童一般视觉整体和部分加工特点

目的:研究汉语听写困难儿童在处理一般图形时视觉的整体和部分加工特点。方法:从三、四、五年级的儿童中,筛选出听写困难儿童22名,同时选择年龄、智力水平相当的对照组儿童24名。实验1采用形状变化探测任务,以由小图形构成的大图形为视觉材料(所有大、小图形均为三角形、圆形、方形或菱形四种形状),要求被试在大图形发生整体变化、部分变化两种条件下作出判断,记录正确率和反应时;实验2采用整体部分同时加工任务,以与实验1类似的视觉材料作为刺激(区别在于所有大图形由与之形状不同的一种小图形构成),要求被试判断大、小图形中是否包含圆形和三角形,记录被试在整体判断和部分判断两种条件下的正确率和反应时。结果:在实验1中,整体变化条件下,听写困难组的正确率和反应时均落后于对照组儿童,部分变化条件下两组被试的差异不具有统计学意义;在实验2中,整体判断条件下,听写困难组的正确率和反应时显著低于对照组,部分判断条件下,两组被试的差异无统计学意义。结论:听写困难儿童在一般视觉材料的处理中表现出整体加工落后、部分加工良好的特点,这与听写困难儿童在汉字学习过程中倾向于一笔一划地书写、无法写出完整字形的表现相符合。     

老年糖尿病患者注意搜索反应的研究

目的：了解老年糖尿病患者注意搜索反应及认知功能老化的特点。方法：应用计算机软件程序和人机对话方式，测定３２例老年糖尿病患者和３０名正常老年人对数字、字母和汉字三种刺激注意搜索反应的速度和成绩。结果：糖尿病组三种刺激反应时比正常组均明显延长，其中汉字反应时最长、字母反应时次之、数字反应时最短；糖尿病组三种刺激反应错误率与正常组比较无明显差异；糖尿病病程大于１５年组比病程小于１５年组三种刺激反应时均明显延长；糖尿病合并高血压病组与无高血压病组比较三种刺激反应时无明显差异。结论：老年糖尿病患者注意搜索反应速度明显减慢，而注意搜索反应准确性下降不明显     

多重感觉通道训练对听写落后儿童的教学

目的:研究多重感觉通道训练法对听写落后儿童的教学效果,将其与传统识字教学法进行比较。方法:以24名听写落后儿童为被试,平均分为两组。接受不同的汉字学习教学,分别为多重感觉通道训练法和传统识字教学法,其中多重感觉通道训练在识字教学中采用了视听动触多种感官通道整合。收集两组儿童教学前后的认读正确率和错字比率,考察两种方法的教学效果差异。结果:两种教学方法在认读正确率的教学效果上差异不显著;在错字比率上教学效果差异显著,多重感觉通道训练组的听写落后儿童有着显著更低的错字比率。结论:多重感觉通道训练方法在对听写落后儿童的识字教学上更有优势,这一优势可能来源于视觉通道刺激的丰富或者触觉通道和动作编码在汉字识字教学中的应用。     

《中国医药生物技术》2014年第9卷关键词索引

说明:⑴本索引关键词按汉语拼音字母顺序排列;⑵冠有阿拉伯数字、西文字母、西文姓氏的关键词,按其后的汉字的拼音排序,在汉字相同的情况下,按数字、英文字母、希文字母顺序先后排序;⑶缩略词及未译出的原文英文字母顺序排列在各(字母)部之首;⑷文题、作者后括号内数字为期号,最后为起止页。     

《中国医药生物技术》2010年第5卷关键词索引

<正>说明:⑴本索引关键词按汉语拼音字母顺序排列;⑵冠有阿拉伯数字、西文字母、西文姓氏的关键词,按其后的汉字的拼音排序,在汉字相同的情况下,按数字、英文字母、希文字母顺序先后排序;⑶缩略词及未译出的原文英文字母顺序排列在各(字母)部之首;⑷文题、作者后括号内数字为期号,最后为起止页。     

Visual search for high-level configural differences as well as low-level critical features is highly efficient early in childhood

Visual search, or the ability to locate a single target from a field of distractors, is used as a means of assessing the capacity of the visual system with regard to the detection of low-level stimulus dimensions such as color, line orientation, and other specific perceptual features and higher level characteristics such as three-dimensional (3-D) orientation implied by pictorial cues to depth or occlusion. Target-distractor differences of importance to the visual system result in rapid (and possibly preattentive) target location while differences of lesser importance (or differences that are less salient) tend to elicit slower, less efficient search performance (search in this latter case may require attentional resources.) Adult abilities in this type of task have been tested extensively, but comparatively little is known about the development of these abilities. The present investigation was conducted to test, across a range of ages in childhood, the ability to detect visual search targets defined by a low-level critical feature (a texton; B. Julesz, 1981) and by static (pictorial) cues to depth. Children 2 to 9 years of age and adults were tested with each type of target. Previous data from infant studies predicted that the texton-defined differences would elicit highly efficient search performance, and this proved to be the case. When no texton difference was present, however, children's search was highly inefficient. Children between 4 to 9 years of age also proved to be quite efficient at locating a target, differing only by a pictorially rendered 3-D orientation from the distractors, but were much less efficient when the static cues to 3-D orientation were removed. These findings confirm previous reports that the basic processes underlying visual search are functional early in development, but suggest that children's search is less efficient than adult search when attention is required for object localization.     

学龄期儿童记忆发展特点研究

目的:研究学龄期儿童记忆发展特点.方法:以285名7-15岁儿童为研究对象,以龚氏记忆成套测验(儿童本)为测评工具,以7岁组平均成绩为基线值,观察各分测验及各项记忆指数随年龄发展的特点.结果:理解记忆、联想记忆、听觉广度等分测验成绩在整个学龄期持续上升,于13岁左右达到峰值;图片记忆、空间广度等分测验成绩在7-11岁之间上升较快,11岁以后不再有明显上升;再认测验成绩在整个学龄期有上升,但上升趋势平缓,幅度小.结论:学龄期儿童各种记忆能力均有明显提高,但不同记忆成分的发展特点不同.听觉记忆上升时间长,达到成熟的时间晚,视觉记忆达到成熟的时间较早,再认记忆成绩上升幅度最小.     

二维视觉搜索的计算机模拟

视觉搜索的模拟算法考虑两个交互作用的过程:覆盖过程(“看”)和视觉过程(“看见”)。搜索场景包含有靶,假目标和背景噪声;一个视力角模型按一定的搜索策略去覆盖场景。对模拟程序的输入是场景和靶的空间大小,随机分布的靶和假目标的数目。靶探测几率和识别几率均为物体在场景中对比度和物体离视力角中心的距离的函数。本模拟程序的目的是比较系统搜索和随机搜索的性能,验证关于计算最佳视窗宽度的公式,进而鉴别影响靶探测和识别能力的覆盖过程和视觉过程的参数,阐明它们之间的相互作用。     

Combining eye and hand in search is suboptimal

When performing everyday tasks, we often move our eyes and hand together: we look where we are reaching in order to better guide the hand. This coordinated pattern with the eye leading the hand is presumably optimal behaviour. But eyes and hands can move to different locations if they are involved in different tasks. To find out whether this leads to optimal performance, we studied the combination of visual and haptic search. We asked ten participants to perform a combined visual and haptic search for a target that was present in both modalities and compared their search times to those on visual only and haptic only search tasks. Without distractors, search times were faster for visual search than for haptic search. With many visual distractors, search times were longer for visual than for haptic search. For the combined search, performance was poorer than the optimal strategy whereby each modality searched a different part of the display. The results are consistent with several alternative accounts, for instance with vision and touch searching independently at the same time.     

经鼻腔-蝶窦入路神经内镜切除垂体大腺瘤58例临床分析

目的分析经鼻腔-蝶窦入路神经内镜下手术治疗垂体大腺瘤的疗效。方法回顾性分析采用经神经内镜下手术治疗垂体大腺瘤患者58例,其中男性22例,女性36例;年龄32~69岁,平均年龄45.3岁。所有患者均使用神经内镜经鼻腔-蝶窦入路切除肿瘤。术后进行随访评估,包括神经影像、内分泌及视力检查。统计分析内镜治疗垂体腺瘤的视力改善率及内分泌治愈率,观察分析其肿瘤切除情况、手术并发症情况。结果随访时间1~32个月,平均随访15.3个月。58例患者中,内镜手术全切48例(82.8%),次全切8例(13.8%),部分切除2例(3.4%)。术后患者视力改善率91.2%(31/34),内分泌治愈率35.7%(10/28)。术后短暂脑脊液鼻漏4例,无永久性脑脊液鼻漏。短暂性尿崩症10例,无永久性尿崩症。无死亡或者植物生存等严重并发症。结论经鼻腔-蝶窦入路神经内镜下切除垂体大腺瘤是一种安全、可靠、有效的治疗方式。     

Developmental and lesion effects in brain activation during sentence comprehension and mental rotation

The development of neurocognitive networks was examined in 2 cognitive paradigms: auditory sentence comprehension and mental rotation of alphanumeric stimuli. Patterns of brain activation were measured with whole brain echoplanar functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla in 5 adults (20-28 years old), 7 children (9-12 years old), and 6 pediatric patients (9-12 years old) with perinatal strokes or periventricular hemorrhages. Healthy children and adults activated similar neurocognitive networks, but there were developmental differences in the distribution of activity across these networks. In the sentence task, children showed more activation in the inferior visual area suggesting an imagery strategy rather than a linguistic strategy for sentence processing. Furthermore, consistent use of a sentence comprehension strategy, whether correct or incorrect as compared to chance performance, was associated with greater activation in the inferior frontal area (Broca's) in both children and pediatric patients. In the mental rotation task, healthy adults showed more activation in the superior parietal and middle frontal areas and less activation in the supramarginal gyrus, suggesting adults were primarily engaged in visual-spatial manipulation and less engaged in the recognition of noncanonical views of stimuli. The pediatric patients showed patterns of activation consistent with organization of cognitive processing into homologous areas of the contralateral hemisphere.     

Learning where to look: electrophysiological and behavioral indices of visual search in young and old subjects

The present investigation explores the way young and elderly subjects use regularities in target location in a visual display to guide search for targets. Although both young and old subjects show efficient use of search strategies, slight but reliable differences in reaction times suggest decreased ability in the elderly to use complex cues. Event-related potentials were very different for the young and the old. In the young, P3 amplitudes were larger on trials where the rule that governed the location of the target became evident; this was interpreted as an effect of memory updating. Enhanced positive Slow Wave amplitude indicated uncertainty in random search conditions. Elderly subjects' P3 and SW, however, seemed unrelated to behavioral performance, and they showed a large negative Slow Wave at central and parietal sites to randomly located targets. The latter finding was tentatively interpreted as a sign of increased effort in the elderly to allocate attention in visual space. This pattern of behavioral and ERP results suggests that age-related differences in search tasks can be understood in terms of changes in the strategy of allocating visual attention.     

A multi-level model of information seeking in the clinical domain

Objective: Clinicians often have difficulty translating information needs into effective search strategies to find appropriate answers. Information retrieval systems employing an intelligent search agent that generates adaptive search strategies based on human search expertise could be helpful in meeting clinician information needs. A prerequisite for creating such systems is an information seeking model that facilitates the representation of human search expertise. The purpose of developing such a model is to provide guidance to information seeking system development and to shape an empirical research program.Design: The information seeking process was modeled as a complex problem-solving activity. After considering how similarly complex activities had been modeled in other domains, we determined that modeling context-initiated information seeking across multiple problem spaces allows the abstraction of search knowledge into functionally consistent layers. The knowledge layers were identified in the information science literature and validated through our observations of searches performed by health science librarians.Results: A hierarchical multi-level model of context-initiated information seeking is proposed. Each level represents (1) a problem space that is traversed during the online search process, and (2) a distinct layer of knowledge that is required to execute a successful search. Grand strategy determines what information resources will be searched, for what purpose, and in what order. The strategy level represents an overall approach for searching a single resource. Tactics are individual moves made to further a strategy. Operations are mappings of abstract intentions to information resource-specific concrete input. Assessment is the basis of interaction within the strategic hierarchy, influencing the direction of the search.Conclusion: The described multi-level model provides a framework for future research and the foundation for development of an automated information retrieval system that uses an intelligent search agent to bridge clinician information needs and human search expertise.     

基于多层螺旋CT影像对胸骨后组织随年龄变化特征的观察

目的:基于多层螺旋CT（MSCT）影像探讨胸骨后解剖结构随年龄的变化特征。方法:回顾性研究。纳入青岛大学附属泰安市中心医院2020年8—12月行胸部MSCT检查的1 000例受检者的影像学资料。男500例、女500例,年龄0.5～100（50.23±28.49）岁。按每10岁进行分组,共分为10组,观察和统计在胸骨柄后...     

A sensory signature that distinguishes true from false memories

Human behavioral studies show that there is greater sensory/perceptual detail associated with true memories than false memories. We therefore hypothesized that true recognition of abstract shapes would elicit greater visual cortical activation than would false recognition. During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), participants studied exemplar shapes and later made recognition memory decisions ("old" or "new") concerning studied exemplars (old shapes), nonstudied lures (related shapes) and new shapes. Within visual processing regions, direct contrasts between true recognition ("old" response to an old shape; old-hit) and false recognition ("old" response to a related shape; related-false alarm) revealed preferential true recognition-related activity in early visual processing regions (Brodmann area (BA)17, BA18). By comparison, both true and false recognition were associated with activity in early and late (BA19, BA37) visual processing regions, the late regions potentially supporting "old" responses, independent of accuracy. Further analyses suggested that the differential early visual processing activity reflected repetition priming, a type of implicit memory. Thus, the sensory signature that distinguishes true from false recognition may not be accessible to conscious awareness.