江苏省职业性铅接触人群体内铅超标情况调查

目的:为掌握职业性铅中毒的发病特点、规律和趋势,制定相应对策,遏制职业性铅中毒的高发势头,对本省14家企业中962名铅接触人员体内铅超标情况进行了调查.方法:根据有关规范和标准,采集空气样本并检测空气中铅浓度,计算时间加权平均浓度(TWA),检测血铅与尿铅.结果:生产岗位空气中铅浓度不合格率9.76%,不合格岗位TWA...     

某铜冶炼厂448名铅作业人员职业健康检查结果

目的了解铜冶炼企业铅作业工人铅接触情况并探索铅职业接触人群健康损伤效应的敏感生物指标,为采取有效的保护措施提供依据。方法以昆明市东川区某中型铜冶炼生产企业448名铅作业工人为铅接触组,以200名不接触铅的管理、行政、营销、后勤等非接铅作业者列为对照组。检测工作场所空气中铅烟(尘)的时间加权平均浓度(C_(TWA)),检测2组人员尿铅、红白细胞锌原卟啉和血红蛋白水平分析相关性。结果尿铅检测648人,超标7人,浓度范围为1.0~220μg/L,工人工龄均值7.2 a,年龄均值40.2岁,平均尿铅浓度为(22.3±19.66)μg/L。接铅组工作场所空气中定点铅烟(尘)的时间加权平均浓度(C_(TWA))超标率为16.7%,个体接触铅烟(尘)C_(TWA)超标率为15.2%。尿铅升高、ZPP升高和Hb下降检出率与对照组检出率差异无统计学意义;铅中毒观察对象和疑似职业性慢性轻度铅中毒检出率为0.5%和0.6%;心电图的异常检出率最高(19.60%);尿铅、Hb与ZPP间不存在显著的线性相关。结论该厂应加强作业场所的监测评价和职业健康监护工作,对于铅超标岗位采取积极有效的防护措施,在职业健康体检建议选择合适的铅检测指标,结合红细胞锌原卟啉检测,能更好地反映铅对人体的生物学意义。     

某冶炼厂职业病危害因素调查

目的 了解、掌握某冶炼厂生产工艺中职业危害状况,为搞好防治提供依据.方法 对冶炼厂进行职业病危害因素调查与检测.结果 一氧化碳、二氧化碳、铜烟、二氧化氮检测结果符合国家职业卫生标准,铅尘、铅烟、二氧化硫、砷化氢、砷化物、镉、氧化锌、粉尘、噪声岗位接触浓度或强度均有不同程度超标(超标率为5.9%～62.5%),其中以铅烟、砷化氢、镉超标明显,其岗位时间加权平均浓度(TWA)最高超过国家卫生标准分别为58.6倍、32.7倍、123倍.对该厂384名冶炼工人进行职业性体检,诊断为轻度铅中毒的146人(38.0%).结论 该冶炼厂职业病危害较严重,应加强综合治理与健康监护.     

某市蓄电池企业铅职业病危害现状调查

目的了解某市蓄电池企业铅职业病危害现状。方法对该市4家蓄电池企业进行工作场所空气中铅浓度检测,同时对347名接触铅作业工人进行职业性健康检查。结果工作场所空气中铅浓度超标率达41.7%,接触铅作业工人职业性铅中毒率27.1%。结论该市蓄电池企业铅职业病危害相当严重,已直接损害着工人的身体健康,应及时采取切实有效的综合防治措施。     

蓄电池行业铅污染调查分析

[目的]探讨南平市铅作业工人职业性慢性铅中毒情况。[方法]对3家企业作业场所空气中铅浓度测定,以铅作业工人自然排尿铅含量≥0．34pmol／L为观察对象,尿铅含量≥0．58pmol／L诊断为慢性铅中毒病人。[结果]作业场所空气中铅浓度超标率为74．3％(26／35);465名作业工人中铅作业观察对象114例(24．5％),职业性慢性铅中毒50例(10．8％),发病工龄短,空气中铅浓度超标率高的工厂发病率最高达43．3％。[结论]职业健康监护可及早发现铅中毒病人,及时防护可有效控制铅中毒。     

经口摄入致群发性职业性慢性铅中毒事故特征分析

目的 调查分析一起群发性职业性慢性铅中毒事故特征。方法 运用工作场所现场调查、空气监测、员工职业健康检查等职业流行病学调查方法和临床资料分析,阐明2017年东莞市某电子厂一起群发性职业性慢性铅中毒事故致病途径和发病特征。结果 该公司玻壳车间员工共计87人,血铅检出浓度范围为103.15～755.70 μg/L,中位数为364.0 μg/L。超过诊断值水平(>600 μg/L)4例, 超过生物接触限值水平(400～600 μg/L)24例,共计5例诊断为职业性慢性铅中毒;工作场所空气中铅烟(尘)接触水平为<0.001~0.022 mg/m³。其余车间408名员工(对照)血铅检出浓度范围为26.91～184.23 μg/L,中位数为53.82 μg/L;工作场所空气中铅烟(尘)接触水平为<0.001 mg/m³。玻壳车间员工血铅水平显著高于其余车间(P＜0.01),玻壳车间不同岗位、工龄员工血铅水平上差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05、P＜0.01);而在不同性别员工血铅水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。玻壳车间员工该种作业和接触方式下血铅水平逐年升高,接触9年后基本维持在生物接触限值水平。结论 玻壳车间员工为涉铅作业,是一起工作场所空气中铅浓度低于接触限值,经口摄入致群发性职业性铅中毒,主要为用人单位个人卫生管理缺失,经消化道摄入导致群发性职业性慢性铅中毒事故。     

上海市宝山区铅作业场所职业病危害情况调查

目的了解上海宝山区工厂企业铅职业病危害状况,预防和控制职业中毒的发生。方法对9家存在铅职业危害的工厂的铅作业工人进行职业卫生知识问卷调查,并对作业场所空气中铅浓度进行采样和检测。结果共对20个作业点112件样品进行检测,结果4个监测点短时间接触限值(STEL)浓度超标,5个点时间加权平均(TWA)浓度超标,点合格率为75%。其中蓄电池制造业作业场所中铅浓度最高,STEL浓度最高达到0.56 mg/m3。收集1997~2004年共492份铅作业工人职业健康检查资料,其中体检结果正常407人,尿铅水平偏高(≥70μg/L)者42人,患有高血压等其他疾患者76人。铅作业工人的平均尿铅水平为32.2μg/L。个人问卷调查发现工人的职业卫生知识也相对比较欠缺。结论某些铅作业岗位的铅职业危害较严重,存在铅危害的工序基本上以手工操作为主,工艺较落后,不能实现连续性密闭性生产,而作业工人的个体防护情况也不理想,此类企业应完善作业场所的卫生防护设施,为工人配备有效的个体防护用品(防毒口罩),还应加强对作业工人的健康教育,以预防和控制职业性铅中毒的发生。     

某乡镇蓄电池厂铅污染状况调查

目的对某乡镇蓄电池厂铅危害现状进行调查,为加强职业卫生监督管理提供依据。方法对作业场所空气中的铅尘、铅烟进行测定,对铅接触人员的血铅、尿铅含量及血δ-氨基乙酰丙酸脱水酶(ALAD)活力进行测定。结果该企业存在严重的铅职业危害,作业场所空气中铅尘浓度超标率达82.35%,铅烟浓度超标率达84.62%;对85名铅作业者进行职业健康检查,诊断为慢性铅中毒11例,观察对象36例。结论该企业严重的铅污染已对接触人员造成了危害,应加强职业卫生监督检查力度,切实保护劳动者健康权益。     

2005-2010年某蓄电池厂铅接触职业危害的情况

目的 对某蓄电池企业铅作业场所铅污染状况及其对工人血铅、血锌原卟啉影响因素分析,为加强职业卫生监督管理和制定防治策略提供科学依据.方法 检测蓄电池企业工作场所空气中铅浓度,对接触铅作业的工人进行职业健康检查,包括血铅、血锌原卟啉等项目测定.结果 ①2005-2010年共检测样本数205份,该蓄电池企业铅浓度超过国家职业接触限值的166份,超标率达80.98％.但超标率呈现逐年下降趋势.②在岗职工定期健康检查中发现血铅异常检出率高达77.05％,铅中毒率为27.86％,铅中毒发生率呈现逐年升高趋势.③铅作业车间不同工人铅中毒率不同,各工龄组工人的铅中毒率有明显差异.结论 该企业工作场所铅污染比较严重,工人血铅水平仍较高,企业必须采取有效的职业病防治措施,卫生监管部门对职业接触铅劳动者需采取多方面干预措施,预防控制铅中毒发生.     

常州市武进区蓄电池行业职业危害调查

目的掌握常州市武进区蓄电池生产行业铅的职业危害状况,以制定防治对策,控制和减少铅中毒事件的发生。方法武进区对10家存在铅职业危害的企业进行职业卫生学调查,对作业场所空气中铅浓度进行检测,对接触铅作业工人进行健康检查和尿铅测定。结果职业卫生防护基本符合规定要求,合格率为84.60%,作业场所中铅浓度超标率为14.50%,铅烟、铅尘最高浓度为0.270～0.590mg/m3。174人尿铅检查有23人超过生物指标限值,检出率为13.22%,观察对象占4.60%,疑似慢性中毒占体检总人数的8.62%。结论某些铅作业岗位职业危害较严重,已直接损害工人健康,应及时采取切实有效的综合防治措施。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.