EMA、EGFR、PTEN在不同分期和分型胸腺瘤中的表达及意义分析

目的 探讨EMA、EGFR、PTEN在不同分期和分型胸腺瘤中的表达及意义.方法 收集手术切除胸腺瘤标本57例,术中留取瘤旁正常组织6份,应用Masaoka以及WHO标准分别对其进行临床分期和病理分型,应用上皮膜抗原(EMA)、抑癌基因(PTEN)和表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)三种单克隆抗体进行免疫组化染色,观察三种抗体在不同临床分期和病理分型胸腺瘤中的表达情况,并进行统计分析.结果 EMA在胸腺瘤组织的阳性率为45.61％,在正常胸腺组织中不表达.EGFR在胸腺瘤中的阳性表达率为66.67％,正常组织中的阳性表达率为16.67％.PTEN在胸腺瘤中的阳性表达率为50.88％,正常组织中的表达率为100％.EMA和EGFR表达随着分期进展逐渐升高(P＜0.05),PTEN阳性表达率随着WHO病理分型及Masaoka分期的进展而逐渐下降(P＜0.05).结论 EMA、EGFR、PTEN在胸腺瘤中的表达情况能够反映胸腺瘤的WHO病理组织学分型和Masaoka分期,能够作为预测肿瘤侵袭性指标,为胸腺瘤的早期诊断和治疗提供帮助.     

结直肠癌中lipocalin 2的表达及临床病理特征分析

目的探讨脂质运载蛋白2(lipocalin 2, Lcn2)在结直肠癌中的表达及其与临床病理特征的关系。方法收集40例配对结直肠癌及癌旁组织样本,分别采用qRT-PCR法、Western blot法检测Lcn2的mRNA和蛋白水平,运用免疫组化检测Lcn2蛋白并分析其与临床病理特征的关系。结果与癌旁组织相比,结直肠癌组织中:qRT-PCR结果显示Lcn2的mRNA水平升高(P=0.006 5);Western blot结果显示Lcn2的蛋白水平升高(P0.05);免疫组化结果显示,癌细胞胞质和胞膜中Lcn2呈强阳性,癌旁组织Lcn2呈阴性,且Lcn2强阳性与肿瘤直径(P=0.014)、分化程度(P=0.017)、T分期(P=0.042)及淋巴结转移(P=0.025)密切相关。结论 Lcn2在结直肠癌中呈强阳性,且与肿瘤直径、分化程度、T分期及淋巴结转移密切相关,提示其可能参与结直肠癌的进展和转移。     

肾细胞癌中抑癌基因PTEN的表达及生物学意义

目的 :研究抑癌基因PTEN在肾细胞癌的表达及其生物学意义。方法 :应用免疫组织化学S P法检测 5例正常肾组织、18例癌旁肾组织和 40例肾细胞癌组织中抑癌基因PTEN的表达。结果 :5例正常肾组织和 18例癌旁肾组织均有较强的PTEN蛋白的表达 ,二者PTEN蛋白的表达强度、阳性细胞的分布形式无差异。抑癌基因PTEN在肾细胞癌中的表达不同于正常肾组织和癌旁肾组织 ,12 5 %的肾细胞癌呈PTEN蛋白阴性 ;17 5 %的肾细胞癌PTEN蛋白呈弱阳性 ;70 %的肾细胞癌PTEN蛋白呈阳性或强阳性 ,与癌旁组织PTEN蛋白的染色强度无差异。PTEN蛋白阴性的肾细胞癌 ,肾门淋巴结转移率为80 % ;PTEN蛋白阳性的肾细胞癌 ,肾门淋巴结转移率为 2 0 %。PTEN蛋白阴性肾细胞癌的肾门淋巴结转移率与PTEN阳性肾细胞癌的肾门淋巴结转移率比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :肾细胞癌中存在着抑癌基因PTEN的表达缺失和异常 ;抑癌基因PTEN的表达异常可能与肾细胞癌的发生、发展有关 ,抑癌基因PTEN是肾细胞癌的一种新的相关基因。     

前列腺特异性膜抗原在前列腺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的 研究前列腺特异性膜抗原(PSMA)在前列腺癌中的表达及其与Gleason分级之间的关系,同时探讨其在前列腺癌诊断中的价值.方法 采用免疫组化EnVision法检测PSMA在前列腺癌、前列腺上皮内瘤变(PIN)和良性前列腺增生症(BPH)中的表达.结果 PSMA在BPH、PIN和前列腺癌中均表达.在BPH中,PSMA阳性表达部位在前列腺腔缘或顶端/胞质表达,而在PIN中表达模式为胞质伴胞膜阳性,前列腺癌为顶端/胞质、胞质伴胞膜阳性或胞质表达阳性.PSMA在分化差前列腺癌中多为胞质表达,而在分化好的癌中为顶端/胞质和胞质伴胞膜表达.PSMA表达强度在PIN和前列腺癌中明显高于BPH(P＜0.05),同时PSMA染色强度与Gleason评分呈正相关(P＜0.05).结论 PSMA与Gleason分级密切相关,PSMA表达模式和染色强度的改变对PIN和前列腺癌诊断具有参考价值.     

癌基因ras产物P^21蛋白在阴囊癌及癌旁组织中的表达

用免疫组化ＡＢＣ法检测３０例阴囊癌，３０例癌旁组织和２０例正常阴囊组织的癌基因ｒａｓ产物Ｐ＾２１蛋白，结果２７例癌组织，８例癌旁组织中有Ｐ＾２１蛋白表达，而２０例正常阴囊组织中Ｐ＾２１阴性，Ｐ＾２１蛋白和病理分级，临床分期呈正相关表达，即随着分级和分期的上升阳性增强，并且癌旁组织Ｐ＾２１蛋白表达阳性显示了早期复发和转移的不良预后。     

肾细胞癌中c-erbB-2表达及其意义

目的子研究c—erbB-2在肾细胞癌中的表达及其与临床分期、病理分型、病理分级和预后的关系。方法 应用免疫组化S-P法分别用鼠抗人c-erbB-2胞内段单克隆抗体(CB11)和鼠抗人c-erbB-2胞外段单克隆抗体(9G6．10)检测77例肾细胞癌及相应癌旁肾组织c—erbB-2蛋白表达。应用RT-PCR方法检测10例新鲜肾癌组织及癌旁正常组织c—erbB-2 mRNA的表达。透明细胞癌、颗粒细胞癌及乳头状肾细胞癌c—erbB-2的表达分别为68．2％、93．1％及75．0％。结果 77例肾癌组织CB11和9G6．10的阳性率分别为61%(47／77)和45．5%(35／77)；二者联合检测总阳性率为77．9％(60／77)。透明细胞癌、颗粒细胞癌及乳头状肾细胞癌c—erbB-2的表达分别为68．9％、92．9％及75%。RT-PCR检测新鲜肾癌组织c—erbB-2mRNA的阳性率为100％(10／10)。结论 肾癌中c—erbB-2蛋白及c—erbB-2mRNA均过表达。不同的肾癌病理类型c—erbB-2蛋白表达不同，颗粒细胞癌表达最高。c—erbB-2在肾癌的不同临床分期均过表达，说明可能在病变的早期c—erbB-2已经发生改变。c-erbB-2的表达与临床分期及肿瘤分级无明显相关性。     

膀胱移行细胞癌中PTEN的表达分析

目的研究PTEN在膀胱移行细胞癌（TCC）中的表达。方法应用免疫组织化学染色方法观察52例TCC标本PTEN的表达情况。结果TCC组中PTEN的阳性表达率为71.2%,而10例正常膀胱粘膜组织PTEN表达均为阳性。PTEN表达与膀胱肿瘤病理分级、临床分期密切相关。结论PTEN的异常表达在TCC的发生、发展过程中起重要作用。该指标的检测有助于预后判断。     

混合型p504s/34βE12/p63抗体在前列腺腺癌诊断中的应用价值

目的评价混合型p504s/34βE12/p63抗体和双重染色技术在诊断前列腺腺癌中的价值。方法选择47例前列腺病例,包括36例前列腺癌、4例不典型腺瘤样增生、4例良性增生和3例间质肉芽肿性炎。采用混合型p504s/34βE12/p63抗体和双酶标记法检测这3种抗原在各类病变中的表达状况。p504s阳性表现为胞质内蓝黑色颗粒状物,而基底细胞的核(p63)和胞质(34βE12)呈红色着色。结果在36例前列腺癌中,32例(88·89%)表达p504s,其中5例为小灶性癌,所有癌细胞巢周围无肌上皮细胞(34βE12和p63阴性)。在4例不典型腺瘤样增生中,1例p504s阳性,但腺上皮细胞周围也有肌上皮细胞(34βE12和p63阳性)。其余7例良性病变中p504s阴性。无非癌性病变同时出现p504s阳性而34βE12和p63阴性的情况。单标抗体p504s和混合型p504s在前列腺病变中的表达一致率为91·49%。结论混合型p504s/34βE12/p63抗体双标在前列腺癌的诊断中具有很高的敏感性和特异性,与单标抗体比较,更容易观察、分辨,有助于提高小灶性前列腺癌的检出率。该法适用于常规病理诊断中,尤其是穿刺活检的小标本,而且减少了免疫组化染色片的数量。     

膀胱移行细胞癌中fhit基因和survivin基因的表达和意义

目的探讨fhit基因和survivin基因在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达和意义。方法用免疫组化S-P法检测62例膀胱移行细胞癌组织及10例正常膀胱粘膜组织中fhit蛋白和survivin蛋白的表达。结果10例正常膀胱粘膜组织中fhit蛋白表达均为阳性，survivin蛋白表达均为阴性；fhit蛋白在膀胱移行细胞癌中阳性表达率为46．77％（29／62），肿瘤不同分级中随恶性程度的增长表达减少，Ⅰ级与Ⅲ级比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），不同临床分期中随分期的增长表达减少，Tis～T1与T2～T4比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；survivin蛋白在膀胱移行细胞癌中阳性表达率为56．5％（35／62），肿瘤不同分级中随恶性程度的增高表达增高（P〈0．05），不同临床分期中随分期的增长表达增高，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；fhit蛋白和survivin蛋白表达相关（P〈0．05）。结论Fhit基因和survivin基因在膀胱移行细胞癌的发生、发展过程中起着重要的作用。Fhit基因可能通过肿瘤凋亡抑制途径发挥作用的。     

核仁素的表达定位和定量与前列腺癌演变的关系

目的探讨前列腺癌和非癌组织中核仁素表达定量和定位的差异,及核仁素表达的增高和核外迁移对鉴别诊断前列腺癌和非癌组织的价值。方法用免疫组化SP法检测50例前列腺癌组织和50例非癌组织中核仁素的表达,分析前列腺癌组织和非癌组织中核仁素表达定量和定位的差异,并比较核仁素与p504S和p63在前列腺癌中表达的相关性,分析前列腺癌中核仁素表达定量与癌组织Gleason评分的关系。结果前列腺癌和非癌组织中细胞核均表达核仁素;前列腺癌胞质和胞膜核仁素的阳性表达率(90%)明显高于癌旁正常前列腺组织(5%)、前列腺增生症(13%)和前列腺上皮内瘤变(20%)(P<0.01)。Allred半定量分析显示,前列腺癌组织中核仁素表达量(7.7±0.3)高于癌旁正常前列腺组织(3.9±0.2)、前列腺增生症(4.0±0.4)和前列腺上皮内瘤变(5.5±0.2)(P<0.01)。在前列腺癌中,核仁素胞质阳性表达与癌细胞p504S的阳性表达呈正相关,与基底细胞p63的阳性表达呈负相关(P<0.01)。前列腺癌中核仁素表达定量与Gleason评分呈正相关(P<0.01)。结论前列腺在癌变过程中核仁素表达增高,并出现核外迁移;核仁素的核外迁移...     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.