球囊辅助下血透用桡动静脉内瘘术

目的 评价球囊辅助下血透用桡动静脉内瘘术的手术方法和初步疗效。方法回顾性总结2005年8～12月复旦大学附属中山医院血管外科收治的12例诊断明确的尿毒症病人行球囊辅助下桡动静脉瘘术。选择非主利手，游离头静脉和桡动脉，分别结扎头静脉和桡动脉的远端，向头静脉和（或）桡动脉近端插入Fogarty取栓导管，用1mL的注射器向球囊注入肝素盐水0．1—0．3mL，充起球囊，持续、均匀扩张头静脉和（或）桡动脉及其狭窄段，以7-0无损伤血管缝线吻合血管。结果术后即时、回病房当天、术后1d、3d和7d听诊吻合口杂音，扪及血管震颤。平均随访3个月，手术通畅率100％。已有5例病人内瘘成熟，内瘘血流量大于150mL／min，满足血透流量。结论球囊辅助下桡动静脉内瘘术成功率高，可以纠正头静脉狭窄，内瘘成熟快。短期临床效果好，中远期临床效果在进一步观察中。     

显微动静脉内瘘术64例分析

目的 探讨供血液透析使用的动静脉内瘘术的手术方式及显微血管吻合操作技术。方法 收集64例动静脉内瘘术，比较桡动脉-头静脉侧端吻合术和桡动脉-头静脉端端吻合术两种不同术式的内瘘血流量及血管合并症，分析吻合口不同口径对内瘘血流量的影响。结果 内瘘血流量每分钟200ml以上56例，出现内瘘血管合并症8例，因血流量不足再次手术6例。动静脉侧端吻合的内瘘质量比端端吻合好，当吻合口小于0．5cm时内瘘血管合并症增加。结论 桡动脉-头静脉侧端吻合术是动静脉内瘘术的首选术式，血管吻合口的大小以0．5cm为适宜，血管吻合应遵循显微血管缝合原则。     

动静脉内瘘术用于血液透析的临床研究

目的探讨动静脉内瘘的手术方法并总结其临床效果。方法对慢性肾功能衰竭施行动静脉内瘘术985例，其中前臂动静脉内瘘术中，前臂动静脉703例，头静脉与桡动脉端-侧或端-端连续外翻吻合；肘部自体动静脉内瘘198例，头静脉、贵要静脉或肘正中静脉与肱动脉行端-侧连续外翻吻合；PTFE人造血管内瘘84例，前臂作“U”形皮下隧道，置入PTFE人造血管20—35cm，动脉端人造血管与肱动脉行端-侧吻合，静脉端与肱静脉、头静脉或贵要静脉采用端-端或端-侧吻合。结果术后瘘口均可扪及震颤或闻及血流杂音，术后1周内瘘口震颤消失52例，彩超发现瘘口狭窄，有血栓形成，行二次手术，重新吻合后均获成功。应用人造血管内瘘术后肢体肿胀较明显。内瘘3周后开始使用，首次穿刺透析血流量大于200ml／min，血液透析效果满意。结论前臂头静脉-桡动脉端．侧吻合是动静脉内瘘术的首选术式，吻合口径5mm较合适，人造血管内瘘对上肢血管条件差的患者，具有较好的效果。     

腕部自体动静脉内瘘成熟期血管重构的临床观察

目的探究腕部自体动静脉内瘘建立后成熟期内血管重构的变化规律。方法入组62例终末期肾病患者,建立腕部自体动静脉内瘘,完成随访55例。记录患者糖尿病患病情况、吸烟史,X光评估前臂桡动脉钙化情况;超声测定桡动脉、头静脉内径。术后当天超声判定吻合口两侧桡动脉血流方向;术后1个月及术后3个月再次复查超声进行桡动脉及内瘘静脉的评估,并在术后3个月评估肢体缺血情况。结果动静脉内瘘手术全部成功,术后3个月3例患者内瘘成熟不良,内瘘成熟率94.5%。术前、术后1个月及术后3个月桡动脉和头静脉内径方差分析提示血管内径存在显著性差异(P0.01),桡动脉及头静脉呈逐渐增粗的趋势。动静脉内瘘术后3个月时窃血发生率为94.5%,10例患者诊断透析通路相关的肢端缺血综合征,内瘘窃血与透析通路相关性肢端缺血综合征的发生未见明显的相关性(P=0.484)。术后1个月未见到内瘘静脉内膜增生,3个月后15例患者头静脉明显内膜增生,3例患者判定为内瘘狭窄。结论腕部自体动静脉内瘘建立后头静脉与桡动脉逐渐增粗,术后1个月,血管内径改变最为明显,窃血现象在动静脉内瘘术后普遍存在,内瘘静脉内膜增生会导致内瘘成熟不良。     

桡动脉-肘正中静脉交通支动静脉内瘘术初步疗效分析

目的:探讨桡动脉-肘正中静脉交通支动静脉内瘘术的可行性和疗效。方法:选取前臂多次动静脉内瘘失败或前臂血管条件差无法行桡动脉-头静脉动静脉内瘘术的患者共8例,经术前多普勒超声评估后,于肘关节以下通过桡动脉-肘正中静脉交通支(静脉)端(动脉)侧吻合建立动静脉内瘘。并对术前、术后6周、术后3月桡动脉及上臂头静脉行多普勒超声检查,评估血管内径、血流动力学参数变化及瘘管成熟情况。结果:8例患者术前评估血管条件均符合自体静脉动静脉内瘘手术标准,即刻手术成功率100%。术后6周和3个月,桡动脉内径(diameter of radial artery,RAD)、头静脉内径(di-ameter of forearm cephalic vein,CVD)、桡动脉收缩期峰值流速(peak systolic velocity,PSV)、头静脉平均流速(mean velocity ofcephalic vein,CVMV)、头静脉血流(blood flow,BF)均高于术前,且术后3个月高于术后6周。患者随访6～12个月平均8.6个月,术后4～6周开始血透,瘘管均满足血透流量要求,目前均仍在继续使用。结论:(1)桡动脉-肘正中静脉交通支(静脉)端(动脉)侧吻合动静脉内瘘术式是安全可行的,术后瘘管成熟良好。(2)术前常规多普勒超声评估血管条件可以提高桡动脉-肘正中静脉交通支动静脉内瘘术式的成功率。     

超高压球囊扩张术治疗维持性血液透析患者动静脉内瘘狭窄中的护理体会

目的分析因动静脉内瘘狭窄行超高压球囊扩张术的血液透析患者的护理经验。方法对14例动静脉内瘘患者行超高压球囊扩张术,术中透视下导丝引导超高压球囊至狭窄部位,逐级扩张。术前进行包括心理和常规护理在内的准备,术中手术护士做好器械配合及耗材管理,术后使用扣眼式穿刺法做透析滤过清除对比剂,同时进行宣教等护理工作。结果 14例血液透析患者术后进行血滤治疗测试血流量均≥250ml/min,平均(270.00±27.33)ml/min。所有患者均顺利完成当次血液净化治疗,无血管破裂、出血、感染和血管栓塞发生。结论悉心护理可促进患者康复,有效提高术后治疗效果。     

186例血液透析患者动-静脉内瘘临床应用

目的 总结前臂桡动脉和头静脉内瘘的临床应用情况.方法 收集186例维持性血液透析患者应用内瘘血液透析3个月以上,内瘘方式为前臂桡动脉和头静脉侧侧吻合后,结扎远心端的头静脉(即改良端侧吻合动-静脉内瘘)患者的资料.结果 动-静脉内瘘成形术很好利用了自身的血管,术式操作简单,成功率高且并发症少.结论 该术式可成为建立血管通路的主要方式.     

内瘘保护器对尿毒症患者自体动静脉内瘘成熟的影响

目的探讨内瘘保护器对终末期肾脏疾病(end stage renal disease,ESRD)患者自体动静脉内瘘成熟的影响。方法选取2013年10月至2014年9月在本院就诊并行(前臂)动静脉内瘘成形手术患者64例,男36例,女28例,年龄范围为25~75岁,平均年龄(50.2±10.5)岁,原发病:糖尿病20例,慢性肾炎18例,高血压14例,梗阻性肾病6例,多囊肾6例。随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组32例。将2组患者由同一名医生选用相同的术式(桡动脉-头静脉端侧吻合)完成自体动静脉内瘘成形手术,术后治疗组给予前臂内瘘保护器保护,站立时将前臂内瘘保护器挂于胸前保护术肢,卧位时将肩带悬挂在输液架上使术肢保持高于心脏10厘米,对照组按常规护理,术后第6周取离吻合口4 cm处为观察点,以彩色多普勒超声探测头静脉内径、每分钟血流量,对比2组头静脉内径、血流量变化。根据美国NKF-K/DOQI工作组慢性肾脏病及透析临床实践指南评判标准评估2组内瘘成熟率,对比2组并发症及患者生活质量。结果治疗组自体动静脉内瘘术后6周血管内径、血流量好于对照组(P0.05);术后6周治疗组内瘘成熟率96.9%,而对照组为78.1%,治疗组优于对照组(P0.05);治疗组的血管狭窄、血栓及肿胀手等并发症的发生率均低于对照组(P0.05);治疗组患者的生活质量好于对照组(P0.05)。结论动静脉内瘘成形手术患者早期使用前臂内瘘保护器,可显著降低内瘘并发症的发生率,改善动静脉内瘘血流量,对患者内瘘成熟起到重要的意义。     

前臂贵要静脉转位建立血管内瘘的临床应用

目的 探讨前臂远端贵要静脉转位建立自体血管内瘘的方法.方法 自2007年12月至2010年3月,对维持性透析29例进行前臂远端贵要静脉转位建立自体血管内瘘手术治疗.29例中有18例为原桡动脉-头静脉内瘘因并发症失去功能,11例初次行血管内瘘手术.手术方式采用贵要静脉转位与肱动脉端侧吻合10例;贵要静脉转位与桡动脉端端吻合13例;贵要动脉与尺动脉端侧或端端吻合6例,吻合口直径为5.0～8.0 mm.结果 29例中,1例术后血肿压迫闭塞,2例术后内瘘成熟不良,其余手术一次取得成功,术后血流量达200～350 ml/min.对心功能未造成不良影响,未出现严重并发症.结论 前臂远端贵要静脉转位建立自体血管内瘘手术,是尽量利用自身血管条件,建立内瘘的一种行之有效的方法.     

彩色多普勒超声在透析用血管通路中的应用

头静脉桡动脉内瘘术是尿毒症患者维持性血液透析治疗的主要血管通路。临床上多采用自体动静脉内瘘,移植动静脉内瘘,中心静脉导管3种方式。K - DCQI等研究指南中推荐自体动静脉内瘘是首选,且预计目前超过66%的透析患者使用自体动静脉内瘘,然而部分患者由于各种原因不具备建立自体动静脉内瘘的条件或者建立内瘘后自体血管通路闭塞或者不能得到有效的血流量。Patel 等指出外科医生在推进自体血管通路的手术指征时,无意中也提高了失败率。因此,如何选择适当的术前评估指标来提高手术成功率,是一个有挑战性的课题。     

球囊扩张成形术处理透析用动静脉内瘘狭窄性病变及短中期结果

目的:探讨球囊扩张成形技术在治疗血液透析用动静脉内瘘(AVF)狭窄的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2014年5月—2015年12月间采用球囊扩张成形技术治疗的31例血液透析用AVF狭窄性病变患者的临床资料。结果:31例患者中,男18例,女13例;桡动脉-头静脉内瘘27例,桡动脉-贵要静脉内瘘2例,尺动脉-贵要静脉内瘘2例;均接受球囊扩张技术治疗。28例(90.3%)获得技术上的成功,围手术期无患者死亡。1例患者术后出现动脉穿刺处假性动脉瘤,1例患者术后出现AVF血栓形成,1例患者出现前臂皮下血肿,其他所有患者AVF恢复通畅并能够以正常流量进行血液透析治疗。术后随访3~12个月,3、6、12个月初次通畅率分别为92.9%,75.0%,50.0%。结论:球囊扩张成形术处理AVF狭窄性病变微创、安全,是AVF狭窄性病变的合理治疗方法,但其中长期疗效仍有待于进一步改善。     

Native forearm fistulas utilizing the basilic vein: an underused type of vascular access

BACKGROUND: Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are the solution of choice among diverse types of vascular access. The forearm basilic vein is rarely used for creating autogenous vascular access. Its use presents a valuable option when autogenous wrist radial-cephalic direct access cannot be created due to the destruction of forearm veins. Results obtained with autogenous wrist ulnar-basilic direct access and autogenous wrist radial-basilic transposition are presented below. METHODS: In the decade 1993-2003, native fistulas utilizing the forearm basilic vein were performed in 27 patients (14 women, 13 men). The basilic vein was anastomosed to the ulnar artery or was transposed and anastomosed to the radial artery. RESULTS: AVF creation was successful in 22 patients (81.5%). The primary patency rate was 70.4% after 1 year, 61.6% after 2 years and 48.4% after 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: AVFs utilizing the forearm basilic vein can be considered for primary or secondary vascular access because of the acceptable survival rate and low incidence of hand ischemia. Transposition of the basilic vein is a valuable option in the reconstruction of a thrombosed or stenosed radial-cephalic fistula.     

The Transposed Forearm Loop Arteriovenous Fistula: A Valuable Option for Primary Hemodialysis Access in Diabetic Patients

The distal forearm is the site of first choice for creation of an arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis. The archetypal procedure, the primary radial-cephalic fistula as described by Brescia, yields excellent functional patency for many patients. Results are much less favorable in patients with diabetes mellitus, for whom non-maturation rates as high as 70% have been reported. This is likely due to inadequate inflow caused by atherosclerotic disease of the forearm arteries in diabetics. Secondary autologous access procedures often involve upper arm configurations such as transposed brachial-basilic fistulas. The present study focuses on a valuable alternative for hemodialysis access in diabetic patients, the transposed forearm loop arteriovenous fistula. Over a 2-year period, 16 forearm loop fistulas were created in 16 diabetic patients who either had a failed radial-cephalic fistula or had arterial anatomy deemed inadequate for wrist fistula formation. In each case, the forearm segment of the basilic or cephalic vein was transposed to form a U-shaped loop and anastomosed to the brachial, proximal radial, or proximal ulnar artery distal to the antecubitai fossa. Functional patency was defined as usability for dialysis. Patency rates were calculated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. From our results we determined that the forearm loop fistula is an excellent but underutilized technique that exploits the forearm veins while circumventing the distal arterial supply, thus preserving the upper arm vasculature for future use.     

前臂远端贵要静脉转位建立自体血管内瘘手术

目的 探讨前臂远端贵要静脉转位建立自体血管内瘘的方法.方法 自2007年12月至2009年12月我们对26例维持性血液透析患者进行前臂远端贵要静脉转位建立自体血管内瘘手术治疗.26例中有17例为原桡动脉-头静脉内瘘因并发症失去功能,9例初次行血管内瘘手术.手术方式采用贵要静脉转位与肱动脉端侧吻合;贵要静脉转位与桡-动脉端端吻合;贵要动脉与尺动脉端侧或端端吻合,吻合口直径为5.0～8.0 mm.结果 26例患者中有1例因术后血肿压迫闭塞,2例因术后内瘘成熟不良,其余手术患者一次取得成功,术后血流量达200～350 ml/min.对患者的心功能未造成不良影响,也未出现严重并发症.结论 只要适应证选择合适,前臂远端贵要静脉转位建立自体血管内瘘手术,是尽量利用自身血管条件,建立内瘘的一种行之有效的方法.     

Fogarty导管在小直径静脉的自体动静脉内瘘术中的应用

目的评价应用Fogarty动脉取血栓导管辅助建立静脉直径小于2mm且≥1．4mm的自体动静脉内瘘手术的临床效果。方法选择2012年1月至2014年1月82例首次行自体动静脉内瘘术、彩色多普勒超声及术中测量动脉直径≥21T11TI患者。彩色多普勒超声及术中测量头静脉直径〈2mm患者35例纳入研究组,头静脉直径≥2mm患者47例纳入对照组。研究组应用Fogarty动脉取血栓导管的球囊全程扩张纤细的静脉后再行自体动静脉内瘘建立术,术中将3F-Fogorty动脉取血栓导管插入静脉,向球囊注入肝素盐水,缓慢、持续地向外拉出导管扩张静脉,术后予抗凝治疗。对照组按传统方法行自体动静脉内瘘建立术。术后观察内瘘的情况,初次应用内瘘时间,血液透析时的流量,术后6个月内瘘成熟、并发症及干预措施等情况。结果82例患者完成术后随访6个月,79例患者开始应用内瘘穿刺行血液透析。6个月内瘘成熟率研究组与对照组分别为97．1％、95．7％。6个月初次通畅率研究组与对照组分别为94．3％、97．9%.6个月累积通畅率研究组与对照组分别为94．3％、97．9％。结论研究组与对照组患者的内瘘手术成功率、内瘘成熟率、初次通畅率、累积通畅率无明显差异,但远期通畅率尚需观察。     

Relation between autogenous arteriovenous fistula diameter and hemodynamic parameter

Objective To analyze the relationship between the least diameter of autogenous arteriovenous fistula and other parameters like flow rate and artery diameter. To identify an appropriate way in defining fistula stenosis. Methods Physical examination and Doppler ultrasound were used to examine the autogenous arteriovenous fistula of maintenance hemodialysis patients. Well-used wrist arteriovenous fistula was included. The least diameter of the fistula vein was found and marked by ultrasound, and the diameter and the distance between the point and the anastomotic stoma were measured. Diameters of different places along the cephalic vein of the fistula, including the forearm place, the place close to elbow and the upper arm place were measured by ultrasound. Meanwhile, diameter as well as flow velocity and flow rate of brachial artery, radial artery and ulnar artery were also measured. Result Sixty-eight patients were enrolled in the study. The average age of those patients was 52.56±2.00 years old. Thirty-one patients were female. Forty-nine fistula were located on the left arm. The average diameter and flow rate of brachial artery were 5.72(5.34, 6.33) mm and 821.50(540.50, 1075.00) ml/min, respectively. The average diameters of radial artery and ulnar artery were 3.95±0.10mm and 3.17(2.73,3.75) mm, respectively. The least diameter of cephalic vein was 3.34±0.11mm in average. The distance between the least place to the anastomotic stoma was 3.76±0.14cm in average. The diameter of forearm cephalic vein was averaged 5.36(4.52, 6.45) mm. Diameter of place close to elbow and the upper arm place in the cephalic vein were (5.57±0.12) mm and (5.80±0.14) mm, respectively. The least diameter of cephalic vein was positively and statistically associated with the diameter and flow rate of brachial artery as well as radial artery. The least diameter was also positively and statistically associated with the diameter of each place in the cephalic vein. Statistical inter-group difference was found when the division was based on the value of the least diameter. Conclusion sThe least diameter of the wrist autogenous arteriovenous fistula vein will indeed affect the whole diameter and flow rate of the fistula. The value of the least diameter is more closely associated with the fistula function rather than narrow rate.     

Arteriovenous fistula reconstruction in patients with kidney allograft failure

Abstract: Background:  Kidney recipients with failing allograft function face the vascular access problem again before returning to hemodialysis. An autologous arteriovenous fistula (AVF), according to the recent Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guidelines, is the optimal vascular access and the use of prosthetic grafts and catheters should be limited. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of AVF reconstruction in patients reentering hemodialysis after kidney allograft failure.
Materials and methods:  Two hundred and forty-one transplant recipients reentered hemodialysis between 1990 and 2005. Before kidney transplantation, 221 patients had a functioning AVF on the forearm. Fistula reconstruction was attempted in 112 (51%) patients because of AVF thrombosis. Three strategies were applied according to forearm vein patency: a new radial-cephalic fistula, a radial-perforating vein fistula, or a radial-basilic forearm transposition was created.
Results:  Forearm AVFs were successfully reconstructed in 85 of the 112 patients (73%). The primary patency of the reconstructed AVFs was 57.6% and 44% at 12 and 24 months. Secondary patency was 64.9% and 54.9% at 12 and 24 months, respectively.
Conclusions:  The reconstruction of an old, thrombosed AVF is possible in kidney recipients returning to dialysis, even if the time from thrombosis to fistula repair is a few years.     

Pre-operative radial arterial diameter predicts early failure of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) for haemodialysis.

INTRODUCTION: Long term patency of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is relevant to the management of end stage renal failure (ESRF) patients on haemodialysis (HD). We evaluated the role of routine radial arterial duplex for imaging radial artery before AVF formation to investigate the relationaship between radial artery internal diameter (ID) and AVF patency. METHODS: 21 patients with ESRF were examined by duplex sonography before AVF formation, 1 day, 1 week, 4 week and 12 weeks post AVF formation. For assessment of AVF patency, patients were divided into 2 groups. Group-1, 11 patients with radial artery ID <1.5mm and Group-2, 10 patients with radial artery ID >1.5mm. Measurement of radial artery blood inflow rate was calculated from mean blood flow velocity and vessel diameter. All AVFs were constructed on the forearm using autologous veins. RESULTS: In Group-1, 5 patients (45%) showed immediate thrombosis of AVF graft. All patients in group-2 had patent AVF at 12 weeks. Pre-AVF formation radial artery blood inflow rate between two groups was not significantly different (p=0.06). Radial artery blood inflow rate was consistently and significantly higher in group-2 at all later time points with p value of <0.01 (Mann Whitney test). CONCLUSION: There was a high failure rate of AVF with radial artery ID of <1.5mm. In the presence of small radial arteries primary access AVF in the upper arm should be considered.