胰管结石25例超声诊断分析

目的探讨胰管结石的超声特征及诊断价值。方法回顾性分析本院近10年来25例胰管结石病人的超声影像资料。结果 25例行B超检查均可见胰腺内回声不均,胰管扩张,胰管内见强光团,后伴声影;结石单纯位于胰头部9例,胰头体尾结石16例,并发胰腺假性囊肿3例。合并胰腺癌2例。15例行CT检查均可见胰头区增大,胰管扩张,胰头区钙化斑点,4例见胰体尾散在钙化点。10例行逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)检查:6例胰管显影,可见胰管扩张粗细不均,胰管内有透明阴影,固定;4例胰管未显影。腹部X线平片15例,3例可见胰腺走行区内有散在的或串珠样的或堆垛样的致密钙化阴影。结论超声影像诊断胰管结石明显优于ERCP、CT和磁共振成像,并为临床诊断和治疗提供了可靠的依据。     

慢性胰腺炎合并胰腺癌的MRI表现

目的:探讨慢性胰腺炎(CP)合并胰腺癌(PC)的MRI特征,及其与单纯性CP的鉴别诊断.方法:回顾性分析经病理证实CP合并PC者16例的M RI资料,同期经病理或临床证实的单纯性CP者19例及腹部扫描未见异常15例患者作为对照.比较三组MR影像表现.结果:胰腺实质萎缩、主胰管扩张出现率及扩张程度、胰管串珠状改变、胰管截断征在CP合并PC组出现率最高,高于单纯CP组和正常对照组(P<0.05);胰管双段征在CP合并PC组高于单纯性CP组(P=0.035).胰腺信号变化、分支胰管显示、胰管结石或腺体钙化、假性囊肿形成在CP合并PC组和单纯CP组间出现率无统计学意义(P>0.31),但胰腺信号改变、分支胰管显示,前两组均高于正常对照组(P<0.05).结论:慢性胰腺炎合并胰腺癌有较特征性MRI表现,有助于与单纯性慢性胰腺炎鉴别.     

胰腺炎合并感染性假性囊肿经内镜十二指肠乳头引流的治疗(附18例报告)

目的探讨胰腺炎合并感染性假性囊肿经内镜十二指肠乳头引流治疗的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2004年1月-2006年6月经内镜十二指肠乳头引流治疗的18例胰腺炎合并感染性胰腺假性囊肿患者的临床资料,均经内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)及CT诊断。常规性应用乳头括约肌切开术(EST)、胰管括约肌切开术(EPS)、鼻胰腺假性囊肿引流术(ENPPD),选择性应用胰管取石、探条及球囊导管狭窄扩张等手段进行治疗。治疗后复查ERCP、CT并行鼻胰引流管造影。结果治疗过程中应用胰管取石术6例,胰管狭窄扩张9例,胰管内支架置放8例。18例患者术后临床症状均明显缓解,引流出大量脓性胰液。感染症状于治疗48h后明显缓解,1周内得到控制。治疗后假性囊肿消失16例,明显缩小2例,胰腺功能均明显恢复。结论内镜在感染性胰腺假性囊肿的治疗中具有重要的临床价值,经十二指肠乳头内镜引流术安全、创伤小、费用低、疗效显著,是临床治疗的重要方法。     

MR胰胆管成像联合经腹超声检查对胆囊切除术后胆总管扩张并结石的应用分析

目的 探讨MR胰胆管成像（MRCP）联合经腹超声检查对胆囊切除术后胆总管扩张并结石的应用。方法 选取胆囊切除术后胆总管扩张并结石患者80例，均行MRCP和经腹超声检查，以手术结果作为诊断金标准，比较经腹超声诊断胆总管扩张并结石准确率；比较MRCP诊断胆总管扩张并结石准确率；比较MRCP联合经腹超声诊断胆总管扩张并结石准确率。结果 80例经腹部超声检查发现结石41例，诊断准确率51.25%。经MRCP检查发现结石60例，诊断准确率75.00%。经MRCP联合经腹超声检查发现结石72例，诊断准确率90.00%。MRCP联合经腹超声检查诊断胆总管扩张并结石准确率高于经腹部超声检查与经MRCP检查（P<0.05）；经MRCP检查胆总管扩张并结石准确率高于经腹部超声检查（P<0.05）。经ROC曲线分析显示，MRCP联合经腹超声检查灵敏度和特异度高于MRCP检查与经腹超声。结论 MRCP联合经腹超声检查对胆囊切除术后胆总管扩张并结石的诊断价值良好，可提高诊断准确率、灵敏度和特异度。     

儿童损伤性假性胰腺囊肿合并胰管撕裂的非手术治疗

损伤性假性胰腺囊肿(TPP)是儿童期胰腺损伤的常见并发症,一旦合并主胰管撕裂则需急诊手术。作者介绍了2例经ERCP或引流导管造影证实的TPP合并胰管撕裂,均经历过长期囊肿引流术治疗。例1,女性,8岁。坠落伤后出现上腹痛、呕吐。血清肝脏酶和淀粉酶升高。腹部CT显示胰颈部断裂伴胰体、尾挫伤。经药物治疗2天后US示大量腹     

超声诊断胆总管囊肿内肝细胞癌1例

患者,女,32岁。因右上腹不适伴皮肤巩膜黄染20余天来我院就诊。查体生命体征平稳,中度黄染,右上腹及剑突下压痛明显。 腹部B超检查:肝脏大小、形态正常,被膜光滑,实质回声均匀,肝内胆管广泛扩张。胆总管呈囊状扩张,大小约 2.6cm×6.8cm,上段见多个不均质团状及絮状强回声肿块,形状不规则,囊性扩张远端占据胰头部分,主胰管宽约0.5cm,胰腺体、尾部显示清晰,胆囊、脾、肾声像图未见异常。超声诊断:(1)肝内外胆管扩张,胰管扩张;(2)胆总管囊肿,囊内不均质肿块考虑胆总管内实质占位,不除外其它病可能;(3)胆、脾、肾声像图未见异常。     

主胰管结石的超声诊断价值评估

目的：探讨主胰管结石的超声特征及其诊断价值。方法：对15例经手术证实的主胰管结石的X线、CT及超声图像资料进行回顾性对比分析。结果：超声对主胰管结石的检出高于X线检查，与CT相比差异无显著。结论：超声在主胰管结石的诊断中优于X线检查，是对CT等影像学检查方法的很好补充。     

肿块型胰腺炎与胰腺癌的超声检查鉴别诊断与分析

目的探讨肿块型胰腺炎(IPM)与胰腺癌(PC)的超声检查鉴别诊断价值,为临床治疗提供依据。方法依据纳入排除标准,从2010年1月～2016年6月收治的肿块型胰腺炎患者中和胰腺癌患者中各随机抽取60例作为观察对象,所有患者均经过手术病理证实。对所有患者进行超声检查。比较两组声像图的差异。结果 IPM组中,一共有61个胰腺肿块。PC组中,一共有60个胰腺肿块。肿块型胰腺炎与胰腺癌超声诊断符合率分别为29.51%(18/61)和86.67%(52/60)。漏诊分别13.11%(8/61)和6.67%(4/60)。误诊分别57.38%(35/61)和6.67%(4/60)。IPM组中,超声检查发现53个病灶,其中,低回声36例,胰腺肿块内钙化13例,肿块后方回声增强23例,扩张的胰管贯穿肿块19例,胰管内结石11例,假性囊肿9例。PC组中,超声检查发现56个病灶,其中,低回声52例,胰腺肿块内钙化2例,肿块后方回声增强0例,扩张的胰管贯穿肿块0例,胰管内结石0例,假性囊肿0例。差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论正确认识IPM和PC的各种超声征象,对这两种病变的诊断具有重要意义。     

先天性胆管扩张的鉴别诊断

目的探讨磁共振胆胰管造影(MRCP)诊断儿童先天性胆管扩张的临床价值。方法回顾性分析78例先天性胆管扩张患儿的MRI和MRCP表现,并与手术病理结果进行对照分析。结果先天性胆管囊肿76例,Ⅰ型33例,Ⅱ型2例,Ⅲ型0例,Ⅳ型41例,Ⅴ型0例,囊肿型胆道闭锁2例;先天性胆管囊肿常合并胆囊扩大(53.9%),胆汁淤积(75%)和结石(42.1%);囊肿型胆道闭锁其胆管扩张局限,肝门部及门静脉周围可见局限斑片状长T_2信号,无胆囊扩大,胆汁淤积和结石等合并症。结论 MRCP能正确诊断先天性胆管扩张,可有效鉴别诊断先天性胆管囊肿和囊肿型胆道闭锁。     

内镜超声引导下经胃穿刺引流治疗胰腺假性囊肿疗效观察

目的探讨内镜超声引导下经胃穿刺引流治疗胰腺假性囊肿的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2011年1月至2018年1月因胰腺假性囊肿在襄阳市中心医院行内镜超声引导下穿刺引流术的42例患者的临床资料。分析患者的临床疗效及术后并发症情况。结果 41例患者穿刺成功,36例囊肿消失或缩小,仅行一次性穿刺引流。将41例患者分为单纯置入支架组(n=21)与加鼻囊肿引流管组(n=20)。两组患者在囊肿消失或缩小方面比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。加鼻囊肿引流管组患者感染指标低于单纯置入支架组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。12例患者发生术后并发症,其中,支架移位9例,术后化脓性感染2例,穿孔1例,均经保守治疗痊愈。结论内镜超声引导下经上消化道穿刺引流治疗胰腺假性囊肿安全可靠。     

胰管结石的X线特征与放射学诊断

目的：探讨胰管结石的Ｘ线特征和放射学诊断。方法：回顾性分析９例胰管结石病人的Ｘ线资料（腹部平片、ＣＴ、ＥＲＣＰ）及误诊原因。结果：Ｘ线特征为（１）腹部平片见上腹部胰腺走行区域致密钙化阴影;（２）ＣＴ片见胰头部大片状高密度钙化斑,并胰管扩张;（３）ＥＲＣＰ胰管扩张粗细不均,胰管内有透明阴影。误诊原因：主观上对本病认识不足,客观上鉴别诊断有难度。结论：只要我们提高对胰管结石疾病的认识,注意其Ｘ线特征,就不难做出正确的放射学诊断。     

胰管结石的CT诊断及处理策略

目的:探讨胰管结石的CT诊断价值及根据影像学特点制定相应的处理对策。方法:对11例胰管结石的诊断及处理进行回顾性分析,提出胰管结石的CT分型。结果:11例胰管结石均经CT确诊。结石位于胰头部有6例;2例结石位于胰体部;1例结石位于胰尾部;结石广泛分布于头、体和尾部有2例。结论:CT是确诊胰管结石理想的方法,根据结石的特点选择治疗方法治疗具有重要的意义。     

十二指肠乳头括约肌小切开及球囊扩张治疗肝外胆管结石的临床观察

目的 探讨十二指肠乳头括约肌小切开及球囊扩张治疗肝外胆管结石的临床价值.方法 将我院2008年10月～2011年2月收治的肝外胆管结石患者128例,随机分为两组：（1）十二指肠乳头括约肌小切开加内镜乳头球囊扩张术（EST＋EPBD）组65例：男39例,女26例,年龄45～77岁;原发性肝外胆管结石46例,胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石12例,行单纯胆囊切除术后肝外胆管结石7例.在括约肌小切开后,以10～15 mm球囊扩张乳头部,然后进行相应的碎石或取石操作.（2）乳头括约肌切开组（EST组）63例：男37例,女26例,年龄33～78岁;原发性肝外胆管结石51例,胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石9例,行单纯胆囊切除术后肝外胆管结石3例.采用单纯乳头切开,加取石治疗.结果 EST＋EPBD组取石成功率为98.46%（64/65）,有1例因结石太大无法套住转开腹手术;EST组取石成功率为95.24%（60/63）,有3例取石失败,原因为：1例结石大无法套住,另2例的乳头太小,而结石偏大（直径1.2~1.5 cm）、太硬难以粉碎,未能取出,安放鼻胆管引流后,家属要求外科手术,3例均外科手术取石.EST＋EPBD 组与EST组的取石成功率无显著性差异（P＞0.05）,EST组所需机械碎石例数均高于EST ＋EPBD组（9.23% vs.3.33%,P＜0.01）.两组近期并发症发生率（包括胰腺炎3.08% vs.1.59%、高淀粉酶血症9.23% vs.7.93%、出血1.54% vs.6.35%）无显著性差异（P＞0.05）,无活动性消化道穿孔、出血及死亡病例.结论 十二指肠乳头括约肌小切开后球囊扩张治疗胆总管结石安全有效,且保留了括约肌功能.     

CT在胰管结石诊断及治疗中的作用（附12例报告）

目的探讨CT在胰管结石的诊断和治疗中的作用。方法回顾性分析近10年我院收治的12例胰管结石临床资料。结果所有病例均通过CT对结石的部位及胰管扩张的程度可清晰显示。12例中,有7例行手术治疗,其中有1例位于胰头处行胰十二指肠切除术,其余6例行胰管空肠吻合术：5例行保守治疗。所有患者于治疗后症状不同程度缓解。结论CT可准确定位胰管结石并能清晰显示胰管扩张的程度,对手术办式的选择有指导作用。     

改良快速自旋回波在MR胰胆管成像中的应用

目的：探讨改良快速自旋回波在胰胆管ＭＲＩ成像中的临床应用价值。材料与方法：３例胆囊摘除术后，４例胆结石，１例肝硬化并肝功能不全患者以及２名健康志愿者。应用改良快速自旋回波和脂肪抑制序列行ＭＲＩ检查，被检者屏气１８ｓ进行信号采集，经过重建而获得胰胆管成像。结果：胆囊（除３例已摘除外）７例中显示６例，１例胆囊内充满结石而不显示，胆总管，肝总管及左右肝管分别显示９例，主胰腺管显示３例。胆囊结石３例被检出，表现为胆囊内大小不等之圆形低信号区。结论：应用改良快速自旋回波技术，减少信号采集时间，缩短了ＭＲ胰胆管成像中患者的屏气时间，同样能清晰地显示胰胆管系统并对胰胆道疾病作出诊断     

Combined surgical and radiologic intervention for complicated cholelithiasis in high-risk patients

Ultrasound-guided surgical cholecystostomy with local infiltration anesthesia was combined with radiologic removal of gallstones in 36 elderly patients with acute calculous gallbladder disease who were considered to be at high risk due to multiple coexisting diseases. At cholecystostomy, the fundus of the gallbladder was sutured to the anterior abdominal wall resulting in a short surgical track to the gallbladder. This permitted early percutaneous stone removal through the cholecystostomy track under fluoroscopic guidance. All gallstones were removed in 31 of 36 patients, for an overall success rate of 86%. The success rate was 97% for gallbladder stones, 86% for cystic duct stones, and 63% for common bile duct stones that were removed by traversing the cystic duct. The treatment in the five patients in whom radiologic stone removal was incomplete or unsuccessful consisted of elective cholecystectomy in three, with common bile duct exploration in two of these; endoscopic sphincterotomy and stone extraction in one; and expectant management in one. There were no deaths or serious complications. This technique has thus proved safe and effective in these 36 high-risk patients.     

Effectiveness and safety of balloon dilation of the papilla and the use of an occlusion balloon for clearance of bile duct calculi

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe a technique for percutaneous bile duct stone clearance by pushing the stones into the small bowel after balloon dilation of the papilla. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: During a 2-year period, 38 patients were treated percutaneously for stones in the biliary tree. Twenty-one patients were treated through a T tube or transcystic tract. Seventeen patients were treated through a transhepatic tract. Twenty-three patients had one stone each. Eight patients had two stones, and seven patients had three or more calculi. Stone size ranged from 3 to 16 mm in diameter (mean size, 6.7 nm). Balloon diameter based on the transverse diameter of the stones ranged from 7 to 18 mm (mean, 6.7 mm). An 11.5-mm occlusion balloon was used for pushing the stones through a 7- to 9-French vascular introducer. A catheter was left in the common bile duct from 1 to 6 days for external drainage. RESULTS: The technique was successfully used for clearance of stones in 36 (94.7%) of the 38 patients. With 29 patients, the procedure was performed with only one attempt. Two attempts were necessary for five patients, and three attempts were necessary for four patients. Two major complications were cholangitis and biliary pleural effusion. No deaths were related to the procedure. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous bile duct stone clearance by dilation of the papilla and evacuation of the stones in an antegrade fashion with an occlusion balloon is a safe and effective technique. It can be an alternative to basketing stones in selected patients.     

Comparison of ultrasonography and oral cholecystography in biliary lithotripsy. I. Screening patients

Ultrasound and oral cholecystography (OCG) are both used to evaluate candidates for biliary lithotripsy. Some investigators have suggested abandoning the OCG, believing that sufficient screening information can be obtained from ultrasound. This study compares ultrasound and OCG in assessing the size and number of gallstones, both in vitro and in vivo. In the in vitro model, 35 gallstones, divided into 20 groups, were separately suspended in dilute contrast media in a phantom, and examined by ultrasound and simulated OCG by each of three gastrointestinal radiologists. In the in vivo study, the ultrasound and OCG examinations from 53 patients were independently reviewed by three radiologists. The number and size of the stones were recorded in both studies. In the in vitro study, the stone size was measured within 2 mm of the actual size by OCG in 23/35 stones (66%) and by ultrasound in 4/35 stones (11%). The correct number of stones was determined by OCG in 19/20 groups (95%), and by ultrasound in 14/20 (70%). In the in vivo study, all readers saw the same number of stones in 40/50 (80%) patients by OCG and 33/49 (67%) patients by ultrasound. Statistical analyses revealed correlation coefficients for OCG greater than those for ultrasound in each comparison. The size of the largest stone was within 2 mm by all readers in 26/51 (51%) of patients by OCG and 20/47 (43%) patients by ultrasound. Oral cholecystography is more reliable than ultrasound for the determination of size and number of stones in patients being screened for biliary lithotripsy.     

B超引导下经皮肾镜钬激光联合超声碎石清石术治疗上尿路结石

目的探讨B超引导下经皮肾镜钬激光联合超声碎石清石术治疗上尿路结石的安全性和有效性。方法上尿路结石患者376例,其中肾结石患者287例,输尿管上段结石65例。结石最大径0.8～7.5 cm。B超引导下经皮肾穿刺,建立F20工作通道,使用钬激光联合第四代EMS超声碎石清石系统治疗。总结分析手术方法、手术时间、结石清除率及并发症等。结果 376例患者B超引导下1次穿刺成功建立经皮通道,5例因穿刺或扩张时出血明显,及时终止手术。碎石清石总成功率为93.6%(352/376)。287例肾结石患者一期结石清除率为70.0%(201/287),65例输尿管上段结石患者一期结石清除率为95.4(62/65)。二期碎石48例,残留结石最大径0.5～1.0 cm。23例患者行体外震波碎石治疗,残留结石最大径≤0.4 cm。23例患者经体位排石等保守治疗排净。平均手术时间(110.5±28.6)min,术中平均出血量(104±37.2)ml;输血5例。肾造瘘管留置时间平均8 d,术后平均住院时间9 d。大出血3例行选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗后痊愈;术后气胸1例行胸腔闭式引流后痊愈;术后肾周巨大血肿1例,行保守治疗后好转。术后低、中度发热者31例,高热者5例。结论 B超引导下经皮肾镜钬激光联合第四代EMS碎石清石系统治疗上尿路结石创伤小、恢复快、安全高效、并发症少,疗效可靠,是治疗上尿路结石的优先选择。     

The diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and ultrasound compared with direct cholangiography in the detection of choledocholithiasis.

AIM: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and ultrasound (US) in the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis in a large group of patients with bile duct stones confirmed at direct cholangiography. Also, to compare bile duct stones confirmed at direct cholangiography. Also, to compare bile duct stone characteristics using the three different investigations, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), MRCP and US. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 191 patients (M:F, 76:115; mean age, 66 years; range, 24-92 years) were investigated by direct cholangiography, MRCP and US. Their final diagnosis as determined at direct cholangiography were choledocholithiasis (n = 34), strictures (n = 47) and normal ducts (n = 110). The direct cholangiographic methods used for diagnosis of choledocholithiasis were ERCP (n = 29), intraoperative cholangiography (n = 3) and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (n = 2). The bile duct stone characteristics were compared using ERCP, MRCP and US in the 29 patients in whom stones were exclusively diagnosed by ERCP. RESULTS: Compared with the final diagnosis, MRCP had a sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of 91%, 98% and 97%, respectively, in the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis. MRCP resulted in three false-negative and three false-positive findings, four of which occurred due to confusion with lesions at the ampulla. US had a sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of 38%, 100% and 89%, respectively, in the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis. ERCP diagnosed more stones and the stones were more proximally distributed within the bile duct at ERCP when compared with MRCP. CONCLUSION: MRCP has a high diagnostic accuracy (97%), similar to that at direct cholangiography, in the diagnosis of choloedocholithiasis. It has the potential to replace diagnostic ERCP and select patients with choledocholithiasis for therapeutic ERCP.