寰枢椎失稳的MRI诊断价值

目的评价MRI在诊断寰枢椎失稳中的价值。资料与方法回顾性分析26例寰枢椎失稳的MRI表现和临床资料。结果骨性结构的改变包括骨性畸形11例,枢椎骨折12例,肿瘤所致寰枢椎椎体破坏3例。软组织改变包括横韧带断裂7例,咽后壁软组织挫伤出血3例,齿状突与前弓或两侧块间组织嵌入3例。颈髓的改变包括硬脊膜和颈段脊髓受压12例,脊髓信号改变10例。结论MRI对寰枢椎失稳的诊断具有重要价值。它能清晰显示骨性结构异常、韧带断裂情况及颈段脊髓损伤,因而对指导临床治疗有重意义。     

Computed tomography of the upper cervical spine in Down syndrome

Axial CT of the upper cervical spine was performed on 25 Down syndrome patients. Measurements of the degree of atlantoaxial displacement, the sagittal diameters of the spinal canal and spinal cord, thickness of the transverse ligament, and the ratio of sagittal diameter of spinal cord to canal were made. Thirty-six percent of the group showed evidence of cord compression. These patients demonstrated a significant decrease in the anteroposterior diameter of the spinal canal and the cord with an increase in the degree of subluxation and the cord:canal ratio when compared with the remainder.     

寰枢椎后路三种组合固定技术治疗寰枢关节不稳的临床评估

目的 评估寰枢椎后路三种组合固定技术治疗C1～2不稳的临床疗效和应用价值.方法 2002年8月至2008年3月,采用不同方法治疗寰枢关节不稳68例.(1)采用寰枢椎后路椎弓根螺钉技术治疗32例,其中AndersonⅡ型齿状突骨折20例(陈旧骨折7例,新鲜骨折13例),Ⅲ型新鲜齿状突骨折6例,寰椎横韧带断裂4例,先天性游离齿突并寰枢椎不稳2例;(2)采用经寰椎后弓椎弓根螺钉联合枢椎椎板螺钉固定治疗20例,其中AndersonⅡ型齿状突骨折伴寰枢关节向后脱位8例,向前脱位4例,齿状突骨折不愈合2例,Ⅲ型齿状突骨折伴寰枢关节不稳3例,寰枢关节前脱位伴横韧带断裂3例;(3)对16例创伤性寰枢椎不稳经牵引已达复位的可复型及经口前路松解后牵引复位的难复型寰枢椎脱位患者,采用经颈后路Apofix椎板夹和C1～2关节突螺钉内固定联合自体髂骨植骨治疗.结果 (1)采用寰枢椎后路椎弓根螺钉技术治疗32例患者共置入寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉120枚,其中有3例在置入寰椎椎弓根螺钉时,因后弓细小发生破裂,改用寰椎侧块固定.术中无一例发生脊髓和椎动脉损伤.术后CT显示2例一侧枢椎椎弓根螺钉部分进入椎动脉孔,另1例枢椎螺钉偏内致椎弓根内侧皮质破裂,均无症状,未发现与螺钉有关的神经血管损伤并发症.32例患者均获随访6～42个月,平均26个月.术后JOA评分13.2～16.8分,平均14.8分.无内固定松动或断钉现象,均已达到骨性融合.(2)采用寰椎经后弓椎弓根螺钉联合枢椎椎板螺钉固定治疗20例患者共置入枢椎椎板螺钉32枚,枢椎椎板螺钉位于椎板中,无偏斜.术中无一例发生脊髓和椎动脉损伤.20例随访6～14个月,平均11.2个月.术后X线片未见明显颈椎不稳、无内固定松动或断钉现象,均获得了良好的骨性愈合.(3)16例难复型寰枢椎脱位患者症状均有所改善,无神经症状加重表现.无神经血管损伤等并发症发生.16例随访8～26个月,平均16个月,所有患者在3～6个月均获得骨性融合.术后脊髓功能改善优5例,良8例,有效2例,无变化1例,无加重患者.内置物无松动、断裂.结论 寰枢椎后路三种组合固定技术是治疗上颈椎疾患的有效方法,具有固定牢固、固定节段短和三维固定的优点,在临床应用可根据患者的具体病情组合固定.     

Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition in and around the atlantoaxial joint: association with type 2 odontoid fractures in nine patients

PURPOSE: To investigate the histopathologic anatomy of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal deposition in and around the atlantoaxial joint and the association between CPPD crystal deposition and subchondral cysts, erosions, and fracture involving the odontoid process of the axis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One adult cadaver demonstrating calcification in the retro-odontoid area at computed tomography (CT) was selected for further radiography, CT, and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging at the C1-2 level. Anatomic sectioning and histologic evaluations were performed in the specimen. For clinical study, radiographs (n = 5), CT scans (n = 8), and MR images (n = 6) in nine patients (mean age, 74.4 years) with odontoid process fractures and CPPD crystal deposits in and around the atlantoaxial joint were reviewed. RESULTS: In the cadaveric specimen, radiography and CT demonstrated calcifications in the transverse ligament; histologic evaluation confirmed that these calcifications were CPPD crystal deposits. In all nine patients, radiography (n = 5) and CT (n = 8) also showed calcification in areas adjacent to the odontoid process, which included the transverse ligament. T1- and T2-weighted MR imaging showed a retro-odontoid mass of low signal intensity that compressed the cervical cord in six patients. CT, MR imaging, or both demonstrated subchondral cysts, osseous erosions, or a type 2 odontoid fracture in all patients. CONCLUSION: CPPD crystal deposition disease involving the C1-C2 articulation can be a clinically important entity that may place affected patients at increased risk of pathologic fracture of the odontoid process.     

上颈椎疾病手术方法选择

 目的 分析上颈椎疾病的病因、寰枢椎复位和脊髓受压情况,探讨上颈椎疾病的手术方法选择.方法 2003-01至2007-06收治169例上颈椎疾病,根据病因分为:上颈椎骨折74例,先天性上颈椎疾病65例,肿瘤21例,其他病因导致寰枢椎不稳9例.根据病因、寰枢椎复位情况和脊髓受压情况分别采用前路手术、后路手术或者前后路手术.结果 28例可复位齿状突骨折患者采用前路空心螺钉内固定.97例上颈椎可复位,脊髓前方无明显受压患者采用单纯后路复位内固定,取自体松质骨植骨融合.44例难复位或脊髓前方明显受压患者采用前路减压、复位,后路内固定、取自体松质骨植骨融合.结论 根据上颈椎疾病病因、复位和脊髓受压情况,应分别选择前路、后路或者前后路联合手术治疗.     

Multidetector computed tomography of cervical spine fractures in ankylosing spondylitis

PURPOSE: To analyze multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) cervical spine findings in trauma patients with advanced ankylosing spondylitis (AS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using PACS, 2282 cervical spine MDCT examinations requested by emergency room physicians were found during a period of 3 years. Of these patients, 18 (16 M, aged 41-87, mean 57 years) had advanced AS. Primary imaging included radiography in 12 and MRI in 11 patients. RESULTS: MDCT detected one facet joint subluxation and 31 fractures in 17 patients: 14 transverse fractures, 8 spinous process fractures, 2 Jefferson's fractures, 1 type I and 2 type II odontoid process fractures, and 1 each: atlanto-occipital joint fracture and C2 laminar fracture plus isolated transverse process and facet joint fractures. Radiographs detected 48% and MRI 60% of the fractures. MRI detected all transverse and odontoid fractures, demonstrating spinal cord abnormalities in 72%. CONCLUSION: MDCT is superior to plain radiographs or MRI, showing significantly more injuries and yielding more information on fracture morphology. MRI is valuable, however, in evaluating the spinal cord and soft-tissue injuries. Fractures in advanced AS often show an abnormal orientation and are frequently associated with spinal cord injuries. In these patients, for any suspected cervical spine injuries, MDCT is therefore the imaging modality of choice.     

创伤性寰枢椎不稳的手术治疗

目的 探讨创伤性寰枢椎不稳的手术治疗。方法 对６３例创作性寰枢椎不稳患者进行后路融合术。其中齿突骨折４６例,横韧带断裂１３例,陈旧性椎椎弓骨折４例。４５例行枕颈融合术,１８例行寰枢椎融合术。结果 术后颈椎侧位Ｘ线片检查,５８例平均随访８个月（６～９６个月）,均获得骨性愈合。结论 陈旧性不稳定齿突骨折、伴有不愈合倾向齿突骨折、横韧带断裂、寰枢椎不稳引起神经症状者均适合于后路融合手术。     

MRI诊断颈椎病的影像学分析

目的：观察颈椎病的MRI表现。材料与方法：搜集1995年3月—1996年3月期间经MRI诊断为颈椎病的病例151例，男95例，女56例，平均年龄49．5岁。均应用西德SINMENS公司MagnetomImpact1．0T超导型磁共振扫描机检查，均行矢状面及横断面颈椎平扫。结果：发现颈椎、椎间盘、颈髓及韧带均有改变，其中，颈椎生理曲度改变61例，椎体骨质增生83例316个；椎间盘退变151例378个；颈髓变性23例。结论：笔者对151例颈椎病的MRI表现进行了观察分析，认为其MRI表现特征如下：1．颈椎：生理曲度可反弓、强直或保持正常；椎体骨质增生等退行性改变；2．单／多个椎间盘膨出、突（脱）出，髓核可脱水变性；3．预髓亦可出现受压变形、缺血、水肿、变性，甚至形成软化灶。     

Prediction of neurologic outcome in acute spinal cord injury: the role of CT and MR.

PURPOSE: 1) To determine whether MR appearances of the spinal cord in acute trauma correlate with clinical prognosis, and 2) to identify other MR and CT prognostic factors in acute spinal trauma. METHODS: Retrospective evaluation of MR, CT, and clinical examinations in 32 acute spinal trauma patients examined between 1987 and 1990. RESULTS: All 21 patients with abnormal spinal cords on MR had complete motor paralysis at presentation, compared to only three of 11 patients with normal cords. Whereas cord transection and hemorrhagic contusion had poor prognoses, 73% of patients with cord edema and 100% of patients with normal cord had useful motor function at outcome. At follow-up MR, areas of cord contusion developed into cysts, while edema resolved, leaving residual areas of myelomalacia. Associated spinal fractures, ligament injury, and cord compression were associated (P < .05) with a worse prognosis. Spondylotic changes were a significant risk factor for spinal cord injury, mediated by cord compression. CONCLUSIONS: MR and CT are valuable techniques for quantifying injury and predicting prognosis in acute spinal trauma.     

寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统内固定融合术治疗上颈椎损伤

目的 探讨经后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统内固定融合术治疗上颈椎损伤的可行性、方法、疗效和适应证. 方法 对13例上颈椎损伤患者行后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统内固定融合术.其中陈旧性齿状突骨折不愈合4例,新鲜齿状突骨折(Aderson Ⅱ C型)2例,寰椎横韧带断裂3例,寰椎骨折4例.13例均采用美国强生Depuy公司生产的后路Summit钉棒系统和山东威高公司生产的PCF钉棒系统行后路寰枢椎椎弓根内同定(万向螺钉直径3.5 mm,寰椎螺钉长26～30 mm,平均28 mm,枢椎螺钉长24～28 mm,平均26 mm),术后不用外固定或用颈领保护1～3个月. 结果 13例共置入寰椎椎弓根螺钉26枚,枢椎椎弓根螺钉26枚.平均手术时间2.6 h,平均出血量470 ml.术中未发生椎动脉和脊髓损伤.全组患者获得4～25个月(平均13个月)随访.临床症状得到不同程度的改善,有神经损伤患者日本骨科协会(JOA)评分改善率为72%～91%,平均81%.X线、CT复查示螺钉位置良好,无钉棒断裂、变形、松动,1枚寰椎螺钉前端穿透侧块内上皮质约3 mm,但未影响寰枕关节活动,其余位置满意.3～6个月后所有患者均获植骨融合.1例寰椎骨折患者出现寰枕腹侧融合. 结论 经后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统内固定融合术治疗上颈椎损伤具有可行性,如果操作方法得当,疗效较好,适应证较广,应用前景广阔.     

寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统内固定治疗牵引复位不稳定型寰枢椎脱位

目的 探讨寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统内固定手术治疗牵引复位不稳定型寰枢椎脱位的手术技巧及临床疗效.方法 选择2005年3月-2009年9月收治的寰枢椎脱位患者32例(TOI分型为T2型).其中齿状突骨折19例,新鲜性17例,陈旧性2例;横韧带断裂5例;先天性齿状突发育异常8例.术前日本骨科学会(JOA)评分5～13分,平均8.38分;骨髓有效空间(space available for the cord,SAC)平均9.15 mm.32例患者经颅骨牵引复位后,经颈后路行寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统内固定术.结果 32例患者经颅骨牵引后复位,共置入螺钉128枚,手术时间平均1.5 h,出血量平均300 ml,未发生椎动脉及脊髓损伤.全部患者获随访,时间12～24个月,临床症状获得不同程度改善.术后SAC平均14.86 mm;术后1年JOA评分10～17分,平均14.56分,评分改善率为71.70%.X线、螺旋CT复查螺钉位置良好,无钉棒断裂、变形、松动或寰枢椎再次脱位现象.寰枢椎后方植骨于术后3～6个月获骨性融合,1例未植骨,术后1年取出内固定,寰枢关节旋转功能正常.结论 寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统内固定技术为寰枢椎提供坚强的三维固定,可直视下置钉,术中复位、融合率高,安全有效,是牵引复位不稳定型寰枢椎脱位的理想治疗方法.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the technique and clinical outcome of the atlantoaxial pedicle screw system in the treatment of the unstable atlantoaxial dislocation post traction.Methods The study involved 32 patients with atlantoaxial dislocation(type T2 of TOI classification)admitted from March 2005 to September 2009.There were 17 patients with fresh odontoid fracture and two with old odontoid fracture,five with traumatic disruption of the transverse atlantal ligament and eight with congenital odontoid dysplasia.JOA scores of neurological function before operation was at a range of 5-13(average 8.38).The average of space available for the cord(SAC)was 9.15 mm.Before the atlantoaxial pedicle screw system was carried out,the skull traction was performed in all the patients preoperatively.Results A total of 128 pedicle screws were inserted safely,with mean operation time and perioperative blood loss for 1.5 hours and 300 ml,respectively.No injury to the vertebral artery or spinal cord was observed.All the patients were followed up for 12-24 months,which showed that JOA scores one year after operation was increased to 10-17(average 14.56),with the improvement rate of 71.70%,and that the SAC was average 14.86 mm.The X-ray and SCT scans verified the proper position of the screws,with no internal fixation failure or atlantoaxial redislocation.After 3-6 months,all the patients except for one patient achieved a solid bone fusion.One year after operation,the one patient with no bone graft fusion was removed of the internal fixation system and obtained satisfactory restoration of the rotational function.Conclusions Atlantoaxial pedicle screw system is an effective method for the treatment of the unstable atlantoaxial dislocation post traction,for it has the advantages of stable three-dimension fixation,direct screw placement,intraoperative reduction and high fusion rate.     

Some dynamic factors in compressive deformity of the cervical spinal cord

Summary An investigation into the relative elastic and non-elastic components of compressive deformity of the cervical spinal cord has been made. Sixteen patients were examined by computed myelography with the neck flexed and extended, and one fresh specimen of a human spinal cord was studied under reversible transverse compression with the specimen in a stretched and shortened state. In conditions of transverse compression cord tissue undergoes an alteration in viscoelastic properties, manifesting itself as reduced expansion of the compressed segment as the cord shortens, which in some cases is independant of whether the agent is seen to actually contact the cord. The presence of degenerative changes in cord substance probably accentuates this alteration in mechanical properties.     

寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉治疗寰枢椎不稳及脱位的临床效果

目的讨论寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉治疗寰枢椎不稳及脱位的手术指征、技术特点及临床疗效。方法采用寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉植入治疗30例寰枢椎不稳及脱位患者,其中男性22例,女性8例;平均43.5岁,病程1周~16年。30例患者均存在不同程度颈部疼痛、活动受限等症状;22例伴不同程度四肢感觉和运动障碍;4例先天性游离齿状突、8例齿状突陈旧性骨折及7例横韧带断裂的患者行后路植骨。结果所有患者未出现脊髓或椎动脉损伤、无断钉等严重并发症,术后伤口无感染,X线检查提示寰枢椎的解剖关系得到恢复。术后3个月神经功能获得不同程度的改善;术后6~18个月,X线及三维CT提示:获得骨性融合;随访中,螺钉未出现松动、断裂,位置满意。结论在对寰枢椎不稳及脱位的治疗上,寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉技术能有效重建寰枢椎的稳定性,提高融合率,是一种值得推广、安全可靠的治疗手段。     

A comparison between M.R.I. and C.T. in acute spinal trauma.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) at 0.3T and Computed Tomography (CT) were compared in the retrospective evaluation of 34 patients with acute spinal cord injury. MRI was highly accurate in the imaging of vertebral body fracture, and spondylitic changes, and is the method of choice for imaging ligament injury, traumatic disc protrusion and spinal cord compression. It was also useful for the identification of subtle subluxations in the sagittal plane. CT remains the method of choice for imaging neural arch fractures. MRI at 0.3T is a valid technique for assessing patients with acute spinal trauma.     

Invited. Ossification of posterior longitudinal ligaments: Evaluation with MRI

Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament is a special subcategory of degenerative disease responsible for compression of the spinal cord. On MR images, T2-weighted sequences are the most effective to evaluate both spinal cord compression due to the ossification and abnormal signal intensity of the cord. Although ossification of the ligaments is well demonstrated on CT and plain radiographs, MRI noninvasively provides useful information about the degree and extent of spinal cord compression, as well as the character of the ossification.     

Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and ligamentum flavum: imaging features

Ossifications of the posterior longitudinal ligament and ligamentum flavum are both special subcategories of degenerative diseases responsible for compression of the spinal cord. Ossification of the ligaments is well demonstrated by plain radiography and computed tomography. Magnetic resonance imaging noninvasively provides useful information about the degree and extent of spinal cord compression as well as the character of the ossification. T2-weighted sequences are most effective to evaluate both spinal cord compression due to the ossification and abnormal signal intensity of the spinal cord.     

扩散加权成像在脊髓型颈椎病中的应用

目的:研究扩散加权成像(DWI)在脊髓型颈椎病(CSM)中的应用价值。方法:30例临床及影像学证实为CSM患者,行颈髓MRI和扩散加权成像,分析病变表现并测量其ADC值。结果:30例中除2例因伪影明显未行ADC值测量外,余28例均成功行DWI及ADC值测量。CSM的MRI主要表现为颈椎曲度异常、椎体骨质增生、椎间盘突出、后纵韧带及黄韧带增厚等,相应部位的脊髓均有不同程度的受压改变,伴有椎管狭窄者20例。T2WI脊髓受压部位出现高信号者18例,其中16例DWI相应部位均表现为ADC值增高,2例表现为ADC值略减低;10例T2WI未见异常信号者中有5例亦表现为脊髓受压部位不同程度的ADC值增高。3例手术后复查DWI显示病变部位ADC值不同程度减低。结论:DWI对CSM的早期诊断具有较高的敏感性,且可以在手术疗效监测方面发挥重要作用。     

寰枢椎结合性骨折的临床分析

目的 总结寰枢椎结合性骨折临床特点、损伤机制和外科治疗方法。方法 对15例单纯性寰枢椎结合性骨折患者的致伤原因、并发的脊髓损伤情况、合并伤和影像学表现等进行总结，分析其损伤类型和机制。对不同的损伤类型选择不同的治疗方法，其中非手术治疗3例，手术治疗12例。对所有患者进行随访，评价并发症和预后情况。结果 寰枢椎结合性骨折占我院同期颅颈交界区损伤患者的12％(15／125)；所有的寰枢椎结合性骨折均为混合性外力机制，常见的外力形式有压缩、后伸和侧屈；5例寰枢椎结合性骨折并发有脊髓损伤，均有齿状突骨折并发寰枢椎脱位；所有患者均骨性愈合或融合，自觉症状均有改善，未发生脊髓损伤、椎动脉损伤、脑脊液漏等手术并发症。结论 寰枢椎结合性骨折常见的基本损伤机制可分为过伸 压缩机制和侧屈 压缩机制两类；寰枢椎结合性骨折并发脊髓损伤的主要机制为寰枢椎脱位继发的椎管狭窄；寰枢椎结合性骨折导致的脊柱失稳可分为寰枢关节和颈2／3关节两个节段；积极的适当的手术治疗有助于提高疗效。     

磁共振DWI成像技术在脊髓型颈椎病的临床研究

目的：研究扩散加权成像（DWI）在脊髓型颈椎病（CSM）中的应用价值。方法：对26例临床及影像学证实为CSM患者,22例非CSM患者行颈髓MRI和扩散加权成像,分析病变表现并测量其ADC值。结果：48例均获得弥散加权图像和弥散系数。CSM患者受压部位ADC值明显高于邻近部位和正常颈髓ADC值,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;17例CSM脊髓受压部位T2WI出现高信号,ADC值增高;9例T2WI表现为等信号,其中有6例表现为脊髓受压部位ADC值增高,DWI显示不同信号组受压部位平均ADC值差别无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但不同信号组受压部位与相应邻近正常部位平均ADC值比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：DWI可以通过受压脊髓ADC值改变更早的判断脊髓内部变化,比常规T2WI能更早、更准确显示脊髓受压的情况,从而有助于早期诊断和治疗。     

Condylus tertius with atlanto-axial rotatory fixation: an unreported association

The “condylus tertius” or the “third occipital condyle” is an embryological remnant of the proatlas sclerotome. Anatomically, it is attached to the basion and often articulates with the anterior arch of the atlas and the odontoid apex; hence, it is also called the “median occipital condyle”. It is a rare anomaly of the cranio-vertebral junction (CVJ) that can lead to instability and compression of important surrounding neurovascular structures. We report a case of a 16-year-old boy who presented with suboccipital neck pain, torticollis and right sided hemiparesis. Plain radiographs revealed an increased atlanto-dental interspace (ADI) with a retroflexed odontoid. Open mouth view showed asymmetry of the articular processes of the atlas with respect to the dens. Computed tomography (CT) of the CVJ delineated the third occipital condyle. Furthermore, on dynamic CT study, a type 3 atlanto-axial rotatory fixation (AARF) was clearly demonstrated. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the CVJ revealed severe right-sided spinal cord compression by the retroflexed and rightward deviated dens. It also revealed disruption of the left alar and transverse ligaments. The patient was treated with 8 weeks of cranial traction and reasonable alignment was obtained. This was followed by C1–C2 lateral mass screw fixation and C1?C2 interlaminar wiring to maintain the alignment. A review of the literature did not reveal any cases of condylus tertius associated with non-traumatic AARF. An accurate knowledge of the embryology and imaging features of this rare CVJ anomaly is useful in the prompt diagnosis and management of such patients.