LIPA基因突变致迟发型胆固醇酯贮积病1例

7岁1月龄患儿因“发现肝功能异常4年”就诊。体格检查发现肝脾肿大,组织病理学表现为肝脂肪变性和肝纤维化。基因检测提示LIPA基因存在复合杂合突变：c.860G>A（p.G287E）和c.796G>T（p.G266*）,分别来源于父亲和母亲,进一步完善溶酶体酸性脂肪酶活性测定提示明显降低,诊断为LIPA基因突变导致的迟发...     

肾病综合征脂蛋白脂酶和肝脂酶活性测定

目的探讨肾病综合征脂质代谢紊乱的发病机制。方法对62例肾病综合征和30例正常小儿测定血脂及脂蛋白脂酶和肝脂酶。结果肾病组脂蛋白脂酶及肝脂酶活性低于对照组,而胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白均高于对照组。脂蛋白脂酶和肝脂酶与三酰甘油和低密度脂蛋白呈负相关。结论肾病综合征脂蛋白脂酶和肝脂酶活性降低为高三酰甘油血症的病因之一。     

糖原累积病Ⅰa型患儿20例基因突变分析与临床研究

目的 研究糖原累积病Ⅰa型(GSD Ⅰ a)患儿葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶催化亚单位基因(G6PC基因)突变情况,探讨基因型与临床表型之间的关系.方法 依据临床表现、生化检查及饥饿试验、胰高血糖素刺激试验结果,拟诊出48例肝糖原累积病(LGSD)患儿;应用PCR反应直接测序的方法,对疑似LGSD患儿的G6PC基因外显子及其相邻区域进行突变检测.采用50例无血缘关系的健康儿童作为健康对照,以排除基因多态性;使用DNAMAN软件进行多物种序列同源性比较分析,确定其是否具有保守性.结果 48例LGSD患儿中检测到20例患儿存在G6PC基因突变,共检测到8种突变类型,包括1种剪切突变:c.648G＞T,5种错义突变:p.R83H、p.H119L、p.L173P、p.I341N、p.C109Y和2种移码突变:c.262delG、c.260-262delGGinsA.其中c.648G＞T、p.R83H是本组研究最常见的突变,突变频率分别为37.50％、22.50％;p.C109Y、c.260-262delGGinsA为新发突,41.67％(20/48例)拟诊为LGSD的患儿通过G6PC基因分析确诊为GSD Ⅰ a.从临床表现及常规实验室检查分析,20例GSD Ⅰ a患儿均表现为肝大、肝功能异常、高乳酸血症、高三酰甘油血症,88.24％(15/17例)的患儿饥饿试验阳性,82.35％(14/17例)患儿对胰高血糖素刺激试验无反应.结论 c.648G＞T、p.R83H为本组GSD Ⅰ a患儿最常见突变类型,p.C109Y、c.260-262delGGinsA为国内外尚未见报道的新发致病突变.GSDⅠa基因型不同的患儿均有相似的典型LGSD临床表现.     

5例糖原贮积症Ⅸc型患儿临床和PHKG2基因突变分析

目的分析5例糖原贮积症(GSD)Ⅸc型患儿的临床、生化及基因突变特点。方法回顾分析5例GSD Ⅸc型患儿的临床情况,并采用靶向测序技术进行基因分析,Sanger测序验证所发现的PHKG2基因突变及其父母来源。结果5例患儿均表现为明显肝大和矮小,4例有运动耐力差;均有空腹低血糖,肝酶中重度升高,血三酰甘油升高;肝脏超声示无肝硬化。靶向测序发现5例患儿均携带PHKG2基因纯合或复合杂合致病或可能致病突变,发现1种已报道突变p.E157K和5种新突变(p.E56X,p.R185X,c.79_88delins TCTGGTCG,c.761del C,p.R279C),p.E157K为患儿的热点突变(50%)。结论靶向测序有助于确诊GSD Ⅸc型,p.E157K为热点突变。     

BSCL2 基因突变致先天性全身脂肪营养不良症1 例报告并文献复习

目的探讨先天性全身脂肪营养不良症(CGL)的临床及基因特点。方法回顾分析1例BSCL2基因突变致CGL患儿的临床资料,并进行文献复习。结果女性患儿,2岁9个月,临床表现为全身脂肪组织消失,黑棘皮征,肝脾大,轻度智力低下;实验室检查示高三酰甘油血症、高胰岛素血症和心肌病变。提取患儿及父母外周血,对AGPAT2、BSCL2、CAV1和PTRF 4个基因行Sanger测序显示,患儿存在BSCL2基因杂合突变,分别为母源移码突变(c.567-568del GA,p.E 189 Efs X 12)及父源无义突变(c.565 GT,p.E 189 X),均为致病突变。回顾文献,BSCL2基因突变是亚洲CGL最常见的病因,BSCL2突变的CGL患儿常见临床表现为全身脂肪组织消失、黑棘皮征和肝脾大,心肌病变和智力低下发生率分别为40%和30%。结论 BSCL2基因突变引起的CGL主要临床表现为自幼全身脂肪组织消失及代谢紊乱,常伴有心肌病变和智力低下,对疑似患儿应尽早行基因分析确诊。     

首例非白人婴儿肝衰竭综合征1型患儿临床特点和分子诊断研究

婴儿肝衰竭综合征1型(ILFS1)是一种由胞质亮氨酰-t RNA合成酶基因(LARS)突变所导致的常染色体隐性遗传病。本研究报道首例非白人ILFS1患者的临床特点和分子诊断经过,为ILFS1的诊治提供参考。患者为2岁9个月男孩,因发现肝脾肿大1年余就诊。1岁5个月时发现肝脾大,实验室检查发现丙氨酸氨基转移酶和门冬氨酸氨基转移酶偏高、低蛋白血症、凝血功能异常和贫血,肝脏病理提示肝硬化和脂肪肝;SLC25A13基因高频突变筛查和一代测序分析仅检测到一个父源性突变c.1658GA,cDNA克隆分析也未发现母源性SLC25A13等位基因异常转录子;代谢性肝病相关基因外显子组捕获二代测序在患儿LARS基因检出父源性突变c.2133_2135del(p.L712del)和母源性突变c.1183GA(p.D395N),经一代测序验证,最终确诊为ILFS1。目前随访至4岁,肝功能正常,无贫血,仍有低蛋白血症。     

ECHS1基因突变致线粒体短链烯酰CoA水合酶1缺乏症1例北大核心CSCD

对重庆医科大学附属儿童医院诊治的1例ECHS1基因突变致线粒体短链烯酰CoA水合酶1缺乏症患儿的临床资料及相关文献进行回顾性分析。患儿,男,3个月28 d,病史特点:哭吵、惊厥发作;查体:竖颈不稳,双侧巴氏征引出。血乳酸增高。头颅核磁共振提示双侧基底核区对称性病变。基因检查示患儿ECHS1基因复合杂合突变:c.796A>G(p.T266A)和c.463G>A(pG155S),结合患儿病史推测此为致病基因。故幼儿期有肌张力异常、运动发育迟缓或倒退、痉挛、乳酸增高、头颅磁共振成像示基底核区异常低密度影,病因未明时,应考虑到线粒体方面的疾病。     

进食甜点后呕吐、乏力，伴甘油尿北大核心CSCD

患儿,女,6岁,2年内先后2次“进食甜点后出现呕吐、乏力伴发热1d”入住青岛大学附属医院神经内分泌儿科。急查血气分析有严重低血糖、重度酸中毒和高乳酸血症,尿酮体阳性,低血糖和酸中毒纠正迅速;患儿生长发育良好,智力水平正常,肝轻度大;血清尿酸一过性升高,2次尿气相色谱质谱分析提示甘油尿和酮尿。甘油尿是独特的代谢异常指标,以“甘油尿”为关键词,在PubMed查相关文献,检索到3种相关疾病：果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶缺乏症、甘油激酶缺乏症和复合型甘油激酶缺乏症。进一步阅读3种疾病相关文献,了解疾病特点和实验室检查,临床基本排除甘油激酶缺乏症和复合型甘油激酶缺乏症。Sanger测序检测FBPl基因突变,发现该女童携带F卯,基因的复合杂合突变c．355G〉A/C．960delG,并且是目前尚未报道的新突变。追溯疾病的特质性线索进行靶向性基因检测,是遗传代谢病精准诊断和治疗的有效方法之一。     

先天性全身脂肪营养不良一家系临床及基因变异分析

目的 探讨先天性全身脂肪营养不良症(CGL)的临床特征及基因变异特点.方法 回顾分析1对BSCL2基因变异致CGL双胎患儿的临床资料及其家系基因检测结果.结果 患儿均为男性,4月龄,均表现为全身脂肪组织消失,肝脾肿大,全身少量色素沉着.实验室检查示高三酰甘油血症.提取双胎中哥哥及父母的外周血,进行全外显子组基因测序并经...     

1例糖原累积病患儿酸性-α-葡萄糖苷酶基因的新无义突变p.W738X

目的 探讨1例临床疑似糖原累积病Ⅱ型患儿的临床特点和酸性-α-葡萄糖苷酶(GAA)基因突变情况.方法 分析患儿病史,并检测患儿及其父母外周血白细胞酸性-α-葡萄糖苷酶活性,聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)扩增GAA编码区,直接测序分析GAA基因突变情况.结果 该患儿生后2个月即出现喂养困难和全身肌无力,4个月发现心脏增大,6个月时死于心肺功能衰竭.患儿白细胞酸性-α-葡萄糖苷酶活性明显降低,仅为正常对照中位数的17.3%.DNA测序分析显示患儿携带一个新无义突变p.W738X和一个已报道的p.E888X突变.患儿及其母亲均携带假性缺陷等位基因c.1726G ＞ A;2065G ＞ A.结论 GAA酶活性测定结合基因诊断明确诊断1例临床疑似糖原累积病(GSD)Ⅱ型,发现1个GAA基因新无义突变p.W738X.根据患儿临床表现可诊断为婴儿型GSD Ⅱ,推测p.W738X突变对GAA酶活性影响严重.由于假性缺陷等位基因c.1726G ＞ A;2065G ＞ A可引起正常人GAA酶活性降低,故GAA基因突变分析对明确GSDⅡ型患者的诊断及其家系的产前诊断有重要意义.     

Wolman's disease: Ultrasonographic and computed tomographic findings

Acid lipase deficiency which is an inborn error of lipid metabolism leads to an abnormal accumulation of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides in many tissues. It is manifested in two clinical forms: Wolman's disease (WD) which is fatal in infancy and cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD) which is a milder form and usually presented in adulthood. An infant with a clinical diagnosis of WD was examined with CT and ultrasound. Where as CT showed an enlarged liver with decreased density and heavily calcified adrenal glands, ultrasound revealed an enlarged liver with normal echogenicity, adrenal calcification and thickening of bowel loops. Bowel wall thickening in WD was not demonstrated in the literature before with any imaging modality.     

Aminohydroxypropylidene-biphosphonate in the treatment of bone lesions in a case of Gaucher's disease type 3

Bembi B, Agosti E, Boehm P, Nassimbeni G, Zanatta M, Vidoni L. Aminohydroxypropylidene-biphosphonate in the treatment of bone lesions in a case of Gaucher's disease type 3. Acta Pædiatr 1994;83:122–4. Stockholm. ISSN 0803–5253
Gaucher disease is the most prevalent lysosomal storage disorder. It is characterized by an autosomal recessive inheritance of a deficiency of lysosomal acid glucocerebrosidase. Three clinical phenotypes are recognized: type 1 (non-neuronopathic), type 2 (acute neuronopathic), type 3 (subacute neuronopathic). Bone lesions are associated with type 1 and type 3 Gaucher disease. Skeletal involvement is secondary to the progressive accumulation of histiocytes and macrophages laden with glucosylceramide in bone marrow. Our patient was a female type 3 Gaucher patient who was referred to us at the age of 3 years with a neurological symptomatology and severe bone lesions (bilateral fracture of the femur heads, lytic process of the bone matrix of the femurs and distal flask deformity, kyphoskoliosis and chest deformity). The baby was constrained to a wheel-chair. The use of (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)-1,1-biphosphonate (APD) was described in a case of Gaucher disease with very severe bone lesions. We used periodic iv infusions of APD (10 mg every 3 weeks) in our patient for a period of 20 months; after that, enzyme replacement therapy (alglucerase) was commenced. APD treatment showed normalization of bone density, formation of bone callus at the femural heads, positive calcium balance. The urinary Ca/Cr ratio and TRP were consistently normal during therapy. After 9 months of algucerase therapy the patient was able to walk again. The data indicate that APD therapy can find an indication in Gaucher patients with severe bone involvement.     

Cholesteryl Ester Storage Disease: Case Report During Childhood

Cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD) is rare and characterized by accumulation of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides in many tissues due to the deficiency of lysosomal acid lipase. We report a 3½-year-old child with CESD. The diagnosis was indicated by liver biopsy and confirmed by reduced acid lipase activity in leukocytes.     

Cholesteryl ester storage disease in a young child presenting as isolated hepatomegaly treated with simvastatin

Cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD) is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from lysosomal acid lipase deficiency and is usually characterized by hepatomegaly and hyperlipidemia. This paper reports a two-year-old boy who had hepatosplenomegaly, hyperlipidemia and hypertransaminasemia determined incidentally. The liver biopsy sample was orange-yellow in appearance. Microscopically, microvesicular steatosis and birefringent crystals were seen in liver biopsy. The diagnosis of CESD was confirmed by the reduced human acid lipase activity in peripheral leukocytes. Simvastatin therapy was given and tolerated without side effects. Our patient is the youngest reported case in the literature treated with 3-hydroxy 3-methyl glutaryl (HMG) CoA reductase inhibitor.     

Genetic variation of lysosomal acid lipase.

Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) activity was measured using a new fluorometric assay in cultured skin fibroblasts from eight control subjects, two obligate heterozygotes for Wolman's disease (WD), one patient with WD, and one patient with cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD). The LAL activities (mean+/-SD) were 25.8+/-8.2, 13.2+/-0.1,1.1, and 1.4 nmol 4-methylumbelliferyl oleate (4-MUO) hydrolyzed/min/mg protein, respectively. These results compare favorably with those obtained using standard radioassays. The LAL activities of two cultures of amniotic fluid cells were 12.1 and 10.5. The LAL activity (mean+/-SD) of peripheral leukocytes obtained from 34 laboratory volunteers (19 females, 15 males) was 4.0+/-1.8. Partially purified lymphocytes contained about 25 times as much LAL activity as did granulocytes. Cellogel electrophoresis, followed by staining with 4-MUO, showed at least two bands of LAL (A and B) from normal fibroblasts, amniotic fluid cells, and lymphocytes. Band A was absent from WD and CESD fibroblasts and was reduced in fibroblasts of the WD heterozygotes.     

Coincidence of Niemann-Pick Disease and beta-Thalassemia; a Case Report

Background

Niemann-Pick disease and β-thalassemia are distinct conditions with specific clinical and morphological manifestations. β-thalassemia is the most common inherited blood disorder in Iran whereas Niemann-Pick disease, a lysosomal storage disorder, is rarely found in this country.

Case Presentation

This 5-month old girl, a known case of β-thalassemia major was hospitalized for failure to thrive and hepathosplenomegaly. Because of unusual splenomegaly and liver enzymes disturbance that was not compatible with the first diagnosis, further evaluation revealed cherry red spot and high lipid profile suggestive of lysosomal storage disease. Foamy cells in the bone marrow and low activity of the specific enzyme led to the diagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease.

Conclusion

This unique case illustrates the importance of looking for a second pathological condition in a patient whose clinical profile does not support the first diagnosis in its entirety.     

Correction of fatal genetic diseases using bone marrow transplantation. 1

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) was mainly used for the treatment of immunological, hematological and oncological diseases. Genetic diseases can also be treated by transplantation of normal histocompatible allogeneic bone marrow. This type of marrow transplantation is used for the treatment of inborn errors whose clinical expression is restricted to lymphoid or hematopoietic cells. The therapeutic role of bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of generalized genetic diseases is under investigation. Genetic disorders that can be cured include congenital immune deficiencies, infantile malignant osteopetrosis, thalassemia, infantile agranulocytosis, chronic granulomatous disease, lysosomal storage diseases and others. The use of autologous bone marrow after the insertion of a normal gene (gene therapy) in vitro circumvents the need for a histocompatible donor.     

外周血淋巴细胞异常空泡检查对溶酶体贮积病筛查和诊断的价值

目的 探讨外周血淋巴细胞空泡检查在溶酶体贮积病的筛查和诊断中的应用价值.方法 对2008年1月至2009年12月在我院接受外周血淋巴细胞光镜和电子显微镜检查的疑诊溶酶体贮积病患儿的临床和病理资料进行回顾性分析.结果 本组42例患儿均为隐匿起病,均存在进行性智力运动发育落后或倒退,其中32例伴抽搐,3例视力下降,4例肝脾大.本组均接受外周血涂片检查,其中14例外周血淋巴细胞存在异常空泡,这14例中8例经进一步检查确诊为溶酶体贮积病,包括4例淋巴细胞超微结构检查发现曲线体,确诊为神经元蜡样质脂褐质沉积症;2例经酶活性测定分别确诊为异染性脑白质营养不良和糖原累积症Ⅱ型,2例依据骨髓涂片和鞘磷脂酶活性检查诊断为尼曼-匹克病C型;6例未能明确诊断.结论 由于方法简单且微创,外周血淋巴细胞异常空泡检查可以用于溶酶体贮积病的筛查.对于疑诊为神经元蜡样质脂褐质沉积症的病例,外周血淋巴细胞超微结构检查有可能提供确诊依据.

Abstract：

Objective Lysosomal storage diseases are a group of inherited disorders caused by deficiency of lysosomal enzymes or structural components. The manifestations of lysosomal storage diseases are complicated due to different enzyme deficiency. It has been reported that a range of metabolic diseases resulting in abnormal accumulation of metabolic byproducts may exhibit abnormal cytoplasmic vacuolation of lymphocytes. The aim of this study was to elicit the usefulness of vacuolated peripheral lymphocytes detection in screening and diagnosis of lysosomal storage diseases. Method Clinical data of 42 patients who underwent microscopic and electron microscopic examination of peripheral blood specimens in our department were retrospectively evaluated between January 2008 and December 2009. Result Forty-two patients with the suspected lysosomal storage diseases were included, these patients presented with motor and developmental retardation and/or regression. Seizure occurred in 32 patients. Hepatosplenomegaly were found in 4 patients. Three patients presented with declined visual acuity. Atrophy and/or abnormal signals were detected on cranial CT/MRI images in 24 patients. Blood biochemical tests were normal. Serum levels of ammonia, lactic acid and pyruvate were normal. Serum amino acid profiles and urinary organic acid profiles were normal. Serum fatty acid profiles were normal. Vacuolated lymphocytes were detected on microscopic examination of blood film in 14 patients, and 8 of these patients were confirmed to have lysosomal storage disease. Curvilinear body was found on electronic microscopic examination of peripheral lymphocytes specimens in 4 patients, confirming the diagnosis of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. In 3 of these 4 patients, curvilinear body were also found on electronic microscopic examination of skin and/or muscle specimens. Enzyme analysis confirmed the diagnosis of metachromatic leukodystrophy in one patient and Pompe's disease in another patient. Typical pathological changes were found on the examination of bone marrow in 2 patients with normal acid sphingomyelinase activity. So the patients were diagnosed with Niemann-Pick disease type C. The diagnosis of other 6 patients with vacuolated lymphocytes was unknown.Conclusion Because of its usefulness and minimal invasiveness, vacuolated peripheral lymphocytes examination should be a screening test for lysosomal storage disease. As for patients with suspected neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, electron microscopic examination of peripheral lymphocyte specimens may provide specific clues to the final diagnosis.     

Late diagnosis of fucosidosis in a child with progressive fixed dystonia,bilateral pallidal lesions and red spots on the skin

Fucosidosis is a rare lysosomal storage disease. A 14-year-old girl is presented, with recurrent infections, progressive dystonic movement disorder and mental retardation with onset in early childhood. The clinical picture was also marked by mild morphologic features, but absent dysostosis multiplex and organomegaly. MRI images at 6.5 years of age were reminiscent of pallidal iron deposition (“eye-of-the-tiger” sign) seen in neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) disorders. Progressively spreading angiokeratoma corporis diffusum led to the correct diagnosis. This case extends the scope of clinical and neuroradiological manifestations of fucosidosis.     

Allogenic bone marrow transplantation in severe Gaucher disease.

Gaucher disease is the most prevalent lysosomal storage disease. This autosomal recessive disease is caused by the defective activity of the enzyme acid beta-glucosidase and the resultant accumulation of glucosylceramide primarily within cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Because the primary manifestations of Gaucher disease are due to involvement of monocyte/macrophage-derived cells, this disease is thought to be an excellent candidate for curative intervention via bone marrow transplantation (BMT). A Hispanic female with subacute neuronopathic Gaucher disease and rapidly progressing visceral manifestations underwent BMT at 23 mo of age using her histocompatible normal brother as the donor. Cytogenetic analyses demonstrated complete, stable engraftment by 1 mo post-BMT. During the subsequent 24 mo, clinical, biochemical, enzymatic, and histologic studies demonstrated nearly complete correction in the viscera. Her neuropathic manifestations did not progress. Complete reconstitution of enzymatic activity in peripheral blood leukocytes was achieved by 1 mo. Cytogenetic analyses demonstrated complete engraftment by d 79 and nearly complete loss of bone marrow Gaucher cells was observed by 8 mo. Plasma glucosylceramide levels normalized by 8-12 mo. Nearly coincident improvements in hepatic size, enzyme levels, and histology were found by 12-24 mo post-BMT. Fatal sepsis occurred at 24 mo post-BMT. Autopsy revealed sparse Gaucher cells in clusters in the liver, lymph nodes, and lungs as well as the lack of periadventitial Gaucher cells surrounding brain vessels. The findings provide the time course and rationale for studies directed to gene therapy via BMT for this disease after introduction of acid beta-glucosidase gene constructs into autologous pluripotent stem cells of selected Gaucher disease patients.