腹腔镜下保留盆腔自主神经广泛性子宫切除术

由于通过腹腔镜可以十分清晰地观察盆腔内的解剖结构,所以更加有利于进行保留盆腔自主神经广泛性子宫切除术,归纳起来腹腔镜下保留盆腔自主神经广泛性子宫切除术的技术要点主要包括5个主要环节：（1）腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除时避免损伤腰内脏神经。（2）骶前淋巴结切除时避免损伤上腹下丛。（3）处理主韧带时避免损伤盆腔内脏神经。（4）切断宫骶韧带时避免损伤腹下神经。（5）处理膀胱宫颈韧带和膀胱阴道韧带时避免损伤下腹下神经。     

Anatomical basis for nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy: immunohistochemical study of the pelvic autonomic nerves

BACKGROUND: Autonomic nerve damage plays a crucial role in the etiology of bladder dysfunction, sexual dysfunction, and colorectal motility disorders that occur after radical hysterectomy. We investigated the extent and nature of nerve damage in conventional and nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy. METHODS: Macroscopical disruption of nerves was assessed through anatomical dissection after conventional and nerve-sparing surgery on five fixed and one fresh cadaver. Immunohistochemical analysis of surgical margins was performed to confirm nerve damage using a general nerve marker (S100) and a sympathetic nerve marker (anti-tyrosine hydroxylase) within sections of biopsies. RESULTS: Macroscopical dissection showed that in the conventional procedure, transsection of the uterosacral ligaments resulted in disruption of the major part of the hypogastric nerve. After nerve-sparing surgery, only the medial branches of the hypogastric nerve appeared disrupted. Division of the cardinal ligaments in the conventional procedure identified the inferior hypogastric plexus running into the most posterior border of the surgical margin. The anterior part of the plexus was disrupted. Dissection of the nerves after the nerve-sparing procedure showed that this anterior part of the plexus was not involved in the surgical dissection line. Dissection of the vesicouterine ligament disrupted only small nerves on the medial border of the inferior hypogastric plexus in both techniques. Microscopical evaluation of the surgical margins confirmed the macroscopical findings. CONCLUSION: Conventional radical hysterectomy results in disruption of a substantial part of the pelvic autonomic nerves. The nerve-sparing modification leads to macroscopic reduction in nerve disruption which is substantiated by microscopical evaluation of surgical margins.     

New method to prevent bladder dysfunction after radical hysterectomy for uterine cervical cancer

OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to improve the surgical procedures to prevent bladder dysfunction after radical hysterectomy. METHODS: Twelve patients with stage Ib cervical cancer underwent intraoperative electrical stimulation to identify the vesical branches of the pelvic nerves. Autonomic nerve localization in the vesicouterine ligament was examined in 10 patients immunohistochemically. According to the results of the above studies a new method to preserve the vesical branches was developed. Grades of postoperative bladder dysfunction were compared between new (n = 19) and conventional methods (n = 18). RESULTS: Electrical stimulation on the outer surface of the posterior sheath of the vesicouterine ligament caused the increase of intravesical pressure. S-100 protein localized also on this area. Postoperative compliance of the detrusor in cases with the new method demonstrated less decrement from preoperative values than in cases with the conventional method. The new method required significantly fewer days to achieve residual urine volumes less than 50 ml after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The new method significantly reduces bladder dysfunction after radical hysterectomy.     

A nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy: Guidelines and feasibility in Western patients

Abstract. Trimbos JB, Maas CP, DeRuiter MC, Peters AAW, Kenter GG. A nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy: Guidelines and feasibility in Western patients.
Surgical damage to the pelvic autonomic nerves during radical hysterectomy is thought to be responsible for considerable morbidity, i.e., impaired bladder function, defecation problems, and sexual dysfunction. Previous anatomical studies and detailed study of surgical techniques in various Japanese oncology centers demonstrated that the anatomy of the pelvic autonomic nerve plexus permits a systematic surgical approach to preserve these nerves during radical hysterectomy without compromising radicality. We introduced elements of the Japanese nerve-preserving techniques and carried out a feasibility study in ten consecutive Dutch patients. The technique involved three steps: first, the identification and preservation of the hypogastric nerve in a loose tissue sheath underneath the ureter and lateral to the sacro-uterine ligaments; second, the inferior hypogastric plexus in the parametrium is lateralized and avoided during parametrial transsection; third, the most distal part of the inferior hypogastric plexus is preserved during the dissection of the posterior part of the vesico-uterine ligament. The clinical study showed that the procedure is feasible and safe, except possibly when used with very obese patients and patients with broad, bulky tumors. Surgical preservation of the pelvic autonomic nerves in radical hysterectomy deserves consideration in the quest to improve both cure and quality of life in cervical cancer patients.     

Nerve-Sparing Technique during Laparoscopic Radical Hysterectomy: Critical Steps

Study Objective

To show the feasibility and safety of nerve-preserving laparoscopic radical hysterectomy (type C1 Querleu-Morrow Classification [1]) for the treatment of early cervical cancer.

子宫次广泛/广泛切除手术保留盆腔植物神经对膀胱功能恢复保护作用的初步观察

目的:初步探讨子宫次广泛/广泛切除手术主韧带切除时保留腹下神经和盆腔内脏神经对术后膀胱功能保护作用技术上的可行性。方法:2006年7月3日至2006年8月11日,复旦大学附属肿瘤医院收治子宫颈癌和子宫内膜癌,切除主韧带保留腹下和盆腔内脏神经的病例12例。结果:子宫内膜癌子宫次广泛手术4例,术后3~4天拔除尿管,拔除后即刻自行排尿,无残余尿。6例Ⅰb1~Ⅱa期子宫颈癌患者中5例术后7天拔除尿管;1例患者1周拔除尿管失败,情绪紧张,复置尿管时出尿400ml,1周后成功拔除。2例Ⅱb期子宫颈癌患侧贴盆壁切除主韧带,健康侧保留神经者,分别于术后10天和14天成功拔除尿管。结论:保留盆腔植物神经的子宫主韧带切除手术在子宫次广泛切除手术中易于推广;在广泛性子宫切除术中需要进一步探索;对于Ⅱb期子宫颈癌不主张保留神经。     

A systematic nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy technique in invasive cervical cancer for preserving postsurgical bladder function

The objective of this study is to describe a technique for preserving the autonomic nerve systematically, including the hypogastric nerves, pelvic splanchnic nerves, and pelvic plexus and its vesical branches, based on anatomic considerations for the autonomic nerves innervating the urinary bladder, in radical hysterectomies and to assess postsurgical bladder function. A nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy was carried out on 27 consecutive patients with uterine cervical cancer treated between 2000 and 2002. The FIGO stages of the disease consisted of 10 stage Ib1, 6 stage Ib2, 3 stage IIa, and 8 stage IIb. The nerve-sparing procedure was successfully completed in 22 of the 27 patients (81.5%) in the study. At 1 year after the operation, bladder symptoms were significantly improved in the nerve-sparing group compared to the non-nerve-sparing group. Urinary incontinence and abnormal (diminished) bladder sensation were observed in three of the five patients (two patients had both symptoms), for whom the nerve-sparing procedure could not be performed, but none of the 22 patients for whom the nerve-sparing procedure was performed had incontinence, and only two patients had abnormal (increased) bladder sensation (P= 0.0034 for incontinence and P= 0.030 for abnormal bladder sensation). The patients' survival was not adversely affected by the nerve-sparing procedure. Although it is still preliminary, the surgical technique described in this report is thought to be effective for preserving bladder function, and thus, the quality of life could be improved for patients with cervical cancer who are treated with a radical hysterectomy. For further evaluation of the efficacy of nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy, a prospective randomized trial needs to be performed.     

Systematic Nerve Sparing during Surgery for Deep-infiltrating Posterior Endometriosis Improves Immediate Postoperative Urinary Outcomes

Study ObjectiveEvaluate the feasibility and risk–benefit ratio of systematic nerve sparing by complete dissection of the inferior hypogastric nerves and afferent pelvic splanchnic nerves during surgery for deep-infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) on the basis of complication rates and postoperative bladder morbidity.DesignObservational before (2012–2014)–and–after (2015–2017) study based on a prospectively completed database of all patients treated medically or surgically for endometriosis.SettingUnicentric study at the Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-St-Germain-en-Laye.PatientsThis study included patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for DIE (pouch of Douglas resection with or without colpectomy or bilateral uterosacral ligament resection), with complete excision of all identifiable endometriotic lesions, with or without an associated digestive procedure, between 2012 and 2017. The exclusion criteria included prior history of surgery for DIE or colorectal DIE excision, unilateral uterosacral ligament resection, and bladder endometriotic lesions.InterventionsFor the patients in group 1 (2012–2014, n = 56), partial dissection of the pelvic nerves was carried out only if they were macroscopically caught in endometriotic lesions, without dissection of the pelvic splanchnic nerves. The patients in group 2 (2015–2017, n = 65) systematically underwent nerve sparing during DIE surgery, with dissection of the inferior hypogastric nerves and pelvic splanchnic nerves.Measurements and Main ResultsBoth groups were comparable in terms of patient age, parity, body mass index, and previous abdominal surgery. The operating times were similar in both groups (228 ± 105 minutes in group 2 vs 219 ± 71 minutes in group 1), as were intra- and postoperative complication rates. Time to voiding was significantly longer in the patients in group 1 (p <.01), with 7 (12.9%) patients requiring self-catheterization in this group compared with no patients (0%) in group 2. The duration of self-catheterization for the 7 patients in group 1 was 28, 21, 3, 60, 21, 1 (stopped by the patient), and 28 days, respectively. Uroflowmetry on postoperative day 10 was abnormal in 5/25 patients in group 1 compared with 1/33 in group 2 (p = .031).ConclusionSystematic and complete nerve sparing, including pelvic splanchnic nerve dissection, during surgery for posterior DIE improves immediate postoperative urinary outcomes, reducing the need for self-catheterization without increasing operating time or complication rates.     

Precise anatomy of the vesico-uterine ligament for radical hysterectomy

OBJECTIVES: To clarify the anatomy of the vesico-uterine ligament (VUL), we meticulously separated the VUL under magnification (x2.5) during Okabayashi's radical hysterectomy. METHODS: Fifty-nine patients (TNM nomenclature: pTIb: 39, pT2a: 5, pT2b: 7, after trans-arterial anticancer-drug infusion treatment for the cervical cancer: 8) underwent this meticulous operation. Blood loss was recorded at two separate time points: during the separation of the VUL and after removal of the uterus. RESULTS: After complete separation of the uterine artery and superficial uterine vein from the ureter, we could identify the genuine connective tissue of the anterior leaf of the VUL in which we isolate and divide a distinct bundle of blood vessels: the cervicovesical vessels that cross over the ureter from the bladder to the cervix. The remaining tissues in the anterior leaf is only avascular connective tissue. The posterior leaf of the VUL is the tissue residing under the ureter connecting the posterior wall of the bladder and the lateral cervix/upper lateral vagina. In the connective tissues, we identified the middle and inferior vesical veins connecting with the deep uterine vein. The division of these veins could separate the urinary bladder with ureters completely from the lateral cervix and upper vagina. The mean blood loss during the separation of the VUL was 20+/-10 g (N=59) and after radical hysterectomy was 189+/-91.6 g (N=59). CONCLUSION: A precise network of blood vessels in the VUL is identified. The knowledge of this anatomy is important to perform radical hysterectomy.     

Keep Your Landmarks Close and the Hypogastric Nerve Closer: An Approach to Nerve-sparing Endometriosis Surgery

ObjectiveExcisional techniques used to surgically treat deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) can result in inadvertent damage to the autonomic nervous system of the pelvis, leading to urinary, anorectal, and sexual dysfunction 1, 2, 3, 4. This educational video illustrates the autonomic neuroanatomy of the pelvis, identifying the predictable location of the hypogastric nerve in relation to other pelvic landmarks, and demonstrates a surgical technique for sparing the hypogastric nerve and inferior hypogastric plexus.DesignUsing didactic schematics and medical drawings, we discuss and illustrate the autonomic neuroanatomy of the pelvis. With annotated laparoscopic footage, we demonstrate a stepwise approach for identifying, dissecting, and preserving the hypogastric nerve during pelvic surgery.SettingTertiary care academic hospitals: Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and S. Orsola Hospital in Bologna, Italy.InterventionsRadical excision of DIE with adequate identification and sparing of the hypogastric nerve and inferior hypogastric plexus bilaterally was performed, following an overview of pelvic neuroanatomy. The superior hypogastric plexus was described and the hypogastric nerve, the most superficial and readily identifiable component of the inferior hypogastric plexus, was identified and used as a landmark to preserve autonomic bundles in the pelvis. The following steps, illustrated with laparoscopic footage, describe a surgical technique developed to identify and preserve the hypogastric nerve and the deeper inferior hypogastric plexus without the need for more extensive pelvic dissection to the level of the sacral nerve roots: (1) transperitoneal identification of the hypogastric nerve, with a pulling maneuver for confirmation; (2) opening of the retroperitoneum at the level of the pelvic brim and retroperitoneal identification of the ureter; (3) medial dissection and identification of the hypogastric nerve; and (4) lateralization of the hypogastric nerve, allowing for safe resection of DIE.ConclusionThe hypogastric nerve follows a predictable course and can be identified, dissected, and spared during pelvic surgery, making it an important landmark for the preservation of pelvic autonomic innervation.     

Identification and preservation of the motoric innervation of the bladder in radical hysterectomy type III

OBJECTIVE: To decrease postoperative morbidity associated with radical hysterectomy Rutledge type III, we identified the parasympathetic innervation of the bladder in the cardinal ligament. METHODS: During laparoscopic dissection of the cardinal ligament, we used 7x magnification on 38 consecutive patients with cervical cancer stages IB1 to IIIA with high risk for parametrial involvement when we performed laparoscopy-assisted radical vaginal hysterectomy type III between August 1997 and January 1999. RESULTS: The middle rectal artery was identified as a landmark separating the vascular from the neural part of the cardinal ligament. The neural part was shown to contain the splanchnic pelvic nerves which anastomose with the pelvic plexus. Following preservation of these neural structures all patients were able to void their bladder spontaneously. Following nerve-sparing technique, patients regained bladder function significantly quicker compared with a control group (n = 28) in which the neural part of the cardinal ligament had not been preserved: suprapubic drainage 11.2 days versus 21.4 days (P = 0.0007). CONCLUSION: Using the middle rectal artery as a landmark the neural part of the cardinal ligament can be preserved, resulting in preservation of the motor function of the bladder.     

Intraoperative electrical stimulation of the pelvic splanchnic nerves during nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine whether intraoperative electrical stimulation (IES) of pelvic splanchnic nerves (PSNs) while monitoring bladder contraction was useful to predict postoperative bladder function during conventional nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy. METHODS: Seventeen patients with stage Ib or IIa cervical cancer underwent conventional radical hysterectomy. IES was performed in all cases, stimulating the roots of PSN, the posterior sheath of the vesicouterine ligament (PVL) and the dorsal area of the ligament. After resection of the uterus, the PSN roots were stimulated again. Bladder function was evaluated by urodynamic study (UDS) preoperatively and 3 months after surgery. RESULTS: The results of IES were consistent with bladder function evaluated by postoperative UDS. In 13 of 17 cases, an increased intravesical pressure was observed with IES of the PSN roots after uterus resection. Nine of 13 cases showed marked detrusor contraction with UDS 3 months after surgery and were able to void without using abdominal pressure except in one case. In the remaining 4 of 17 cases, no response could be detected to IES on either side. Three cases voided using abdominal pressure and one used clean intermittent self-catheterization without spontaneous voiding. CONCLUSIONS: IES while monitoring intravesical pressure during radical hysterectomy represents a technically simple and useful procedure for the prediction of postoperative bladder function.     

保留盆腔植物神经的广泛性子宫切除术治疗子宫颈癌的初步研究

目的 探讨保留盆腔植物神经的广泛性子宫切除术(NSRH)治疗宫颈癌的可行性,并评估其改善术后膀胱功能的效果.方法 选择接受手术治疗的临床分期为Ⅰ b1～Ⅱa期的宫颈癌患者44例,分为两组.研究组22例患者接受NSRH手术,术中在处理主韧带、宫骶韧带、深层的膀胱宫颈韧带及阴道旁组织时,保留盆腔内脏神经、腹下神经、下腹下神经丛及其膀胱支;对照组22例患者接受经典的广泛性子宫切除手术(即Piver Ⅲ类子宫切除术).对比两组患者的术中及术后并发症发生情况.结果 研究组术中出血量为(550±241)ml,对照组为(475±284)ml,两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);研究组手术时间为(329±43)min,对照组为(272±56)min,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).术后第8天,研究组及对照组中残余尿量<100 ml的患者比例分别为68%及18%,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);研究组留置尿管时间(8～23 d,中位时间8 d)与对照组(8～32 d,中位时间20 d)比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).两组患者均无严重的手术相关性损伤及病理切缘不净的情况发生.结论 NSRH治疗早期子宫颈癌安全、可行,且能明显改善患者术后的膀胱功能.     

Nerve-preserving sacrocolpopexy: anatomical study and surgical approach

Objective

The aim of our study is to describe the course of the autonomic nerves in the presacral space and to find the best nerve-preserving approach for sacrocolpopexy.

Study design

The autonomic nerves of the presacral space were dissected on six specially preserved female cadavers.

Results

The superior hypogastric plexus is located in front of the abdominal aorta and its bifurcation and deviates to the left of the midsagittal plane. At the level of the promontory, or just below, the superior hypogastric plexus branches into two hypogastric nerves that run in front of the sacrum. In the presacral space the parasympathetic pelvic splanchnic nerves from the ventral rami of the sacral spinal nerves (S2-S3) join the hypogastric nerves, forming the inferior hypogastric plexus on both sides. From the inferior hypogastric plexus, nerve fibres spread out bilaterally to the pelvic organs. In two of the six cadavers sacral splanchnic nerves could be identified leading from the sacral sympathetic ganglion S1 of the sympathetic trunk to the inferior hypogastric plexus.

Conclusion

Longitudinal incision of the peritoneum along the right common iliac artery and above the promontory allows for a safe approach for sacrocolpopexy. After exposing the vascular structure (e.g. medial sacral vessels) above the promontory, the anterior longitudinal ligament becomes visible and can be prepared for the fixation of the mesh for vaginal suspension. By protecting the superior hypogastric plexus and the part of the presacral area below the promontory we can preserve the hypogastric nerves, the sacral and pelvic splanchnic nerves and thus the autonomic innervation of the pelvic organs. Awareness of the course of the autonomic nerves in the presacral space will significantly improve the functional outcome of sacrocolpopexy and reduce bowel, urinary and sexual dysfunctions.     

Useful Pelvic Retroperitoneal Neuroanatomy for Benign Gynecologic Surgery: A Cadaveric Dissection

ObjectiveKnowledge of the retroperitoneal anatomy is particularly important to facilitate surgical procedure and reduce the number of complications. The objective of this video is to demonstrate pelvic neuroanatomic structures and their relationships in the pelvic sidewall and the presacral space in a laparoscopic cadaveric dissection.DesignCase report (anatomic study).SettingMedical training center (AdventHealth Nicholson Center, Orlando, FL).InterventionsThe dissection started with the mobilization of the iliac vessels from the pelvic sidewall to identify the obturator nerve. The peritoneum of the ovarian fossa was opened, and the ureter was dissected up to the level of the uterine artery. The hypogastric nerve was identified. The close relationship between the ovarian fossa and the obturator nerve could be demonstrated. The deep dissection of the obturator fossa allowed for the identification of the lumbosacral trunk, S1, the sciatic nerve, S2, S3, S4, and the splanchnic nerves. Then, the ischial spine and the sacrospinous ligament were identified. The pudendal nerve and vessels could be observed passing below the sacrospinous ligament, entering the pudendal canal (Alcock's canal). The presacral space was dissected, and the hypogastric fascia was opened. S1 to S4 were identified coming from the sacral foramens. The laparoscopic dissection, using the cadaveric model, allowed for the development of the entire retroperitoneal anatomy, focusing on the dissection of the pelvic innervation. Anatomic relationships among the ureter, the hypogastric nerve, the uterosacral ligament, the splanchnic nerves, the inferior hypogastric plexus, and the organs (bowel, vagina, uterus, and bladder) could be demonstrated.ConclusionA laparoscopic cadaveric dissection can be used as a resource to demonstrate and educate surgeons about the neurologic retroperitoneal structures and their relationships.     

Nerve-sparing Surgery for Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis: Laparoscopic Eradication of Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis with Rectal and Parametrial Resection According to the Negrar Method

ObjectiveTo show technical highlights of a nerve-sparing laparoscopic eradication of deep infiltrating endometriosis with rectal and parametrial resection according to the Negrar method.DesignStepwise demonstration of the technique with narrated video footage.SettingTertiary care endometriosis unit. Bowel endometriosis accounts for about 12% of the total cases of endometriosis. Most frequently, rectal infiltration also means parametrial infiltration from the widespread infiltrating disease. Its removal with inadequate anatomical surgical knowledge may lead to severe damage to visceral pelvic innervation, causing bladder, rectal, and sexual function impairments and lasting lifelong. Nerve-sparing techniques, which are the heritage of onco-gynecologic surgery, have been described to have lower post-operative bladder, rectal, and sexual dysfunctions than classical approaches.InterventionsLaparoscopic excision of deep infiltrating endometriosis was performed by following the nerve-sparing Negrar technique in 6 steps: step 0—adhesiolysis, ovarian surgery, and removal of the involved peritoneal tissues; step 1—opening of pre-sacral space, development of avascular spaces, and identification and preservation of pelvic sympathetic fibers of the inferior mesenteric plexus, superior hypogastric plexus, upper hypogastric nerves, and lumbosacral sympathetic trunk and ganglia; step 2—dissection of parametrial planes, isolation of ureteral course, lateral parametrectomy, and preservation of sympathetic fibers of postero-lateral parametrium and lower mesorectum (the lower hypogastric nerves and proximal part of the inferior hypogastric plexus or pelvic plexus); step 3—posterior parametrectomy, deep uterine vein identification, and preservation of the parasympathetic pelvic splanchnic nerves and the cranial and middle part of the mixed inferior hypogastric plexus in caudad posterior parametrium and lower mesorectal planes; step 4—preserving the caudad part of the inferior hypogastric plexus in postero-lateral parametrial ligaments; step 5—preserving the caudad part of the inferior hypogastric plexus in paravaginal planes; and step 6—rectal resection and colorectal anastomosis.ConclusionAs shown in this case, the laparoscopic nerve-sparing complete excision of endometriosis is a feasible and reproducible technique in expert hands and, as reported in the literature, offers good results in terms of bladder morbidity reduction with higher satisfaction than the classical technique.     

Voiding dysfunction after surgical resection of deeply infiltrating endometriosis: pathophysiology and management

Autonomic nerve (sympathic and parasympathic) damage plays a crucial role in the aetiology of bladder dysfunction that occurs after resection of deeply infiltrating endometriosis (uterosacral ligaments, colorectal bowel, rectovaginal wall). This review presents an overview of the pathophysiology and management of voiding dysfunction that occur after this kind of surgery. The rate of significant post-voiding residual volume and/or hypoactive bladder after colorectal resection for endometriosis ranges from 15 to 20%. This rate seems to be higher (up to 30%) after proximal utero-sacral ligaments resection. This is explained by the location of the inferior hypogastric plexus at the proximal portion of the utero-sacral ligaments. Urodynamics investigations show non specific hypoactive bladder and altered uroflowmetry. Concerning treatment, further controlled studies are needed to assess the hypothetical usefulness of parasympathomimetic and prokinetic agents for hypoactive bladder occurring after pelvic autonomic denervation. Neuromodulation is a successful treatment for patients with refractory lower urinary tract dysfunction. However, there is no controlled study that focused on its efficacy in voiding dysfunction after radical pelvic surgery. Overall, the main objective of the treatment is to avoid the complications of post-voiding residue (such as infection) and of abdominal pushing effort (deterioration of perineal tissues). Therefore, self catheterization should be recommended when this postoperative complication occurs. An understanding of the location of the autonomic pelvic network should help prevent iatrogenic injury through the adoption of surgical techniques, such as nerve sparing, that reduce postoperative autonomic dysfunction.     

Autonomic nerve trauma at radical hysterectomy: the nerve content and subtypes within the superficial and deep uterosacral ligaments

The authors previously demonstrated nerve trunks and autonomic ganglia of the hypogastric plexus within the uterosacral ligament (USL) and the cardinal ligaments. The nerve content of these ligaments is greatest closer to the pelvic sidewalls and diminishes toward the insertion of the ligaments into the uterus, with the greater nerve content in the USL. Here the authors determine whether the nerve content of the superficial and deep portion of the USLs, where they are divided at a radical hysterectomy, differ. Biopsies were taken from the right and left superficial and deep USL in 6 patients during radical hysterectomy for early-stage cervical cancer. Indirect immunofluorescence was performed using primary antibodies to (1) the panneuronal marker PGP 9.5, (2) the parasympathetic marker vasoactive intestinal peptide, (3) the sympathetic markers tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide-Y, (4) the sensory and nociceptive nerve marker substance P, and (5) the sensory and sensory-motor nerve marker calcitonin gene-related peptide. The percentage area of immunoreactivity (PAI) was determined using a computer-assisted image analyzer as an objective measure of nerve content. There was a lower nerve content in the superficial USL compared with the deep USL. The PAI of the deep USL was greater than that of the superficial USL for all the nerve markers (P < .05). The PAI was greatest for sympathetic and sensory/nociceptive nerve markers. There were relatively more sympathetic nerve fibers than parasympathetic nerve fibers in the deep USL. These data provide further indirect evidence that pelvic dysfunction following radical hysterectomy is associated with division of the deep portion of the USL.     

腹腔镜保留神经宫颈癌根治术的临床研究

目的:研究腹腔镜保留盆腔自主神经的宫颈癌根治术(SNSRH)治疗宫颈癌的可行性,评估术后膀胱功能恢复的效果。方法:选择ⅠA2～ⅡA期宫颈癌患者35例。研究组17例应用SNSRH术,术中保留盆腔内脏神经、腹下神经、下腹下神经丛及其膀胱分支;对照组18例患者用传统腹腔镜子宫广泛切除术。比较两组的手术时间、出血量、术后膀胱功能恢复及术后并发症情况。结果:研究组手术时间336±17min,长于对照组的218±8min(P0.05);研究组术中出血量301±12.5ml,与对照组255±33.3ml的差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后第7天,研究组及对照组残余尿少于100ml患者的比例分别为64%及11%,两组差异有显著的统计学意义(P0.05);研究组留置尿管时间10±3.0天,明显短于对照组23±5.4天(P0.05)。两组患者均无手术并发症及肿瘤切缘不净情况发生。结论:腹腔镜NSRH治疗早期宫颈癌安全、可行,能明显改善术后的膀胱功能。     

系统保留盆腔自主神经广泛性子宫切除术的临床观察

目的:探索系统保留盆腔自主神经的广泛性子宫切除术(systematic nerve sparing radical hysterectomy,SNSRH)对术后膀胱、直肠及性功能的保护作用。方法:选取2007年11月~2009年4月宁夏医科大学附属医院收治的44例宫颈癌及子宫内膜癌患者,A组24例行SNSRH,B组20例行传统根治性子宫切除术,观察SNSRH成功率,两组术后膀胱、直肠和性功能情况。结果:(1)A、B两组严格遵循Ⅲ型子宫切除术标准,手术切除范围无差异;(2)30例行SNSRH,成功保留盆腔自主神经(PAN)24例,失败6例,成功率80%;(3)A、B组平均手术时间、术中出血量差异无统计学意义;A、B组平均留置尿管时间、术后残余尿量、排气排便时间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);(4)A组术后性功能障碍发生率明显低于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:系统保留PAN的广泛性子宫切除术对术后膀胱、直肠及性功能的恢复有一定的保护作用。