Antihyperglycemic effect of stem bark powder from paper mulberry (Broussonetia kazinoki Sieb.) in type 2 diabetic Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats

The effect of stem bark powder from paper mulberry (PMSB) on serum glucose, insulin, fructosamine, and lipid concentrations, as well as enzyme activities that serve as liver injury markers, was investigated in genetically diabetic Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats. Both nondiabetic Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats and diabetic OLETF rats (30 weeks old) were fed a semisynthetic diet with or without 50 g/kg PMSB for 8 weeks and then compared. The OLETF control rats showed a high amount of daily water intake in comparison to those in the LETO group. The concentrations of glucose, fructosamine, total lipid, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum were higher in the OLETF control rats than those in the LETO control rats. However, PMSB ingestion decreased the serum levels of glucose, fructosamine, triglyceride, and total cholesterol and the activity of ALT in the OLETF rats, but not in the LETO rats. The concentration of serum insulin was also significantly increased by PMSB consumption in the OLETF rats compared to the OLETF control rats. These results suggest that PMSB might have an antihyperglycemic effect in the OLETF rat and that the increased blood insulin level would be an important regulatory factor for improving hyperglycemia in the current animal model.     

甜茶素提取物对STZ致高血糖大鼠的降血糖作用研究

目的 :　研究甜茶素提取物对 STZ致高血糖大鼠的降血糖效果及其降糖机制。方法 :　腹腔注射 STZ制备糖尿病大鼠模型 ,取成型的大鼠随机分阳性对照组、甜茶素提取物组和降糖灵组。同时设一正常组。灌胃 3 w后 ,测血糖、果糖胺、胰岛素和 SOD等指标。结果 :　甜茶素提取物能极显著地降低 STZ致高血糖大鼠血糖 ,增强其抗氧化能力 ,同时能刺激胰岛素的分泌。结论 :　甜茶素提取物通过刺激胰岛素的分泌来降低血糖     

Chitosan reduces plasma adipocytokines and lipid accumulation in liver and adipose tissues and ameliorates insulin resistance in diabetic rats

Chitosan is a natural product derived from chitin. To investigate the hypoglycemic and anti-obesity effects of chitosan, male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: normal control, diabetic, and diabetic fed 5% or 7% chitosan. Diabetes was induced in rats by injecting streptozotocin/nicotinamide. After 10 weeks of feeding, the elevated plasma glucose, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 and lower adiponetin levels caused by diabetes were effectively reversed by chitosan treatment. In addition, 7% chitosan feeding also elevated plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 levels and lowered the insulin resistance index (homeostasis model assessment) in diabetic rats. Lower adipocyte granular intensities and higher lipolysis rates in adipose tissues were noted in the 7% chitosan group. Moreover, chitosan feeding reduced hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol contents and increased hepatic peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor α expression in diabetic rats. Our results indicate that long-term administration of chitosan may reduce insulin resistance through suppression of lipid accumulation in liver and adipose tissues and amelioration of chronic inflammation in diabetic rats.     

Effects of fructose feeding on lipid parameters in obese and lean, diabetic and nondiabetic Zucker rats

Effects of fructose feeding in moderate amounts on lipid metabolism of obese versus lean, and diabetic versus nondiabetic Zucker rats, were studied. Forty pairs of male lean and obese animals were assigned to two dietary groups, fructose and glucose. For each diet, one-half of lean and obese animals were injected with streptozotocin intraperitoneally (i.p.) to induce diabetes, and the other half were injected with buffer i.p. as a nondiabetic control group. After 9 wk of feeding, animals were fasted overnight, decapitated and exsanguinated. Organs were removed and weighed. Blood glucose, insulin, lactic acid, triglycerides, cholesterol, total liver lipids and urinary glucose were determined. Hyperphagia was observed in obese, non-diabetic and lean-diabetic animals. Streptozotocin injection drastically reduced insulin levels, and produced an impairment of growth, hyperglycemia, glucosuria, polydipsia and polyuria. Fructose feeding increased organ weights in kidney, liver and retroperitoneal adipose tissue, regardless of diabetic state. However, lactic acid levels were lower in fructose-fed groups than glucose-fed groups. In obese rats serum triglyceride levels were also lower in fructose-fed groups than in glucose-fed groups. Serum cholesterol was not affected by fructose feeding. The results indicated that fructose feeding did not produce hyperlipemia and lactic acidosis in the blood circulation in Zucker rats. However, fructose feeding did not improve glucose intolerance in diabetic animals, rather fructose feeding produced hyperinsulinemia in nondiabetic, obese animals.     

沙棘黄酮对链脲佐菌素致糖尿病大鼠降糖作用

目的:研究沙棘籽渣和果渣中黄酮对链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导糖尿病大鼠的降糖作用。方法:用STZ成功地制造了1型糖尿病大鼠模型,分别用沙棘籽渣中黄酮(FSH)和沙棘果渣中黄酮(FFH)连续灌胃4w。结果:与模型对照组相比,FSH极显著地降低STZ糖尿病大鼠血糖、果糖胺、血脂水平,提高血清白蛋白、总蛋白含量,增强机体抗氧化能力,对乳酸和肝糖原影响不大,同时可调节糖尿病大鼠的饮食水平;而FFH的作用效果不及FSH。结论:FSH能有效的控制糖尿病大鼠血糖水平,纠正其物质代谢紊乱。     

三种食物多酚对化学诱导DM大鼠糖脂代谢的影响

目的探讨膳食多酚[绿原酸、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)、槲皮素]对链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病大鼠血糖、血脂、肝脏中葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(G-6-pase)和骨胳肌组织中葡萄糖转运体4(GLUT4)表达的影响。方法单次腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ,35 mg/kg)结合高脂饮食建立糖尿病大鼠模型,将成模大鼠分成5组[糖尿病模型组(DM)、糖尿病模型+二甲双胍组(S)、糖尿病模型+绿原酸组(CA)、糖尿病模型+EGCG组(E)、糖尿病模型+槲皮素组(Q)],另设正常对照组(NC),分别灌喂二甲双胍、绿原酸、EGCG和槲皮素4w后,测定其糖耐量、空腹胰岛素、甘油三酯、胆固醇、G-6-pase和GLUT4 mRNA的表达。结果绿原酸、EGCG、槲皮素均表现出改善STZ诱导的糖尿病大鼠血糖、甘油三酯(TG)和胆固醇(TC)的含量,并能改善糖尿病模型大鼠的胰岛素敏感性,抑制肝脏G-6-pase mRNA的表达,且提高了骨胳肌GLUT4 mRNA的表达,其中以绿原酸效果最佳。仅仅其糖耐量改善弱于槲皮素作用,但均弱于阳性对照组二甲双胍的作用。结论绿原酸、EGCG、槲皮素均能有效改善STZ诱导的SD糖尿病大鼠的糖代射、脂代射、胰岛素敏感生及肝脏G-6-pase mRNA和骨胳肌GLUT4 mRNA的表达,绿原酸的效果最佳。[营养学报,2012,34(6):572-575,581]     

富铬豆浆对糖尿病大鼠血糖及血脂的影响

研究富铬豆浆对四氧嘧啶所致实验性糖尿病大鼠的血糖及血脂的影响。用氯化铬浸泡大豆并发芽 ,通过生物富集和生物转化作用 ,使部分无机铬转化为有机形式并富集在豆芽中 ;对糖尿病大鼠连续灌胃普通豆浆 [Cr0 2 5 μg (d·kgBW) ]、低剂量富铬豆浆 [Cr30 μg (d·kgBW) ]和高剂量富铬豆浆 [Cr30 0 μg (d·kgBW ) ]四周 ,每周末尾静脉采血 ,测定血糖、总胆固醇 (TC)、甘油三酯 (TG)、低密度脂蛋白 (LDL)、高密度脂蛋白 (HDL)及胰岛素含量。结果显示 ,富铬豆浆组大鼠血糖水平、胰岛素、TC、TG、LDL及胰岛素明显降低 ,而HDL明显升高。高剂量富铬豆浆组的降糖作用明显高于其它组。结论 :富铬豆浆可以改善糖代谢和脂代谢 ,可以用来预防和治疗糖尿病     

Effects of dehulled adlay on plasma glucose and lipid concentrations in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats fed a diet enriched in cholesterol

Adlay (Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf) is a cereal food for humans and has been also used as a superior medical herb substance and functional food for traditional treatment of diabetes in China. However, its scientific basis as a functional food is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary dehulled adlay on plasma lipid and glucose concentrations in diabetic rats. The diabetic male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, induced by injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg subcutaneously), were fed a cholesterol-rich diet (0.5% cholesterol) containing corn starch or dehulled adlay for four weeks. After completion of the experimental period, the abdominal adipose tissue and liver of rats were excised and weighed, and the plasma glucose, triglyceride, and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were assayed. The results showed that diabetic rats fed a dehulled adlay diet exhibited a greater adipose tissue weight (9.36 +/- 3.43 vs. 5.39 +/- 3.04 g, p < 0.05) and a reduced food intake (39.3 +/- 5.9 vs. 61.0 +/- 11.7 g/day, p < 0.05) when compared with animals fed a cornstarch diet. Significantly decreased plasma glucose (261.6 +/- 96.6 vs. 422.1 +/- 125.4 mg/dL, p < 0.05), total cholesterol (289.4 +/- 140.6 vs. 627.3 +/- 230.5 mg/dL, p < 0.05), and triglyceride (52.3 +/- 14.4 vs. 96.5 +/- 36.6 mg/dL, p < 0.05) levels were observed in rats fed the dehulled adlay diet. In addition, the ingestion of dehulled adlay appears to significantly decrease plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plus very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol concentrations. Rats fed a dehulled adlay diet showed an increase in fecal weight and cholesterol contents of stools. Although a significantly decreased plasma thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) value was observed in diabetic rats fed the dehulled adlay diet (6.2 +/- 3.4 vs. 11.0 +/- 3.8 nmol malondialdehyde (MDA)/mL, p < 0.05), no significant difference in the hepatic TBARS value was observed between the two dietary groups. Results from the present study suggest that dehulled adlay exhibited not only a hypolipidemic effect but also displayed a hypoglycemic ability in diabetic rats, indicating that dehulled adlay may play an important role in the regulation of plasma lipid and glucose metabolisms in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin.     

Food seasoning spices mixture improves glucose metabolism and lipid profile in fructose-fed hyperinsulinemic rats

Fructose feeding has been shown to induce insulin resistance in rats, associated with hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. We have investigated the effect of administering food seasoning spices mixture (SM) on glucose, insulin, and lipids in circulation and carbohydrate enzymes in the erythrocytes of high fructose-fed rats. Additionally, we also measured the protein glycation status by assaying the levels of glycated hemoglobin, fructosamine, and plasma protein glycation. Male Wistar rats received a daily diet containing either 60% fructose or 60% starch (control). The rats were administered SM at three different doses (10, 30, or 50 mg/day per rat) orally 15 days later. At the end of the 45-day experimental period, fructose-fed rats showed significantly higher levels of plasma glucose and insulin, dyslipidemia, and alterations in enzyme activities. Treatment with SM significantly reduced plasma glucose and insulin levels and brought about a favorable lipid profile. In these rats, the activities of enzymes of glucose metabolism were normal. These effects were observed at all three doses of SM. High homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) values indicated insulin resistance in fructose-fed rats, while the HOMA values in SM-treated fructose-fed rats were comparable to those of control rats. We conclude that administration of SM improves glucose metabolism and plasma lipid profile in fructose-fed rats, possibly through improved insulin-sensitizing actions of the active constituents.     

Opuntia humifusa stems lower blood glucose and cholesterol levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The Opuntia humifusa stem (OHSt) contains high levels of antioxidants including vitamin C, flavonoids, and polyphenols that may prove beneficial in treating diabetes mellitus. The objective of this study was to examine the hypothesis that intake of the OHSt regulates blood glucose levels and hypolipidemic responses in rats with diabetes mellitus induced by injection of streptozotocin. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats (6 weeks of age) were assigned to 5 groups: normal control, rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (DM), DM treated with OHSt 150 mg/kg per day, DM treated with OHSt 250 mg/kg per day, and DM treated with OHSt 500 mg/kg per day. Powdered OHSt was suspended in distilled water and administered orally through the sonde once daily. After 7 weeks of treatment, the fasting blood glucose and triglyceride levels of the OHSt groups were significantly lower when compared with the DM group (P < .05). Treatment with the OHSt also resulted in a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < .05). Decreases in both total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were accompanied by a significant increase in serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < .05). Furthermore, levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were significantly lower in the OHSt groups than in the DM group (P < .05). In addition, a significant increase in relative beta cell volume of pancreas was observed in rats treated with 500 mg/kg of OHSt when compared with the untreated DM rats (P < .05). The overall results suggest that the OHSt possesses potential hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.     

Hypoglycemic effect of Lentinus strigosus (Schwein.) Fr. crude exopolysaccharide in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

ABSTRACT This study reports the hypoglycemic effects of the crude exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced from submerged mycelial culture of Lentinus strigosus (Schwein.) Fr. (Family Polyporaceae) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. In a dose-dependent study, diabetic rats were treated with EPS at doses of 50-150 mg/kg of body weight for 7 days. Serum glucose and plasma insulin levels were measured in normal, STZ-induced diabetic, and EPS-treated diabetic rats. Following oral administration of EPS dosages for 7 days, the serum glucose levels in the STZ-induced diabetic rats were reduced up to 21.1% at the dose of 150 mg/kg of body weight. The results revealed that orally administered L. strigosus EPS, at the dose of 150 mg/kg, exhibited a considerable hypoglycemic effect in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Plasma insulin levels of STZ-induced diabetic rats decreased as compared to control group rats (P < .05). Although insulin levels slightly increased in the EPS-treated groups the increase was not statistically significant. The hypoglycemic potential of the EPS was further supported by histological observations of pancreatic islets of Langerhans.     

Metabolic effects of a low-glycemic-index diet

Six healthy male volunteers underwent 2-wk metabolically controlled high-glycemic-index (GI) and low-GI diets in random order. Over the low-GI diet significant reductions were seen in serum fructosamine (7.0 +/- 1.0%, p less than 0.01), 12-h blood glucose profile (37 +/- 7%, p less than 0.01), and total serum cholesterol (15 +/- 3%, p less than 0.01). As a measure of insulin secretion, 24-h urinary C-peptide levels were 32 +/- 10% lower (p less than 0.05) after the low-GI than after the high-GI diet. Lower C-peptide levels were maintained after a standard carbohydrate challenge after the low-GI diet despite higher blood glucose levels. Differences in blood glucose were not seen after a 5-g intravenous glucose challenge. These results are of interest with respect to the effect that prolonged postprandial reductions in nutrient fluxes and insulin secretion may have on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and renal function.     

蚕蛹提取物对糖尿病大鼠血糖和血脂水平的影响

目的观察蚕蛹提取物对糖尿病（SD）大鼠血糖和血脂的影响。方法用高脂高糖饲料及链脲佐菌素建立糖尿病大鼠模型，分别给模型组大鼠灌喂不同剂量的蚕蛹提取物。给药6w后，测定血脂水平，血糖值。结果（1）实验第10W末，蚕蛹提取物治疗各剂量组大鼠血清甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）水平均显著低于糖尿病模型组，这些变化一直持续至12W末实验结束。（2）第10W末，治疗中、高剂量组的大鼠血清HDL-C水平，与模型组相比，显著升高。而治疗低剂量组的HDL-C与模型组间尤显著性差异。（3）蚕蛹提取物治疗各剂量组大鼠血糖显著性降低，并且高剂量组的降糖作用更明显。结论蚕蛹提取物可以有效的降低糖尿病大鼠的血糖及血脂水平，并且在降血糖方面具有一定的剂量依赖性。     

锌、硒对糖尿病大鼠糖、脂代谢紊乱的调节及其分子机制的研究

目的　为研究锌、硒对糖尿病大鼠糖、脂代谢的影响及其分子机制。方法　于补充锌、硒前后检测各组大鼠空腹血糖、血清胰岛素及血脂 ;运用mRNA差异显示技术观察各组大鼠之间肝脏中基因表达的变化。结果　糖尿病补锌组 (DM +Zn)、糖尿病补硒组 (DM +Se)大鼠血糖水平较实验前明显降低 ;血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、动脉硬化指数明显低于糖尿病对照组 (DM) ,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇高于糖尿病对照组 ;血清胰岛素水平明显改善。分离到糖尿病补锌组、补硒组与糖尿病对照组之间出现明显差异的 4 0 0bp以上的cDNA片段 31条 ,其中在补锌组、补硒组中高表达的cDNA片段 19条 ;在糖尿病对照组中高表达的cDNA片段 12条。结论　锌、硒对糖尿病大鼠糖、脂代谢紊乱具有一定的改善作用 ;对其某些基因的表达产生了诱导或抑制作用。锌、硒对糖尿病大鼠代谢紊乱的调节作用可能与这些基因表达水平的变化有关。     

2型糖尿病合并胆石症与血胰岛素和脂类代谢的关系

目的：了解非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（NIDDM）合并胆石症患者血中胰岛素水平和脂质代谢方面的改变。方法：分别采集159例我院近3年来内分泌科门诊及住院NIDDM病人空腹和餐后2h血样，检测血清中血糖、血脂、载脂蛋白A1和B、胰岛素含量，观察比较2型糖尿病合并胆石症（103例）与不合并胆石症患者（56例）血清中相关指标的差异。结果：NIDDM合并胆石症患者以女性居多，既往高峰体质指数和血液中甘油三酯、胰岛素水平和胰岛素敏感指数、载脂蛋白A1和B、明显高于无胆石级；而年龄、病程、血糖、高密度脂蛋白与低密度脂蛋白等无显著性差异。结论：NIDDM合并胆石症可能与肥胖、高胰岛素血症和胰岛素抵抗以及脂类代谢紊乱有关。     

Alterations in the blood glucose, serum lipids and renal oxidative stress in diabetic rats by supplementation of onion (Allium cepa. Linn)

This study examined the anti-diabetic effect of onion (Allium cepa. Linn) in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into normal rats fed control diet or supplemented with onion powder (7% w/w) and diabetic rats fed control diet or supplemented with onion powder. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of STZ (60 mg/kg, ip) in citrate buffer. The animals were fed each of the experimental diet for 5 weeks. Blood glucose levels of rats supplemented with onion were lower than those of rats fed control diet in the diabetic rats. Onion also decreased the total serum lipid, triglyceride, and atherogenic index and increased HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio in the diabetic rats. Glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase activities were high in the diabetic rats compared to normal rats and reverted to near-control values by onion. These results indicate that onion decreased blood glucose, serum lipid levels and reduced renal oxidative stress in STZ-induced diabetic rats and this effect might exert the anti-diabetic effect of onion.     

铬对糖尿病大鼠糖、脂代谢及骨骼肌组织基因表达的影响

目的 :　研究铬对糖尿病大鼠糖、脂代谢及骨骼肌组织中相关基因表达的影响。方法 :　Wistar大鼠 3 2只 ,随机分成 3组 :正常对照组、糖尿病对照组、糖尿病补铬组。补铬组每日以2 0 0 μg/kg bw的铬灌胃 ,连续 6 0 d。补铬前后检测空腹血糖、血清胰岛素及血脂 ;采用 m RNA差异显示技术观察各组大鼠之间骨骼肌中基因表达的变化。结果 :　补铬组大鼠血糖水平较实验前明显降低 ;血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、动脉硬化指数明显低于糖尿病对照组 ,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇高于糖尿病对照组 ;血清胰岛素水平未见明显改善。分离到补铬组与糖尿病对照组之间出现明显差异的 40 0 bp以上的 c DNA片段 1 1条 ,其中在补铬组中高表达 ,糖尿病对照组中低表达或无表达的 c DNA片段 4条 ;在补铬组中低表达或无表达 ,糖尿病对照组中高表达的 c DNA片段 7条。结论 :　铬对糖尿病大鼠糖、脂代谢紊乱具有一定的改善作用 ;铬对骨骼肌组织中某些基因的表达产生了诱导或抑制作用。推测铬对糖尿病大鼠代谢紊乱的调节作用可能与这些基因表达水平的变化有关。     

Use of xanthan gum in dietary management of diabetes mellitus

Xanthan gum (12 g/day) was fed in muffins during either the first or second half of a 12-wk period of muffin feeding, to free-living subjects. Nine subjects were diabetic, having moderately elevated serum glucose but managing without insulin or hypoglycemic drugs, and four were nondiabetic controls. Before the study and at the end of the xanthan and xanthan-free periods, bloods were taken before and 2 h after an oral glucose load. The feeding of xanthan gum lowered fasting and postload serum glucose and reduced fasting levels of total plasma cholesterol in diabetic subjects. Xanthan gum also tended to lower fasting and postload levels of gastrin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and fasting levels of total and VLDL triglyceride and cholesterol in VLDL and LDL fractions. Subjects reported a sense of fullness after consuming xanthan muffins but no severe digestive symptoms.     

青岛地区成人血脂水平与胰岛素抵抗关系的研究

[目的]描述青岛地区不同糖代谢人群的胰岛素抵抗水平和血脂水平,探讨不同糖代谢人群胰岛素抵抗与血脂水平的关系。[方法]2006年,在青岛市抽取35岁及以上城乡居民2784人,采血检测空腹血糖（FPG）、2h负荷后血糖（2hPG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）,进行相关和回归分析。[结果]调查2784人,糖代谢正常（NGT）的占56.75%,空腹血糖受损（IFG）的占8.33%,糖耐量受损（IGT）的占16.81%,糖尿病（DM）占18.13%。不同糖代谢人群的IR、TG、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。4组人群中,TG与胰岛素抵抗（IR）均呈正相关（P〈0.01）;除DM外的其他3组,TC、LDL-C与IF也呈正相关关系（P〈0.01或〈0.05）;各组HDL-C与IR均呈负相关（P〈0.01）。校正性别、年龄、糖代谢类型后,TG、HDL-C与IR有回归关系（β为0.225和-0.394）。[结论]不同糖代谢人群中与IR关系最为密切的是TC和HDL-C。