原发性肾上腺皮质癌的诊治分析

目的总结和提高原发性肾上腺皮质癌的诊治水平。方法回顾分析16例肾上腺皮质癌患者的临床资料。根据其临床症状、内分泌功能测定、影像学特点做出诊断，手术治疗并随访。结果16例患者中，内分泌功能紊乱者8例，以库欣征、性征异常、醛固酮增多症为主。超声、CT、MRI测定肿瘤直径为4．8～19．5cm，平均7．8cm。3例有远处转移。行根治性切除术13例，侵及同侧肾脏者做肾和肾上腙切除术2例，肾上腺肿瘤并腔静脉癌栓切除2例，腔静脉部分切除1例。病理结果：Ⅰ其耳2例，Ⅱ期8例，Ⅲ期3例，Ⅳ期3例。随访3-62个月，手术2年以上的11例患者中有6例仍存活，但1例肺转移，1例骨转移；死亡5例，平均存活26个月。结论肾上腺皮质癌患者预后差。影像学检查结合临床症状是早期诊断的关键，根治性手术是惟一有效的治疗方法。     

胰腺神经内分泌癌临床诊疗六例分析

目的 探讨胰腺神经内分泌癌的临床特点、诊断及相关的治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析6例经病理证实的胰腺神经内分泌癌患者的临床资料并结合文献复习讨论.结果 6例患者中肿瘤位于胰头部3例,胰体尾部3例.6例患者均行手术治疗,其中3例行胰十二指肠经典切除术,2例行胰体尾切除+脾切除术,1例因肝脏多发转移行开腹探查术+肿瘤活检.术后病理均诊断为胰腺神经内分泌癌;肿瘤发生淋巴结转移2例,脾脏转移1例,肝脏转移1例.随访期间,1例因发生多器官转移死亡.结论 胰腺神经内分泌癌多发生于胰头部,也可见于胰体尾部,呈浸润性生长,术前诊断困难,多缺乏典型的临床表现,确诊需依赖病理检查,以手术为主的综合治疗能改善预后.     

阑尾类癌32例诊治分析

目的　探讨阑尾类癌的临床及生物学特性、诊断和手术治疗经验。方法　回顾性分析自 1978～ 1998年收治的 3 2例阑尾类癌患者临床资料。结果　本组 3 2例患者中 2 6例 ( 81 2 5 %)的症状和体征提示为阑尾炎。 6例患者 ( 18 75 %)为偶然发现。肿瘤直径 <1 0cm 2 5例 ,1 0～ 2 0cm 4例 ,>2 0cm 3例。 2 9例局限于阑尾壁内 ,2例侵犯兰尾系膜 ,1例伴局部淋巴结转移。 3例肿瘤直径 >2 0cm侵犯阑尾系膜及局部淋巴结转移 ,再次行右半结肠切除术 ,2例行盲肠切除术 ,2 7例行阑尾切除术。 2 8例患者获得随访 ,均无复发和远处转移。结论　阑尾类癌少见 ,多表现为阑尾炎的症状。阑尾根部类癌行盲肠切除术 ,<1 0cm的阑尾类癌仅作单纯阑尾切除术即可 ,1 0～ 2 0cm的阑尾类癌可行阑尾及其系膜切除术 ,>2 0cm的阑尾类癌应行右半结肠切除术     

乳头状肾细胞癌13例诊治体会

目的 探讨乳头状肾细胞癌的临床特点,提高对其诊断、治疗及预后的认识.方法 回顾性分析2001年1月至2009年1月收治的13例乳头状肾细胞癌患者的临床资料.所有患者均行超声、CT及静脉尿路造影(IVU)检查,4例行MRI检查.肿瘤直径2.6～11.0 cm,平均(6.8±2.7)cm.10例行根治性肾切除术,3例行保留肾单位手术,术后均辅以免疫治疗.结果 术后经病理证实均为乳头状肾细胞癌.13例患者均获得随访,随访时间4～42个月,平均26个月,1例于术后9个月死于脑血管意外,1例保留肾单位手术者于术后12个月局部复发,行根治性肾切除术,余均存活良好.结论 乳头状肾细胞癌是一种特殊类型的肾细胞癌,临床表现和其他类型肾癌类似,影像学和病理学方面与其他类型肾癌有所不同.早期根治性肾切除术是首选的治疗方法,预后较好.     

乳头状甲状腺微小癌65例临床分析

目的 探讨乳头状甲状腺微小癌的临床特点、诊断和治疗原则.方法 回顾性分析2003年5月至2008年5月手术治疗的65例乳头状甲状腺微小癌患者的临床资料.结果 本组病例术后均经病理证实为乳头状甲状腺微小癌,肿瘤直径0.13～0.96 cm,全部施行甲状腺癌根治术,其中12例(18.5%)有中央区淋巴结转移,无颈侧淋巴结转移病例.术后出现暂时性手足发麻7例,声音嘶哑2例,无围手术期死亡病例.术后随访4～63个月,未发现复发及转移病例.结论 乳头状甲状腺微小癌术前确诊困难,根治性手术切除+内分泌抑制治疗是最主要的治疗方法,预后好.     

肾上腺外嗜铬细胞瘤31例临床分析

目的探讨肾上腺外嗜铬细胞瘤的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析31例肾上腺外嗜铬细胞瘤患者的临床资料。临床表现高血压27例,间歇性肉眼血尿3例,体检发现3例。24小时尿VMA阳性率87．0％（27／31）,血、尿儿茶酚胺阳性率80．7％（25／31）;B超、CT定位诊断率分别为90．3％（28／31）及96．5％（29／30）,MRI检查7例,均准确定住。28例行开放手术切除肿瘤,3例经腹腔镜切除肿瘤。结果肿瘤位于肾门区域11例,肾下极区3例,下腔静脉后方2例,腹主动脉和下腔静脉之间5例,腹主动脉前方肠系膜根部2例,膀胱壁3例,多发5例。手术切除瘤体直径2cm-13cm。随访8个月-12年。27例高血压患者术后血压正常25例,仍有高血压2例,恶性嗜铬细胞瘤9例,术后1年内均复发、转移,死亡4例,2例经131I间位碘代苄胍（MIBG）治疗后荷瘤生存。结论肾上腺外嗜铬细胞瘤主要依据临床表现、生化定性检查及影像学定位检查获得诊断。手术切除肿瘤是最佳治疗方法,术前;隹备极为重要,术后应长期观察是否复发和转移。     

经腹全胃切除P型空肠袢代胃术治疗贲门部癌

目的　探讨治疗贲门癌手术入路新方法及不同胃切除范围的的综合疗效。方法　自 1992 -0 1～ 2 0 0 2 -0 1共经腹手术治疗贲门癌 78例 ,其中全胃切除P型空肠袢代胃术 3 0例 ,近端胃大部切除术 48例 ,术后随访时间 6个月～ 5年。结果　切除肿瘤上方食管 >5cm ,切缘无癌残留 ,清除的纵隔下部淋巴结转移率达 18 4%。全胃组 5年存活率大于近侧胃大部切除术组 ,返流性食管炎发生率明显低于近侧胃大部切除术组。结论　对Ⅲ期肿瘤患者或Ⅱ期发现No5、6组淋巴结有转移者应行根治性全胃切除术 ,P型空肠袢代胃术符合生理要求 ,并发症少。经腹手术安全彻底 ,但有一定的适应症     

原发性精囊癌的诊断和治疗(附4例报告)

目的 探讨原发性精囊癌的临床表现、诊断及治疗.方法 回顾性分析4例原发性精囊癌患者的临床症状、体征、检查结果、手术方案及术后治疗.1例行双侧精囊连同膀胱、前列腺、直肠根治性切除术.2例行精囊、部分膀胱、前列腺切除术.1例行精囊、膀胱、前列腺、输尿管下段、直肠前壁切除术及回肠膀胱术.结果 2例患者术后随访5年未见复发与转移,1例术后2年死于结肠癌,1例术后随访3个月未见复发与转移.结论 原发性精囊癌的临床表现为血精或血尿,下尿路梗阻症状,大便性状与次数的改变,早期症状不明显,患者血清中前列腺特异抗原(PSA)、CEA阴性,细胞角蛋白(CK)阳性.治疗主要根据肿瘤侵及的范围采取相应的手术方式予以切除,术后应加以联合化疗.     

机器人辅助腹腔镜肾上腺部分切除术治疗肾上腺肿瘤(附11例报道)

目的 探讨机器人辅助腹腔镜肾上腺部分切除术治疗肾上腺肿瘤的可行性及疗效.方法 回顾11例完成机器人辅助腹腔镜肾上腺部分切除术患者的临床资料,统计手术情况、术后并发症及随访情况.结果 11例患者中男6例、女5例,右侧5例、左侧6例,有高血压病史8例,其中2例合并低钾血症;手术均获得成功,平均手术时间111.36±31.39 min,平均失血量45±36.81 mL,平均住院时间5.45±1.36d,术后无严重并发症发生.术后8例高血压患者血压均好转,2例低血钾患者血钾均恢复正常水平.术后病理:嗜铬细胞瘤1例,髓质脂肪瘤1例,其余9例均为肾上腺皮质腺瘤.术后3月随访复查CT,未见肿瘤复发.结论 机器人辅助腹腔镜肾上腺部分切除术既保留部分肾上腺功能,又完整切除肿瘤,具有视野好,手术精准度高,手术疗效好的优点,是治疗肾上腺肿瘤安全有效的新方法.术后局部复发率低,但仍需长期随访数据.     

膀胱颈口附近膀胱癌25例手术治疗的体会

目的 探讨膀胱颈口附近膀胱癌的治疗体会.方法 回顾性分析1997年3月～2005年12月经手术治疗的25例膀胱颈口附近膀胱癌患者的临床及随访资料.表浅性膀胱癌18例.行经尿道切除术13例,膀胱部分切除术4例,经尿道切除加膀胱部分切除术1例.浸润性膀胱癌7例,行根治性膀胱切除术4例,膀胱部分切除术2例,经尿道切除术1例.结果 随访16～96个月,平均61.3个月.表浅性膀胱癌术后复发4例,再行经尿道切除术后第2次复发1例;浸润性膀胱癌术后死于癌转移2例,复发2例.结论 膀胱颈口附近膀胱癌治疗应根据肿瘤大小、部位、分级、分期合理地拟订出手术方案才能提高疗效.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.