肱骨干骨折顺行与逆行髓内针固定的病例 对照研究

目的：比较肱骨干骨折顺行与逆行髓内针固定的疗效。方法：入选1999年3月至2006年10月间有完整随访资料的肱骨干骨折105例,分为顺行髓内针组（A组）82例,逆行髓内针组（B组）23例。对两组的手术时间、术中出血量、并发症发生率、骨折愈合时间、骨折愈合率、Constant—Murley肩关节功能评分和Mayo肘关节功能评分等指标进行比较。结果：随访时间平均（31．2±20．9）个月。两组的手术时间、骨折愈合时间、愈合率及并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。B组术中出血量大于A组（P=0．002）。A组有4例（4．9％）不愈合,8例（9．8％）发生肩痛伴肩关节活动度减小,B组3例（13．0％）术中发生医源性骨折。A组肩关节功能评分低于B组（P=0．04）,肘关节功能评分两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：顺行与逆行髓内针固定均是治疗肱骨干骨折的有效方法,但逆行髓内针固定医源性骨折发生率较高,应正确选择和制备髓内针入点。顺行髓内针固定有较高的肩痛和肩关节活动度减小的并发症发生率,注意将髓内针尾埋于肩袖下方,细致保护和修复肩袖,术后进行合理的康复练习,有利于减少肩痛和改善肩关节功能。     

闭合复位带锁髓内钉适宜治疗合并桡神经损伤的肱骨干骨折吗?

目的探讨肱骨干骨折合并的桡神经损伤是否会因为带锁髓内钉置入时的闭合复位操作而导致神经损伤的加重。方法2002年1月～2005年1月手术治疗的353例肱骨干骨折患者中,63例术前合并桡神经损伤。对此63例患者的体检、手术记录、X线片及治疗结果进行回顾性分析。11例行闭合复位带锁髓内钉固定；52例行切开复位内固定术及桡神经探查术,应用PEMS 3．1版本的卡方检验对11例行闭合复位带锁髓内钉固定术的患者与19例可以采用带锁髓内钉固定但行切开复位内固定术及桡神经探查术的患者桡神经恢复情况进行统计学分析。结果52例行切开复位内固定术及桡神经探查术的患者中,9例(17．3%)桡神经被骨折端嵌压,其余43例均为桡神经挫伤。63例患者中,除2例外,桡神经损伤均于术后2～12周(平均8周)自行恢复。所有患者术后3～4个月获骨性愈合。闭合复位带锁髓内钉术与切开复位内固定及神经探查术对肱骨干骨折合并桡神经损伤患者的影响差异无显著性意义(P=0．3931)。结论闭合复位带锁髓内钉固定治疗合并桡神经损伤的肱骨干骨折患者是适宜的。     

逆行穿带锁髓内针治疗新鲜肱骨干骨折

目的 总结使用逆行穿带锁髓内针治疗肱骨干骨折的临床经验以提高肱骨干骨折的治疗水平。方法 1999年2月－2000年6月使用逆行穿带锁髓内针的方法治疗肱骨干新鲜骨折32例,骨折均为闭合型,手术采用从鹰嘴窝上向近端逆行穿针法。结果 32例3个月时全部骨性愈合,肩肘关节活动恢复95％以上。1例出现术后桡神经麻痹。结论 逆行穿针避免了对肩袖的干扰,髓内针能有效地稳定骨折,软组织进一步破坏小,肩肘关节功能恢复快。     

Humeral nailing revisited

Unreamed interlocked humeral nailing for stabilisation of acute humeral fractures was introduced a decade ago. Antegrade and retrograde nail insertion are equally popular. The role of nailing as opposed to plating of humeral fractures is the subject of continuous debate. Between 1997 and 2005, 99 acute fractures of the humeral shaft were treated operatively with the unreamed humeral nail (UHN, Synthes) in our Level I Trauma Centre. The mean age of the patients was 63 years. Only eight patients (8.1%) were polytraumatised, nine patients had an open fracture (9.1%), five had a primary radial nerve palsy (5.1%). There were 54 antegrade and 45 retrograde nailings. The procedures were performed by 19 different surgeons, who carefully followed a detailed operation protocol. There were 6 adverse events: 3 secondary radial nerve palsies (3%), 2 fissures at the insertion point (2%) and one false placement of a locking screw (1%). Three patients developed pseudarthrosis (3%). Eight further operation were necessary (8.1%): 3 exploration of the radial nerve, 3 for treatment of pseudarthrosis, one replacement of a locking screw and one wound revision for superficial wound infection. Ninety patients (92 fractures) were evaluated after bone healing. Shoulder function was assessed using the Constant Score, elbow function with the Mayo Elbow Score. 91.3% and 5.4% of patients had an excellent or good shoulder function, 81.5% and 14.1% had an excellent or good elbow function. All patients with a functional deficit of the shoulder joint had antegrade, all patients with a deficit at the elbow joint retrograde nailing. Motor function recovered in all radial nerve palsies. 93.5% of patients had an excellent or good functional end result.Unreamed humeral nailing is a valid therapeutic option for stabilisation of acute humeral shaft fractures. Antegrade and retrograde nailing are associated with specific but different complications. By strictly adhering to the operation technique, the number and severity of complications can be reduced. When good fracture alignment and stability are obtained, uneventful bone healing with good functional outcome is the rule.     

Association of hyperglycemia with increased mortality after severe burn injury

OBJECTIVE: To assess results of exchange nailing in nonunion after intramedullary (IM) nailing of humeral shaft fractures. METHODS: This was a retrospective study; 24 patients with nonunion after IM nailing of humeral shaft fractures were reviewed. In 13 cases, nonunion was treated using exchange nailing, and 11 patients were treated nonoperatively. Union was assessed from radiographs. Shoulder joint symptoms and function were assessed after a mean 4.7 years' follow-up using Constant-Murley scoring and self-administered questionnaires devised by L'Insalata et al. RESULTS: Single or repeated exchange nailing resulted in union in 6 of 13 patients. Shoulder joint function was satisfactory (mean Constant-Murley score of 72) for those patients whose fracture eventually united and poor (mean Constant-Murley score of 39) for those left with nonunion. CONCLUSION: Exchange nailing results in a poor union rate in nonunion after IM nailing of humeral shaft fractures. Permanent nonunion of the humeral shaft leaves the patient with severe disability.     

Retrograde intramedullary nailing in humeral fractures with new implants. Analyse of 120 consecutive cases

Summary Since 1993, 120 fractures of the humerus were treated by retrograde unreamed nailing. Operations were performed on simple, complex, compound and pathological fractures of the proximal three quarter of the humerus. On the proximal humerus, displaced two-part-fractures and occasionally three- or four-part-fractures were stabilized. In 110 cases a prototype of an unreamed humeral nail with deployable fins for proximal locking was employed. In another ten cases the new solid interlocking nail of the AO/ASIF was used. The operative procedure, rehabilitation program, complications and functional and radiological results are presented. Retrograde nailing offers a high patient comfort and good functional results (Constant-Score on average 87 % of the opposite side). Complications were nail migration (8.3 %), instability (3.8 %), nonunions (5.8 %) and iatrogenic fractures (5.8 %). Patients with high grade osteoporosis, small proximal fragments and poor compliance have an increased rate of complications.      

逆行置入交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折

目的　总结临床采用逆行置入交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折的经验。方法　采用 AO的专用钻头在鹰嘴窝上约 2 cm处钻孔 ,确定和准备进针入点 ,由肘向肩逆行置入 AO的非扩髓交锁髓内钉的方法治疗闭合性肱骨干骨折 15例。结果　 15例骨折在 3个月内全部骨性愈合 (8～ 12周 ) ,15例肩关节活动度于术后 3个月时已达正常对侧的 95 % ,肘关节活动度达正常的 85 %。有 2例病人肘关节活动度伸直较健侧相差 2 0°,拔钉后功能锻炼 1个月后恢复良好。结论　逆行置入交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折 ,避免了对肩袖的干扰 ,固定牢靠 ,肩肘关节功能恢复快 ,二期拆除内固定简便 ,是治疗肱骨干骨折的有效方法     

可膨胀髓内钉和交锁髓内钉在胫骨干骨折治疗中的比较

目的 对可膨胀髓内钉和交锁髓内钉在胫骨骨折治疗中的相关因素进行比较分析。方法 2004年6月至2005年10月间，收治胫骨干骨折57例，42例行交锁髓内钉固定，15例行可膨胀髓内钉固定。对两组病例的手术时间、术中出血量、术中透视时间、术后并发症、骨折愈合时间进行比较。结果 两组在手术时间、术中出血量、术中透视时间、骨折愈合时间等方面差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），在术后并发症上无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。因此可膨胀髓内钉组在多方面均优于交锁髓内钉组。结论 可膨胀髓内钉具有操作方便、创伤小、愈合快等优点，但费用昂贵，适应症较窄。     

旋入式自锁髓内针逆行导入法治疗肱骨干骨折的疗效分析

目的 探讨旋人式自锁髓内针治疗眩骨干骨折的优点及手术方法。方法 采用切开复位旋人式自锁髓内针逆行导人方法治疗15例肱骨干骨折。结果 随访15例，其中14例完全骨性愈合，1例骨折延迟愈合，13例肩关节功能恢复正常，无疼痛，2例肩关节外展上举功能受限。结论 旋入式自锁髓内针逆行导人法治疗肱骨干骨折，其操作简单，创伤小，疗效可靠。     

Clinical results of the primary fixation of open tibial fractures treated with the unreamed AO/ASIF tibial nail

Summary From 04/91 to 06/96 sixty-nine open fractures of the tibia were primarily treated on the day of the accident with unreamed nailing (UTN, Synthes™). The distributions of fracture type according to the AO classification and of soft tissue injury according to Gustilo were as follows: fracture type: A: 28 %, B: 52 %, C: 20 %; soft tissue injury: I: 30 %, II: 28 %, IIIA: 12 %, IIIB: 12 %, IIIC: 6 %. Of the 65 fractures assessed 46 (71 %) healed within 18 weeks without secondary intervention. There was delayed healing in three fractures requiring secondary conversion to reamed nailing. Eight fractures (12 %) developed pseudarthrosis of which five (8 %) healed uneventfully. Deep infections was manifest in four fractures (6 %). Three of these infections developed after secondary intervention to treat pseudarthrosis. Seven of the eight pseudarthroses and three of the four infections healed eventually. Revision procedures were necessary in 11 patients (17 %) to deal with disturbed fracture healing or infection (10 reamed nailing procedures, three cancellous bone grafts, and one of each of the following: sequestrectomy, fibular osteotomy, plate fixation, external fixator, monorail procedure). The results show that the same good infection rates were achieved for the UTN as for the external fixator. The advantages of the UTN are, however, a lesser need for secondary intervention and greater patient comfort. Therefore, we find the UTN to be a good alternative to the external fixator in the treatment of open fractures with severe soft tissue damage.      

肱骨逆行带锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折体会

目的 用逆行带锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折.方法 我院采用肱骨逆行带锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折26例,男15例,女11例;年龄19～56岁,平均年龄32岁.结果 骨折固定满意,未发生桡神经损伤.结论 用逆行带锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折,可有效避免医源性桡神经损伤,值得推广.     

Interlocking nailing with the Seidel nail in fractures of the humeral diaphysis in Paget's disease: a report on two cases

Three diaphyseal humeral fractures in two patients with polyostotic Paget's disease are presented. Two fractures were treated with closed intramedullary interlocking nailing using the Seidel nail, with good results.     

交锁髓内钉手术治疗肱骨干骨折

目的介绍采用交锁髓内钉手术治疗肱骨干骨折。方法自1999年1月～2003年1月采用交锁髓内钉(远端不交锁)治疗肱骨干骨折36例。男28例，女8例；年龄19～59岁，平均38岁。AO分型，A型24例，B型11例，C型1例，均采用闭合复位、顺行插钉技术，远端不交锁，术后第2天肩肘带保护下开始功能锻炼，不采用其它外固定。结果随访26例，随访时间3～38个月，平均20个月，所有病例伤口Ⅰ／甲愈合，骨折无延迟愈合及不愈合。平均愈合时间9周，术后肩肘关节功能恢复良好。结论交锁髓内钉是治疗肱骨干骨折较好方法，远端可不交锁。     

可膨胀髓内钉治疗四肢长骨骨折

[目的]探讨可膨胀髓内钉Fixion^TM系统治疗长管状骨骨折的临床应用效果。[方法]自2004年9月．2006年1月，共30例患者采用Fixion^TM可膨胀髓内钉系统（Disco-O-tech Herzliya，lsreal）进行治疗；所有患者均为外伤引起的四肢长管状骨骨折，其中男17例，女12例，年龄22—82岁；开放性骨折1例，骨不连患者1例；股骨转子间骨折7例，股骨干骨折9例，肱骨骨折7例，胫骨骨折7例。可膨胀自锁髓内钉（IM）18例，可膨胀交锁髓内钉（IL）5例，股骨近端髓内钉（PF）7例。一般术后10d允许患者部分负重，若负重时患者骨折处出现明显疼痛应推迟。[结果]本组30例伤口全部I期愈合，手术时间30～140min，平均65min，术中出血50～1200ml，平均300ml。30例患者全部获得随防，随访时间12～72周，平均40周。术后根据临床和影像学平均愈合时间为：股骨转子间骨折11周，股骨干骨折12．2周，胫骨干骨折13周，肱骨骨折11周。其中1例为肱骨干骨折术后骨不连，再次手术后3个月，骨折处骨痂形成。[结论]可膨胀髓内钉应力分布均匀，避免了应力遮挡效应；一般无需扩髓和锁钉．减少了创伤和手术时间，医生和患者接受的X线剂量少和感染率低；轴相弹性动力化固定，加快了骨折愈合时间，避免了交锁髓内钉2次动力化手术给病人带来肉体和精神上的痛苦等。临床初步应用疗效满意，为长管状骨骨折的治疗提供一种新型的理念和固定技术，在掌握好适应证、正确操作的前提下，采用Fixion^TM可膨胀髓内钉系统治疗长管状骨骨折有可能获得较传统交锁髓内钉更好的效果。     

Influence of primary plate-osteosynthesis of femur fractures on complications in multiple trauma patients with or without thoracic injuries

Summary Primary intramedullary nailing of femoral fractures is well known to increase the risk of pulmonary complications, especially in multiple-trauma patients with severe thoracic injuries. Aim of this study was to investigate the influence of primary plate ostesynthesis of femur fractures on maior complications after trauma. This retrospective study based on the records of 325 multiple trauma patients (Injury severity score ISS > 18, no letal brain injury, age 16–65). According to the abbreviated injury scale of the Thorax (AIS T) patients were divided in groups without (AIS T < 3, “N”) or with relevant thoracic injury (AIS T > = 3, “T”). Both groups were additionally divided in subgroups without severe trauma to the extremities (AIS E< 3, “0”) or primary plate-osteosynthesis of femur fractures (< 24 h, “I”). 4 groups were performed: N0 (n = 39, ISS 25 ± 1, pneumonia 10 %, ARDS 5 %, lethality 10 %); NI (n = 55, ISS 27 ± 1, pneumonia 4 %, ARDS 5 %, lethality 4 %); T0 (n = 137, ISS 28 ± 1, pneumonia 21 %, ARDS 15 %, lethality 16 %); TI (n = 94, ISS 31 ± 1, pneumonia 21 %, ARDS 17 %, lethality 15 %). Primary plate-osteosynthesis of femur fractures did not increase lethality or incidence of pulmonary complications in patients with or without severe thoracic injuries. Also complication rate after primary plate-osteosynthesis was less compared to published results after intramedullary nailing. For this, primary plate-osteosynthesis is recommendable in case of multiple trauma with thoracic injuries.      

Operative treatment of humeral shaft fractures. Comparison of plating and intramedullary nailing

Plate and screw fixation (PSF) has always been the more common surgical treatment of humeral shaft fractures. However, intramedullary nailing (IMN) of the humerus has gained in popularity over the last two decades. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of plate fixation versus intramedullary nailing of midshaft humeral fractures. The study included 91 patients treated at the department of Trauma Surgery of the University hospital of Leuven; 42 fractures had been treated by plate fixation and 49 by IM nailing. Union, functional outcome, possible complications and the need for additional surgery were compared between the IMN and PSF group. No significant difference in terms of fracture union and functional recovery was noted between the two groups. There were four cases of postoperative radial nerve palsy in the PSF group, versus two in the IMN group (non significant difference). A significantly larger number of patients with restrictive pain and/or functional hindrance in the shoulder or elbow was noted in the IMN group (p = 0.0053). Problems with osteosynthesis material occurred as often in the PSF group as in the IMN group. One patient developed wound infection at the shoulder after antegrade nailing. A significantly larger number of complications was seen in the IMN group than in the PSF group (p = 0.05). A reoperation was necessary in 143% of the PSF patients and 163% of the IMN patients (non significant difference). In this retrospective study, IMN did not achieve better results than PSF of humeral midshaft fractures and was associated with more postoperative complications. Based on these findings, we suggest that plating of humeral shaft fractures should be considered as the primary treatment for all surgical indications, except for some open fractures requiring temporary external fixation, pathological fractures, humeral shaft fractures in morbidly obese and osteopenic patients, and large segmental fractures of the humerus.     

Plating of humeral shaft fractures--has the pendulum swung back?

We reviewed 49 patients following plate osteosynthesis of humeral shaft fractures. There were no complications as a result of surgery. Union occurred in 47 patients (96%) at a mean of 9 weeks. Two patients required secondary procedures to achieve union. All patients had full range of motion in the elbow and shoulder joints following union. In the light of the popularisation of intramedullary nailing techniques in the last decade, with recognised complications of iatrogenic radial nerve injury, inadequate rotational stabilisation, non-union and shoulder impingement, we advocate plating of humeral shaft fractures as the surgical treatment of choice.     

TriGen肱骨钉治疗肱骨干骨折的临床应用

目的探讨TriGen肱骨钉治疗肱骨干骨折的疗效。方法采用顺行TriGen肱骨钉治疗新鲜闭合肱骨干骨折患者24例。结果患者均获随访,时间4～18个月,骨折均愈合。肩关节功能按Neer评分标准进行评价:优20例,良3例,可1例。优良率为95.8%(23/24)。无桡神经损伤、切口感染及骨不连发生。结论TriGen肱骨钉治疗肱骨干骨折,能提供足够的稳定性,可早期功能锻炼,近期临床疗效满意,尤其适合粉碎性或骨质较差的肱骨干骨折。     

Retrograde intramedullary nailing for humeral shaft fractures in adults. Evaluation of anatomical and functional results in 63 cases

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Many methods have been proposed for treatment of displaced humeral shaft fractures in adults. This study was designed to evaluate the anatomical and functional results of patients treated by retrograde intramedullary nailing through the lateral condyle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-three fresh traumatic fractures of the humerus were treated between January 2000 and January 2003. Five patients were lost to follow-up. The AO classification and the Hackethal classification modified by De La Caffinière were used. Outcome was assessed according to the modified Stewart and Hundey classification. RESULTS: We had 23 very good results, 26 good results, five passable results and four bad results. The bad results were three cases of non-union and one case with poor function (stiffness of elbow and shoulder). Mean delay to union was ten weeks four days. There were no cases of iatrogenic radial nerve palsy or pin migration. CONCLUSION: Retrograde intramedullary nailing is a reliable method, easy to perform and of low economic cost. We propose it for all types of displaced shaft humeral fractures.     

Functional long-term outcome of the shoulder after antegrade intramedullary nailing in humeral diaphyseal fractures

Intramedullary nailing is one of the most commonly used surgical treatments for humeral diaphyseal fractures. Once an intramedullary fixation technique has been selected, the choice between antegrade or retrograde approach remains controversial. Forty patients with humeral diaphyseal fracture treated with Seidel antegrade intramedullary nailing through an "danterior deltoid incision" (ADI) were evaluated after an average period of 62 months. Clinical and functional evaluation of the shoulder was performed using the Constant Score. Results were excellent in 33 patients, good in 5 and acceptable in 2. Radiological assessment was performed using antero-posterior (AP) and latero-lateral (LL) radiographs of the humerus and AP and Neer radiographs of the shoulder. Radiographic findings demonstrated good consolidation of all fractures; nail and locking proximal screw malpositioning were detected in 2 cases (2 patients with acceptable results). The positive results obtained for shoulder function correlate with patient age and demonstrate that antegrade intramedullary nailing is a valid option for the treatment of humeral diaphyseal fractures, as long as it is performed through ADI access and with the appropriate surgical technique. Surgical technical errors will lead to functional problems of the shoulder, which in some cases will not be completely eliminated even after nail removal.