自体骨移植术中引导骨再生技术的应用研究

目的:比较单纯块状自体骨移植与自体骨 GBR技术水平骨增量效果.方法:20 例上颌前牙区牙槽嵴骨量不足的患者进行了牙槽嵴骨增量手术,其中8 例患者仅采用下颌骨颏部供骨Onlay植骨(A组),12患者采用自体骨移植 GBR技术(B组).骨增量后牙槽嵴的厚度分别在术后即刻以及术后4~6 月进行了测量.结果:2 组患者皆在术后4~6月出现了移植骨的吸收,A组患者出现的骨吸收较B组患者更为明显(P<0.01).结论:自体骨移植 GBR技术骨增量效果明显优于单纯的自体骨移植.     

小切口自体髂骨骨松质修复牙槽嵴裂及口鼻瘘的临床研究

目的：分析小切口自体髂骨骨松质修复牙槽嵴裂的手术方法及影响植骨成功的因素。方法：对同一术者所行牙槽嵴裂植骨术的唇腭裂患者22例进行临床研究，所有患者均有术前及术后6个月以上的完整资料。探讨植骨区X线影像的临床分级与手术年龄、手术类型、裂隙类型类型等的关系。结果：植入骨成活率95.8％，临床成功率为91.7％；（2）18岁以上年龄组、完全性唇腭裂组、双侧唇腭裂组患者植骨的临床成功率相对较低；（3）本组病例均采用小切口，以骨移植用圆筒形取骨器切取髂骨骨松质，局部创伤小，术后疼痛轻。结论：以骨移植用圆筒形取骨器通过小切口自体髂骨骨松质是进行牙槽嵴裂植骨的一种良好方法。（2）良好植骨床的形成和植骨区无张力的严密缝合是保证牙槽嵴裂植骨成功的关键；植骨时机是植骨成功是否的重要因素；（3）牙槽嵴裂的植骨效果与手术年龄、裂隙类型、裂侧类型等有关。     

不同年龄组牙槽嵴裂植骨术后牙槽嵴高度的临床观察

目的：评价在不同年龄阶段髂骨松质骨移植修复牙槽嵴裂术后植入骨的变化情况。方法：根据牙槽嵴裂患者裂隙侧尖牙萌出情况，将其分为A、B两组，通过牙槽嵴裂植骨术后临床随访和拍摄X线，追踪观察植骨区牙槽嵴高度的变化。结果：尖牙萌出前植骨优于尖牙萌出后植骨，术后正畸可增高牙槽嵴的高度。结论：牙萌出可增高牙槽嵴裂患者植骨术后牙槽嵴的高度。     

应用下颌隆突进行牙槽嵴增量和上颌窦提升：病例报告

本文报道了应用下颌隆突作为自体骨移植的供骨源进行牙槽嵴增量和上颌窦提升植骨．使种植体获得理想的植入位置。1例伴有双侧下颌舌侧隆突患者需要修复缺失的上颌磨牙和下颌前磨牙。两个缺失牙区域的牙槽嵴均存在骨量不足，种植前需要进行骨移植。下颌隆突被用于下颌牙槽嵴的侧方增量以及为增加上颌牙槽嵴垂直高度而进行的上颔窦提升。植骨术后6个月，两个植骨区均可见足够的新骨形成。植骨区新形成的骨质形态与正常骨质相一致。种植体成功植入并负重，美观和功能得到恢复。通过本病例的观察，下颌隆突可用于牙槽嵴增量和上颌窦提升。但是下颌隆突作为自体骨移植的供骨源，其疗效尚有待进一步的临床研究。     

剩余骨高度<4 mm上颌窦经牙槽嵴提升不植骨的可行性研究

上颌后牙区由于拔牙后骨吸收导致牙槽嵴高度降低常需要上颌窦提升,传统观念认为骨高度4 mm以下的后牙区无法使用经牙槽嵴上颌窦提升.由于不使用骨材料上颌窦提升的成功以及经牙槽嵴上颌窦提升的优势,近年不断有学者挑战低剩余骨高度的不植骨经牙槽嵴提升并取得良好效果.本文旨在对剩余骨高度<4 mm不植骨进行上颌窦经牙槽嵴提升的现状...     

胫骨修复牙槽裂的应用研究

以自体骨松质作为骨源修复牙槽裂有其特有的优势,目前被用于临床及研究中的自体骨骨源主要有髂骨、肋骨、腓骨、胫骨、颅骨、颧骨和颏突等。近年来,许多学者对采用胫骨的骨松质修复牙槽裂进行了大量的临床和基础研究,包括获取骨松质的方法、部位、采用何种器械等,同时比较了采用胫骨作为骨源修复牙槽裂与采用其他较常用的骨源所产生的术后并发症。本文就近年采用胫骨骨松质作为牙槽裂修复的研究情况作一综述。     

自体松质骨支持引导组织再生膜重建牙槽嵴的初步临床研究

目的:观察自体松质骨结合引导组织再生膜技术重建牙槽嵴的临床效果。方法:小切口微创取自体髂骨松质骨粒移植于牙槽嵴表面,上方覆盖聚四氟乙烯引导膜,为6例患者修复萎缩或缺损的牙槽嵴,分别在术前,术后1周,12周进行临床检查、测量重建高度或宽度,作X线检查,并对1例患者12周时的再生骨行组织学检查,观察临床重建效果。结果:牙槽嵴形态以及骨量较手术前得到明显改善,12周时6例牙槽嵴平均增宽,增高4.20 mm,X线检查表明术后植骨区骨组织量增多、骨密度较术前更致密;术后12周植骨部位组织学表现为排列不规则的板层新生骨,可见大量的成骨细胞突起。结论:自体松质骨移植与膜引导组织骨再生技术联合增高牙槽嵴取得满意疗效,值得推广应用。     

颧牙槽嵴区域骨密质厚度的锥形束CT测量分析

目的通过锥形束CT（CBCT）测量成年人与青少年的颧牙槽嵴区域骨密质厚度,评价两者的差异,为临床中微种植支抗钉在颧牙槽嵴的应用提供参考。方法采集30例患者口腔颌面部CBCT扫描数据,其中成年人、青少年各15例。分别测量颧牙槽嵴区域颊侧不同层面基准线（上颌第一磨牙近中颊尖顶所在水平线）上方13、15、17mm处骨密质厚度,并对测量数据进行统计源分析。结果成年人颧牙槽嵴区域骨密质厚度为（1．91±0．54）～（2．62±0．74）mm。在3个测量高度上,上颌第一、二磨牙间骨密质最厚,第一磨牙近颊根上方骨密质最薄。青少年颧牙槽嵴区域骨密质厚度为（1．30±0．51）～（3．08±1．01）mm。在不同测量高度上,上颌第二前磨牙与第一磨牙间骨密质最厚,最薄处则位于第二磨牙近颊根上方或第一磨牙远颊根上方。结论就骨密质厚度而言,成年人颧牙槽嵴区域微种植支抗钉的最佳植入点位于上颌第一、二磨牙间,青少年颧牙槽嵴区域微种植支抗钉的最佳植入点位于上颌第二前磨牙与第一磨牙间。成年人与青少年颧牙槽嵴区域各位点骨密质厚度均可为微种植支抗钉的稳定性提供了保障。     

骨诱导活性材料在修复牙槽突裂中的临床研究

目的研究骨诱导活性材料（OAM）修复牙槽突裂骨缺损的可行性和可靠性。方法将27例年龄9～20岁的单侧牙槽突裂患者分为试验组和对照组,试验组（12例）采用OAM进行牙槽突裂修复,对照组（15例）采用自体髂骨质松质进行牙槽突裂移植修复。术后6个月,采用CT扫描及三维重建方法观察牙槽突裂重建情况,比较2种材料修复牙槽突裂骨缺损的效果。结果术后6个月,2组患者各有2例植骨失败,其余患者牙槽突连续性均得到恢复,未萌尖牙向植骨区移动并萌出。2组患者植骨成功率之间的差异无统计学意义（P＝1.000）。结论OAM修复牙槽突裂有明显的成骨作用且不阻碍尖牙的正常萌出,其成骨效果与自体髂骨骨松质修复效果相似。     

口腔修复膜与自体髂骨联合移植在牙槽嵴裂植骨中的临床观察

目的：观察9～12岁单侧牙槽嵴裂具恒牙阻萌者,自体髂骨松质骨在口腔修复膜作用下在牙槽嵴裂植骨中的应用方法和效果。方法：对9例牙槽嵴裂患者,采用自体髂骨松质骨移植同期口腔修复膜覆盖修复,术后给予临床效果评价及分别于第1周、1月、3月、6月进行x线检查。结果：7例正常愈合,2例术后1周出现牙龈缘局部裂开,1周后黏膜自愈;随访6～12月,植骨效果满意。结论：自体髂骨与胶原膜联合应用于牙槽嵴裂植骨,方法简便、成骨快、效率高,为后续治疗提供了保障。     

牙周炎患者上颌窦提升术同期牙种植的临床观察

目的：对牙周炎患者行上颌窦内提升术同期植入种植体的临床效果进行评价。方法：收集2007年7月～2013年7月因上颌后牙缺失的慢性牙周炎患者25例,行单纯上颌窦内提升术并同期植入种植体43枚,修复后随访观察6～70个月。结果：观察期内种植体总留存率97．67％,窦底提升高度≥6mm者种植体留存率为94．44％。42枚种植体成功负载,无松动或脱落。所有牙周炎患者在随访期内均未发生上颌窦炎症,曲面断层片显示种植体根尖部与窦底之间可见新骨生成,种植体周围骨整合良好,窦底提升后上颌窦底至牙槽嵴顶的骨量明显增加。种植体周围软组织健康,无炎症,牙周探诊龈沟出血指数（SBI）0—1度。结论：对剩余骨高度不足的慢性牙周炎患者,上颌窦内提升术同期植入种植体可获得满意的临床效果。     

上颌后牙区无牙位点在锥形束CT中的解剖学表现

目的 基于锥形束CT（CBCT）分析上颌后牙区无牙位点的相关骨解剖特点。方法 本项研究共选取了上颌后牙区至少有一个缺牙的100名患者的CBCT图像资料,共217个无牙位点。测量无牙位点的剩余牙槽嵴高度、剩余牙槽嵴宽度和角度A,并分析上颌窦底的形态特点。结果 平均剩余牙槽嵴高度为9.53 mm,其中小于10 mm者占62.67%（136/217）。平均剩余牙槽嵴宽度为9.30 mm,大于6 mm占91.71%（199/217）。磨牙区剩余牙槽嵴高度小于前磨牙区,剩余牙槽嵴宽度呈相反趋势。上颌窦底形态以倾斜型（64.52%）为主。角度A小于30°、30°~60°和大于60°者分别占10.14%、42.40%和47.47%。结论 上颌后牙区缺牙位点进行种植手术前,多数需行上颌窦底提升手术增加骨量,建议根据CBCT检查结果评价上颌窦解剖结构从而制定合理的种植方案。     

Particulate inlay nasal graft with immediate dental implant placement in a patient with repaired alveolar cleft: case report

Primary bone grafts in congenital cleft alveolus do not always provide sufficient bulk or height of bone for ideal placement of endosseous implants. Thus, maxillary sinus or nasal floor elevation and inlay bone grafts in previously grafted areas are not exceptions in the daily routine. This case report stresses the need of a detailed treatment plan and careful surgical management of nasal floor elevation with particulate autogenous bone graft to successfully provide the patient with osseointegrated prostheses.     

A feasibility study evaluating rhBMP-2/absorbable collagen sponge for maxillary sinus floor augmentation.

This 16-week open-label study assessed the safety and technical feasibility of implanting human recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-2 delivered on an absorbable collagen sponge (rhBMP-2/ACS) for two-stage maxillary floor sinus augmentation. This first use of rhBMP-2/ACS in human clinical maxillary sinus floor augmentation included 12 patients with inadequate bone height in the posterior maxilla. The total delivered dose of rhBMP-2 implanted varied from 1.77 to 3.40 mg per patient. The rhBMP-2/ACS device was easily handled. Significant bone growth was documented by computerized tomographic scans in all evaluable patients (11/12). The overall mean height response for the maxillary sinus floor augmentation was 8.51 mm (95% confidence interval 6.07 to 10.95). There were no serious or unexpected immunologic or adverse effects and no clinically significant changes in complete blood counts, blood chemistries, or urinalysis results. The most frequent adverse effects were facial edema, oral erythema, pain, and rhinitis. Eleven patients have received dental implants and follow-up examinations are still being conducted. Histologic examinations of core bone biopsies obtained at the time of dental implant placement confirmed the quality of the bone induced by rhBMP-2/ACS. These results tend to indicate that rhBMP-2/ACS may provide an acceptable alternative to traditional bone grafts and bone substitutes for maxillary sinus floor augmentation procedures in humans.     

Bone grafting of cleft lip and palate patients for placement of endosseous implants.

OBJECTIVE: Fixation of a prosthesis or single tooth replacement using osseointegrated implants has the potential to overcome functional and psychological inconveniences that many patients experience from such appliances. However, the dimensions of the recipient site are relatively often inadequate for implant placement. This study assessed grafting of this site with autogenous bone as a solution for the latter problem. METHODS: Ten cleft lip and palate patients had bone grafts; six had iliac crest grafts to the maxillary sinus floor (31 implants), and four had chin bone grafts to the local defect in the anterior maxilla (six implants). Implants were inserted during the grafting procedure (one patient) or after 3 months (nine patients). RESULTS: No inflammation of the bone grafts or the maxillary sinus occurred. One implant was lost during the healing phase. Four single tooth restorations, one fixed bridge, and five implant-supported overdentures were made. During the follow-up, which was 47 months (range, 28 to 65 months) in the anterior maxilla group and 56 months (range, 28 to 68 months) in the posterior maxilla group, no loss of implants was observed, and all prosthetic appliances functioned well. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that bone grafting followed by placement of dental implants can serve as a reliable alternative for conventional prosthetic rehabilitation of cleft patients.     

Osteotome sinus floor elevation and simultaneous placement of implants--a 1-year retrospective study with Astra Tech implants

Background: The bone support for implants in the posterior part of the maxilla is often poor. This condition may be treated with augmentation of the maxillary sinus floor. The most common technique used is to elevate the sinus floor by inserting a bone graft through a window opened in the lateral antral wall, although less invasive techniques with osteotomes have been used since 1994. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcome of implants placed in the posterior maxilla with the osteotome sinus floor elevation (OSFE) technique without grafting. Materials and Methods: The study population comprised 36 consecutive patients in whom 53 implants were inserted with the OSFE technique. The indication for sinus floor elevation was that the bone height below the maxillary sinus was considered to be 10 mm or less. Results: The mean height of the alveolar process in the intended implant sites was 6.3 ± 0.3 mm, and the mean elevation of the sinus floor was 4.4 ± 0.2 mm. At the 1‐year follow‐up, two implants had been lost, both in edentulous patients. The remaining 51 implants inserted were in function, giving a 1‐year cumulative survival rate of 96%. Implants used in single‐tooth replacements and in partially edentulous cases had a 100% survival rate. The mean marginal bone level at the time of loading of the implants was 0.1 ± 0.04 mm below the reference point. One year later, the corresponding value was 0.5 ± 0.06 mm. The mean bone loss between the two examinations was 0.4 ± 0.05 mm. Conclusions: The OSFE technique, without bone grafts, was found to produce predictable results in the treatment of 36 patients with restricted bone volume in the posterior part of the maxilla.     

闭合式上颌窦提升术在种植修复中的应用体会

目的 探讨闭合式上颌窦提升术在上颌后牙区骨量不足患者种植修复中的临床疗效。方法 选择我院2009年至2012年上颌后牙区20例牙槽骨高度不足种植患者,采用闭合式上颌窦提升技术,同期植入27颗种植体,随访至少12个月。选择20例条件相近病例,行开放式上颌窦提升同期种植体植入作为对照组。结果 随访期间,26枚种植体均获得了良好的骨结合,种植修复取得了较好的临床效果。1枚种植体二期手术时,被纤维组织包裹,松动。种植体成功率96.30%。实验组植入骨吸收量小于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 选择合宜的外科操作技巧,在上颌萎缩后牙区采取闭合式上颌窦提升术同期植入种植体的方法能大大缩短患者的治疗时间,取得很高的成功率以及良好的临床效果。     

上颌窦底提升不植骨同期植入种植体的临床疗效观察

目的 观察冲压式上颌窦底提升术(osteotome sinus floor elevation,OSFE)不植骨并同期植入种植体的临床疗效及技术特点.方法 自2000年1月至2008年12月对65例患者经牙槽嵴顶入路,行OSFE并同期行种植体植入术,共植入96枚种植体,手术过程中上颌窦内不植入任何骨充填材料.缺牙区牙槽骨可用骨高度为5～8 mm,平均(6.78 4±1.04)mm.观察方法 为临床和X线片检查.对种植体凸入上颌窦内不同长度、安底改建情况进行卡方检验.结果 除1例单牙种植术后15 d因种植体松动、牙龈红肿取出种植体,其余64例患者随访>5年12例,>3年14例,>2年28例,>1年lO例,平均随访33.4个月.96枚种植体中除1枚于种植15 d后松动取bm外,其余种植体均获得良好的骨结合并完成上部义齿修复,种植体周围软组织无炎症,咀嚼功能良好.种植体凸入上颌窦内1～5 mm,平均2.57 mm,51枚(54%)种植体根方有不同程度的新骨形成,33枚(35%)种植体根方形成了新的上颌窦底,11枚(12%)种植体根周末见明显新骨形成.统计分析显示,种植体凸入上颌窦内的长度与上颌窦底骨改建差异无统计学意义(x2=6.113,P=0.191).结论 应严格把握OSFE适应证;OSFE时不植骨并同期植人种植体的短期临床效果是可预期的;新的窦底形成与上颌窦底提升高度无明显相关性.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical results of osteotome sinus floor elevation(OSFE)without grafting combined with simultaneous implant placement.Methods A total of 65 patients underwent maxillary sinus floor elevation from alveolus without any bone grafting from January 2000 to December 2008 and 96 implants were placed in the maxillary posterior edentulous region simultaneously.Clinical and radiography examinations were performed.The residual bone height ranged from 5 to 8 mm and the mean bone height was(6.78±1.04)mm.The mean following period was 33.4 months.Statistical analysis was perfbrmed by chi square test.Results Ninety-five of 96 implants were clinically stable and functioned without any pain and other complaints.One implant Was extracted 15 days after operation because of mobility and the other implants obtained osseointegration.The mean implant protrusion lengh Was 2.6 mm,ranging from 1 to 5 mm.Different degree of new bone formation was observed in 51(54%)of implants.New maxillary sinus floor outline Was observed in 33(35%)of implants and there was no obvious new bone in 11(12%)of implants.There Was no significant deference between the implant protrusion length and sinus floor remodeling.Conclusions Under strict indications,the clinical results of OSFE without bone grafting combined with simultaneous implant placement were predictable in short term.The new sinus floor formation was not related to the implant protrusion length.     

上颌窦底内提升同期植入种植体的临床效果观察

目的:观察单纯上颌窦内提升术同期牙种植修复的临床效果.方法:上颌后牙区牙槽骨严重吸收的36例患者,种植区剩余牙槽骨高度为(5.9±2.1)mm,行单纯上颌窦内提升同期牙种植术,共植入42枚种植体,其中瑞士Straumann种植体22枚、韩国奥齿泰SSⅡ种植体13枚、法国安多健种植体7枚.术后3～4个月,行上部结构修复,同时观察种植体的稳定性和种植体周围骨结合情况.随访期(12.2±3.6)个月.结果:36例患者上颌窦底提升高度(2.83±1.12)mnl,41枚种植体成功负载,种植体稳定,骨结合状况良好,无不良自觉症状.1枚种植体术后5周脱落,脱落2个月后重新种植,成功负载.结论:单纯上颌窦内提升同期牙种植术能有效治疗上颌窦底牙槽骨高度不足的上颌后牙缺失,手术创伤小,操作简便,并发症少,近期效果满意.     

Bone reformation with sinus membrane elevation: a new surgical technique for maxillary sinus floor augmentation

Background: Various maxillary sinus floor augmentation techniques using bone grafts and bone substitutes are frequently used to enable placement of dental implants in the posterior maxilla. A previous case report demonstrated the possibility of promoting bone formation in the sinus by lifting the membrane without using a grafting material. However, the predictability of the technique is not known. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate whether sinus membrane elevation and the simultaneous insertion of titanium implants without additional grafting material constitute a valid technique for bone augmentation of the maxillary sinus floor. Materials and Methods: The study group comprised 10 patients in whom a total of 12 maxillary sinus floor augmentations were performed. A replaceable bone window was prepared in the lateral sinus wall with a reciprocating saw. The sinus membrane was dissected, elevated superiorly, and sutured to the sinus wall to create and maintain a compartment for blood clot formation. One to three dental implants were inserted through the residual bone and protruded at least 5 mm into the maxillary sinus. The bone window was replaced and secured with the overlying mucosa. Bone height was measured directly at each implant site at the time of insertion. Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) was performed on each implant at the time of initial placement, at abutment surgery, and after 12 months of functional loading. Computed tomography (CT) was performed in the immediate postoperative period and 6 months later, prior to exposure of the implants. Results: A total of 19 implants (Brånemark System®, TiUnite?, Nobel Biocare AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) in lengths of 10 to 15 mm were placed, with an average residual bone height of 7 mm (range, 4–10 mm). All implants remained clinically stable during the study period. Comparisons of pre‐ and postoperative CT radiography clearly demonstrated new bone formation within the compartment created by the sinus membrane elevation procedure. RFA measurements showed mean implant stability quotient values of 65, 66, and 64 at placement, at abutment connection, and after 12 months of loading, respectively. Conclusions: The study showed that there is great potential for healing and bone formation in the maxillary sinus without the use of additional bone grafts or bone substitutes. The secluded compartment created by the elevated sinus membrane, implants, and replaceable bone window allowed bone formation according to the principle of guided tissue regeneration. The precise mechanisms are not known, and further histologic studies are needed. Sinus membrane elevation without the use of additional graft material was found to be a predictable technique for bone augmentation of the maxillary sinus floor.