幼儿人工耳蜗植入点定位的应用解剖学

目的 为幼儿人工耳蜗植入术提供解剖学依据.方法 取1～5周岁因故死亡儿童头颅14具,在28例标本上,模拟经乳突后鼓室入路手术.切除乳突,保留外耳道后壁,显露砧骨窝,去除面神经和鼓索神经之间的骨质进入后鼓室,在手术显微镜下(×6)观察并测量与耳蜗植入点相关的解剖学数据.结果 圆窗位于圆窗龛前缘上部.锥隆起、镫骨肌腱、砧镫关节、镫骨底板、圆窗龛、鼓岬、外侧半规管突等解剖标志清晰且恒定.镫骨后弓相当于鼓阶的前界.鼓阶位于前庭阶后下的位置.圆窗龛前缘中点到鼓阶下壁、鼓阶后壁、基底膜、锥隆起、外侧半规管突、镫骨底板下缘中点、匙突的距离分别为(1.49±0.42)mm、(0.90±0.31)mm、(1.49±0.41)mm、(3.28±0.55)mm、(7.41±0.9)mm、(3.09±0.53)mm、(4.83±0.65)mm.结论 幼儿人工耳蜗植入点应选择在圆窗龛前游离缘中点向前0.90～1.49mm、向下1.49mm以内的位置;在圆窗龛显示困难的病例,植入点应定位于距镫骨底板下缘中点下方约3mm处.     

面神经隐窝进路的相关解剖研究

目的：对面神经隐窝进路涉及解剖区域的相关显微解剖和影像学解剖的研究进展进行综述。方法：选用近几年关键词为“面神经”、“颞骨”及“后鼓室”的文章进行分析和总结。结果：其解剖结构复杂精细,涉及面神经乳突段、鼓索神经、砧骨窝之间的解剖区域。一些重要解剖结构的位置相对恒定,如锥隆起、圆窗龛、圆窗、前庭窗、镫骨、砧骨短脚、匙突、面神经鼓室段、水平半规管凸、后半规管凸等,可以作为手术的参考标记。结论：面神经隐窝进路在现代耳显微外科中有重要地位,熟悉其解剖关系,可以指导临床手术,避免损伤。     

人工耳蜗植入术的应用解剖学研究

目的探讨后鼓室入路人工耳蜗植入术的有关解剖,为人工耳蜗植入手术提供解剖学基础。方法取成人颞骨标本60侧(左、右各30侧),在放大6倍的手术显微镜下进行观察和测量,结果进行统计学处理。结果圆窗龛(窝)的形态大体分为2种类型:近圆形(52%)和近半圆形(48%)。圆窗龛下壁有一窦腔者占86.7%。岬下脚出现率为11.7%,岬小桥出现率为33.3%。颈静脉窝高位,窝顶达圆窗龛上缘者占11.7%,均未影响圆窗龛的形态。外耳道上棘至锥隆起、鼓索隆起、圆窗龛前唇(缘)、面神经管锥曲的距离分别是(18.02±1.21)mm、(15.22±1.32)mm、(20.09±1.20)mm、(14.96±2.03)mm。鼓索隆起至面神经管锥曲、锥隆起的距离分别是(3.33±0.42)mm、(3.79±0.56)mm。锥隆起向后至面神经管的距离平均为(3.58±0.47)mm。结论后鼓室进路即是通过面神经隐窝的进路,面神经隐窝大小各异,鼓索隆起至面神经管锥曲和至锥隆起的距离,可作为面神经隐窝的宽度。人工耳蜗植入术经面神经隐窝入路较理想,距圆窗龛较近,有利于电极插入。该入路靠近面神经管,手术操作时应注意保护面神经。圆窗龛前唇遮盖圆窗膜,手术时必须磨去前唇暴露圆窗膜。     

后鼓室的应用解剖学研究

以100侧成人正常颞骨标本为材料,对整个后鼓室进行形态学观察。后鼓室以锥隆起为中心,借面神经管凸,岬小桥,锥体嵴,鼓索嵴等为标志,分为卵圆窗龛后隐窝,鼓室窦,外侧鼓室窦,面经验隐窝。面经神管与面神经隐窝的关系恒定,均位于其内侧壁,埋藏较浅;面神经管乳突段与外侧鼓室窦的关系较复杂,其埋藏位置,深浅与后者的型别有关。本文提出了根据外侧鼓室窦型别预测面神经乳突段的方法。还对鼓索嵴,岬小桥,锥体嵴的形态改变对后鼓室各窝窦间的相互关系的影响情况进行了观察,并探讨了其临床意义。     

P>面神经隐窝及其周围结构在耳的横断薄层和HRCT上的定位及毗邻关系/P>

目的 明确面神经隐窝及其周围结构在横断薄层和高分辨率CT(HRCT)上的定位及毗邻关系.方法 横断薄层切片与HRCT图像对照,辨识面神经隐窝及其周围结构.结果 面神经隐窝及其周围结构多在弓状隆起下方8～13层面出现,面神经、面神经隐窝、鼓索隆起、鼓索神经出现率为100%,岬小桥出现率为70%.面神经至鼓索神经之间的距离由上向下逐渐增大,至圆窗龛层面最大,男性右侧为(5.20±0.06)mm,左侧为(5.16±0.09)mm;女性右侧为(5.16±0.05)mm,左侧为(5.10±0.08)mm.两侧无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论 火棉胶薄层切片与HRCT扫描图像结合能良好显示面神经隐窝及其周围各解剖结构.     

国人中耳后鼓室的解剖学测量

目的:为临床耳显微外科手术提供解剖学依据.方法:肉眼及手术显微镜(×16)下观测后鼓室各相关解剖结构.结果:锥隆起的出现率为100%,高度为(2.01±0.56)mm,面神经锥曲段高度为(5.71±0.47)mm,面神经隐窝深度为(2.16±1.21)mm,鼓室窦深度为(2.88±0.82)mm,左、右两侧数据差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:锥隆起为后鼓室重要的解剖标志,实验测得的数据为避免中耳手术中损伤面神经等重要结构提供了参考信息.     

高分辨率颞骨CT对人工耳蜗植入儿童面神经隐窝的测量

目的 通过高分辨率颞骨CT探讨人工耳蜗植入儿童面神经隐窝的解剖及其与圆窗龛的位置关系,从影像学角度为术中面隐窝的解剖提供参考。方法 对78例人工耳蜗植入儿童（154侧耳）的术前高分辨率颞骨CT进行分析,在轴位圆窗龛层面测量以下参数：1. 面神经与外耳道后壁的距离d1;2. 面神经与圆窗龛的距离d2;3. 面神经与圆窗龛的相对角度a;4. 面隐窝中点与圆窗龛的距离d3;5. 面隐窝中点与圆窗龛的相对角度b。记录可能影响面隐窝解剖的因素,包括患儿的性别、年龄以及HRCT上的解剖变异（如乳突气化类型、乙状窦前移、颈静脉球高位、前庭水管扩张等）,并分析以上因素与测得面隐窝参数的相关性。结果 面-壁距d1平均值为(4.21±0.69)mm,面-龛距d2平均值为(5.95±0.62)mm,面-龛角a平均值为(94.61±9.04)°,窝-龛距d3平均值为(6.46±0.63)mm,窝-龛角b平均值为(113.47±7.83)°。患儿的性别、年龄以及乙状窦前移3个因素对面隐窝宽度d1有影响,前庭水管扩大对面神经相对圆窗龛的角度a和面隐窝相对圆窗龛的角度b有影响。结论 人工耳蜗植入术前高分辨率颞骨CT可以显示面神经隐窝的重要解剖关系,测量结果对人工耳蜗植入手术操作具有临床参考价值。     

面神经颅内段及管内段的应用解剖

目的:为颅底或中耳手术时防止伤及面神经管内段提供形态学依据,并积累中国人体质资料.方法:解剖测量15具正常人头颅标本的面神经颅内段、内耳道段、迷路段、鼓室段和乳突段长度和外径,并观察记录各段与周围结构的毗邻关系.具体观测包括三叉神经后外侧缘与面神经入内耳门处和岩大神经起点处的间隔;迷路动脉与前庭蜗神经和面神经的位置关系;膝神经节的形态和位置;岩大神经;鼓索的起始部位;面神经鼓室段与鼓膜内面的距离以及面神经乳突段与横窦和颈静脉孔间的距离等.结果:面神经颅内段、内耳道段、迷路段、鼓室段和乳突段长度依次为 (12.02±1.95)mm, (1 40±0.31)mm;(7.57±1.52)mm,(1.32±0 22)mm;(2.21±1.14)mm,(1.29±0.37)mm;外径依次为(7 .79±3.28)mm,(1.31±0.26)mm和(17.81±3.94)mm,(1 55±0.38)mm.结论:观测了面神经颅内段及管内段,各段的形态学特点及其与周围结构的毗邻关系,为颅底和颞骨(中耳、乳突等)手术时保护面神经提供了应用解剖学依据.     

后鼓室颞骨切片与CT对照研究

目的：为后鼓室及耳科病变的影像诊断和手术治疗提供解剖学基础。方法：l5例成人头部标本，以眦耳线（cML）为基线，获得间隔为1．00mm，厚度为1．00mm的CT图像，扫描后的头部标本按原定位截取以耳颞区为中心的组织块并将其制成厚为1．00mm的连续横断薄层切片。标本切片与CT图像对照，对颞骨内砧骨窝、鼓索隆起、茎突隆起、面神经隐窝、鼓室窦、岬小桥、外耳道上棘等结构进行观察。结果：砧骨窝深度为1．49mm，至面神经锥曲的距离为5．67mm。后鼓室窦内侧壁至面神经水平部的距离为3．14mm。外耳道上棘至面神经垂直段、鼓索神经、鼓岬的距离分别为16．76mm、15．94mm和21．81mm。结论：耳颞区断面标本与CT图像进行对照研究，其结果对耳科疾病的影像诊断及手术治疗具有参考价值。     

后鼓室手术入路的应用解剖学研究

目的　为后鼓室入路手术提供解剖学依据。方法　利用成人 6 0侧颞骨标本 ,用牙科钻磨开乳突腔 ,打开外耳道外侧壁和鼓室盾板 ,充分暴露后鼓室入路手术中有关的解剖结构。以外耳道上棘、面神经管锥曲为测量标志 ,在手术显微镜下 ,对在手术中遇到的解剖结构之间的距离进行了测量。结果　外耳道上棘至砧骨窝、锥隆起、鼓索隆起、面神经管锥曲、外侧半规管、后半规管、前庭窗、蜗窗、匙突、乙状窦垂直部前缘中点、窦膜角的距离分别是 17 19、18 0 2、15 2 2、14 4 9、15 39、17 35、19 5 8、2 0 0 9、2 0 32、15 6 8、18 76mm。面神经管锥曲至鼓索隆起、水平半规管、后半规管的距离分别是 3 33、1 5 3、2 15mm。结论　外耳道上棘、面神经管锥曲是后鼓室入路的重要手术标志 ,鼓索隆起向内 3mm是手术入路的安全区 ,面神经减压术时应避免损伤水平半规管及后半规管等结构     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.