High-priority liver transplantation and simultaneous sleeve gastrectomy in MELD 32 end-stage liver disease: a case report with long-term follow-up

BackgroundMorbid obesity is a worldwide epidemic closely linked to Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), an ever more relevant indication for Liver Transplantation (LT). Obesity affects an increasing number of LT recipients, but the ideal management of these patients remain unclear. Bariatric surgery (BS) in LT setting is challenging but feasible, although the debate is still open about the best timing of bariatric surgery. Herein we report a case of high-priority LT and simultaneous sleeve gastrectomy (SG) in an obese young adult.Case reportA 45 years old man with morbid obesity (BMI 46 kg/m²) and severe NAFLD-related end-stage liver disease (ESLD) underwent simultaneous LT and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) in an emergency setting, due to a MELD score of 32. He had substantial weight loss during long-term follow-up and enjoyed resolution of diabetes and hypertension. At 4 years follow-up, he has normal allograft function with appropriate immunosuppressant blood levels and no ultrasound evidence of steatosis.ConclusionIn selected patients, combined LT and SG present several advantages in terms of transplant outcomes, weight loss and resolution of obesity-related comorbidities. In addition, it can be performed in the high-priority setting in case of severe ESLD with good results in the short- and long-term.     

The prevalence of late complications of type II diabetes mellitus

Prevalence of late complications determined in a representative group of 137 patients with type II diabetes mellitus and a control group of 128 persons without diabetes from the same population. Retinopathy was not rare in type II diabetes mellitus (prevalence 35%), but only 50% of diabetic patients had proper ophthalmological care. Microalbuminuria was found in 42% of the patients with diabetes mellitus, although serious renal dysfunction was seldom found. The ratio of serious diabetic foot problems was 5%. Neuropathy and macrovascular problems occurred more frequently in the diabetic group, but above 70 years of age there was a remarkable reduction in difference between diabetics and non-diabetics with regard to these complications. In microalbuminuria the same tendency was observed. The cause of this reduction in difference at an older age is discussed.     

Place de l’Activité Physique Adaptée dans le parcours de soins : cas du patient présentant une stéatose hépatique non-alcoolique (NAFLD)

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is estimated to affect 26% of men and 11% of women in France. NAFLD is a continuum of liver damage ranging from, simple steatosis, to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), NASH with liver fibrosis and sometimes post-NASH cirrhosis. NAFLD is favored by excess weight (overweight or obesity) associated with systemic metabolic abnormalities affecting particularly, adipose tissue and striated muscles. The preventive and curative treatment of NAFLD is based on hygienic and dietary measures. These measures have proven to be effective in terms of resolution of NASH and stabilization or even regression of liver fibrosis. The implementation of a program of adapted physical activity (APA), by a competent professional, contributes significantly to the improvement of the clinical state independently of weight loss. At the molecular level, the current literature emphazises the pleiotropic effect of this management, particularly through its direct or indirect action on local (e.g. hepatic) and systemic metabolism, the systemic inflammatory state and rheological activity. Beyond these pathophysiological repercussions, the APA professional accompanies the patient with a chronic disease, in this case NAFLD, to induce a sustainable lifestyle change by focusing on his or her motivational state. These measures appear to be beneficial for both adults and children.     

Physical Activity and Low Glycemic Index Mediterranean Diet: Main and Modification Effects on NAFLD Score. Results from a Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide, and lifestyle modification is the current standard treatment. The aim of the study was to estimate the effect of two different physical activity (PA) programs, a Low Glycemic Index Mediterranean Diet (LGIMD), and their combined effect on the NAFLD score as measured by FibroScan^®. Methods: Moderate or severe NAFLD subjects (n = 144) were randomly assigned to six intervention arms during three months. Interventions arms were a control diet, LGIMD, aerobic activity program (PA1), combined activity program (PA2), and LGIMD plus PA1 or LGIMD plus PA2. The data were compared at baseline, at 45 days, and at 90 days. Analysis of variance was performed under the intention-to-treat principle. Results: There was a statistically significant reduction in the NAFLD score after 45 days of treatment in every working arm except for Arm 1 (control diet). After 90 days, the best results were shown by the intervention arms in which LGIMD was associated with PA: LGIMD plus PA1 (−61.56 95% CI −89.61, −33.50) and LGIMD plus PA2 (−38.15 95% CI −64.53, −11.77). Conclusion: All treatments were effective to reduce NAFLD scores, but LGIMD plus PA1 was the most efficient.     

糖尿病患者门诊就医流向与费用分析——基于某省新农合数据

目的:探究糖尿病患者门诊就医流向与费用特点,为分级诊疗等相关卫生政策的实施与推广提供理论根据。方法:选取东部某省13个区县,采用描述性统计,分析糖尿病患者在一、二、三级医疗机构的就诊分布和诊疗费用情况。结果:2009—2013年无并发症糖尿病患者在三级医疗机构的诊疗人次由1 895降低到661,其占比由3.05%降低到0.57%,有并发症患者在三级医疗机构的诊疗人次由179增加到524,且在2011—2013年间,其占比由3.27%增加到4.24%。两类患者门诊次均费用和次均个人负担差别较大,且级别越高,差别越大;在一、二、三级医疗机构中,有并发症患者的次均费用分别是无并发症患者的2.50倍、3.34倍、3.75倍,前者的次均个人负担费用分别是后者的2.62倍、3.66倍、3.96倍。结论:该省基层门诊服务利用取得一定成效,但也存在着患者就医选择的不合理,有并发症糖尿病的患者越来越多的流向三级医疗机构;相比于无并发症患者,有并发症患者面临更大的经济负担。未来应进一步加强基础医疗机构建设,提升其预防、诊疗和控制糖尿病及并发症的服务质量与能力,合理引导糖尿病患者到基层医疗卫生机构就医。     

Risk factors for cholecystolithiasis in obesity and at normal weight

Obesity is a known risk factor of cholecystolithiasis. The potential causes of increased incidence of cholecystolithiasis in people with obesity (overweight) and in those with normal body mass are considered. The study involved 100 patients with diagnosed cholecystolithiasis hospitalized in one of the randomly selected hospitals in Bialystok and its vicinity. The questionnaire technique was used to evaluate risk factors of cholecystolithiasis. It was found that women, irrespective of body mass, were 2.7 times more often hospitalized due to this ailment than men. Of the patients examined, 71% had overweight or obesity. Women with normal body mass suffered from cholecystolithiasis at the younger age than the obese or overweight ones. The comparison of risk factors of cholecystolithiasis between the obese (overweight) patients and those with normal body mass revealed a significantly more frequent familial incidence of type 2 diabetes and cholecystolithiasis. Patients with cholecystolithiasis, irrespective of body mass, were characterized by low intake of dark bread and wholemeal products, raw fruit and vegetables, and pulses. Obese women with cholecystolithiasis significantly more frequently consumed milk and yoghurt, meat and its products, lard, bacon and sweets than women with normal body mass. Obese men (with overweight) significantly more frequently consumed high-fat foods than the slim ones.     

Magnesium and diabetes mellitus: their relation

The aim of this review was to elaborate a synthesis about the discussions on magnesium and diabetes mellitus, in the last 14 years. The magnesium deficiency has been associated with chronic diseases, amongst them, diabetes mellitus. Epidemiological studies had shown low levels of magnesium ingestion in the general population, as well as a relation between the ingestion of food rich in magnesium and the reduction of diabetes installation and its complications. Hypomagnesemia is frequently present in diabetic patients, however there is not an exact elucidation of the mechanism of magnesium deficiency in diabetes mellitus. On the other hand, in the presence of this illness, it is observed that inadequate metabolic control can affect the corporal concentrations of magnesium, developing hypomagnesemia, which may be still directly related with some micro and macrovascular complications observed in diabetes, as cardiovascular disease, retinopathy and neuropathy. This way, the chronic complications of diabetes can appear precociously. Based on this, the supplementation with magnesium has been suggested in patients with diabetes mellitus who have proven hypomagnesemia and the presence of its complications.     

Hypoglycemia in the elderly with diabetes mellitus

Aging is associated with an increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and its chronic and acute complications. With changes observed in diabetes mellitus treatment goals and the lower levels of glycosylated hemoglobin recommended, the prevalence of hypoglycemia especially in patients treated with insulin has increased. Aging and changes in the physiologic reserves generate a decreased perception of symptoms associated with hypoglycemia, increasing the risk of unawareness or severe episodes. Traditionally, age was a risk factor for hypoglycemia, but in the population over 60 years, multiple comorbidities like chronic heart failure, malnutrition and renal failure are associated with increased risk of developing this acute complication. It is necessary to train doctors and nurses from all levels of care to recognize the specific clinical manifestation of low blood glucose that allow early detection and treatment, because this complication is associated with an increased hospital and 1-year after discharge mortality, with falls and cognitive impairment that directly affect the independence and functionality of older persons.     

糖尿病合并冠心病急性心肌梗死的临床特点分析

目的探讨糖尿病合并冠心病急性心肌梗死的临床特点。方法对2007～2008年间住我院CCU病房的207名急性心肌梗死患者进行回顾性分析。结果糖尿病合并急性心肌梗死患者发生无痛性心梗、心衰和心源性休克的比例均增高。结论糖尿病患者有较高的冠心病危险因素,糖尿病并发冠心病时,冠心病的某些临床症状出现较晚或被掩盖,应引起临床医师的重视,在工作中应注意严格控制糖尿病患者的血糖、血脂、血压等危险因素,以期能预防或推迟冠心病的发生。     

Challenges in the dietary treatment of cystic fibrosis related diabetes mellitus

Cystic fibrosis related diabetes mellitus is an increasingly recognized problem as survival in patients with cystic fibrosis improves. In a 5 year retrospective study of 627 children and adults attending Toronto cystic fibrosis clinics, we identified 57 (9%) patients with cystic fibrosis related diabetes mellitus; four (1.3%) of 301 children (<18 years) and 53 (16%) of 326 adults. The development of this complication of cystic fibrosis is associated with increased mortality, deteriorations in both respiratory and nutritional status, and the development of late microvascular, but not macrovascular, diabetic complications. Unfortunately, systematic review of the literature provides few well designed studies that provide sound evidence for clinical practice. Recommendations are therefore often based on anecdote, rather than physiological or outcomes research. Dietary therapy combines the principles of the dietary management of both cystic fibrosis and diabetes mellitus, but emphasizes the need for a high energy diet (> 100% of recommended daily intake) in patients with cystic fibrosis related diabetes mellitus. The importance of calories from fat is emphasized, with no restriction on total carbohydrate intake. Insulin intake mirrors carbohydrate intake. Routine dietary therapy is straightforward, but challenges occur due to both complications of cystic fibrosis and advancing disease. If a patient with cystic fibrosis related diabetes mellitus is malnourished, overnight enteral tube feeding is often used, with an adjusted insulin regimen. There is a great need for both physiological and outcomes research to provide sound scientific evidence for the dietary treatment of cystic fibrosis related diabetes mellitus.     

The first case of single pancreas transplantation in Hungary

Simultaneous pancreas kidney (SPK) transplantation is the only routinely used therapeutic option which can provide insulin independence, euglycemia and good renal replacement for type I diabetes mellitus patients with end stage renal disease. Several patients have some complications of diabetes without renal failure. For these patients pancreas transplantation alone is a therapeutic option. The first pancreas transplantation alone was performed 6 years after the launch of our pancreas transplant program. The patient was a 40-years-old man. Enteric drainage was used with portal venous drainage. Anti IL-2. R antibody, daclizumab was given as prolonged induction therapy. In spite of the technical and immunological difficulties there were neither technical failures nor acute rejection. 3 years after the transplantation the patient has a good quality of life without insulin therapy with excellent renal function. Conclusion: PTA transplant is a routinely used therapeutic option with good survival rate and good quality of life for type I diabetes mellitus patients without end stage renal disease.     

北京市某区卫生防疫人群非酒精性脂肪肝危险因素分析

目的探讨非酒精性脂肪肝与性别、年龄、体重指数（BMI）等的关系,为脂肪肝的防治提供依据。方法对2011年417名北京市某区卫生防疫系统职工参加健康体检的腹部B超检查、血脂、身高、体重、BMI、血压等结果进行统计分析。结果共检出非酒精性脂肪肝110例,男性脂肪肝患病率（36.94%）比女性（20.00%）高（P〈0.01）。随着年龄的增加,脂肪肝的患病率有增加的趋势（P〈0.01）。结论男性、年龄大、血压高、超重、肥胖、血脂异常是该人群的脂肪肝发病危险因素。控制体重、血脂是降低该人群脂肪肝患病率的重要措施。     

Outcomes of diabetes care: a population-based study.

AIMS: To describe prevalence, metabolic control, and complications of diabetes mellitus in a county in Northern Sweden, in order to improve diabetes care and guide decision makers. METHODS: A population-based, cross-sectional, retrospective study of medical records of all registered persons with diabetes mellitus (n = 5251) in the area. Assessments and examinations concerning metabolic control and complications were studied over a period of 15 months. RESULTS: Of the 5143 patients included, 13% had Type 1, 86% Type 2, and 1% other types of diabetes. An annual check-up was performed in 84% of patients. Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was assessed in 88%, and had a mean value of 7.3% (sd 1.3%). Metabolic control was good in 33% and acceptable in another 26%. Risk factors for complications were found in 64%; in 35% body mass index was > 30; 50% had hypertension; 22% were smokers; 51% had macro- and/or microvascular complications; ischaemic heart disease 26%; a cerebrovascular lesion 13%; amputation 1.8%; proteinuria 7.9%; microalbuminuria 2.6%; peripheral neuropathy 30%; impaired peripheral circulation 29%; and retinopathy 37%. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients with diabetes in the study area attended an annual check-up, had acceptable metabolic control and severe complications were uncommon. Nevertheless, the number of undocumented examinations was high, 40% of the patients had unacceptable metabolic control and more than 50% had macrovascular risk factors. These findings emphasize the importance in diabetes care of smoking cessation and intensive treatment of high blood pressure.     

Measurement of HRQL Using EQ-5D in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japan

OBJECTIVES: We measured the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of diabetes mellitus patients using the Japanese version of EQ-5D, and examined the relationship between clinical condition and health status. METHODS: A study was conducted on 220 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at a hospital in Saitama Prefecture on the day of their visit from November 17 to December 24, 1998. Patients evaluated their health status using five dimensions (5D) and a visual analog scale (VAS). The EQ-5D score was calculated based on the 5D responses using the Japanese version of the value set. RESULTS: There were no responses of "extreme problem." The frequency of "some problem" was significantly higher in patients with complications than in those without for mobility (27.4% and 14.4%) and anxiety/depression (25.7% and 13.5%). The mean EQ-5D score was 0.846 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.817-0.874) in patients with complications versus 0.884 (95% CI 0.855-0.914) in those without complications. There was no statistically significant difference between VAS scores according to the presence or absence of diabetic complications, but a significant difference in VAS scores was seen according to the presence or absence of retinopathy. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest the value of measuring health status in diabetes mellitus patients, because it is able to comprehensively evaluate the patient's health condition, and add another dimension to the subjective symptoms and laboratory data.     

肝硬化门静脉高压合并胆囊结石的相关因素分析

目的探讨肝硬化门静脉高压合并胆囊结石的相关因素分析。方法选自某院收入的肝硬化门静脉高压患者共153例,患者根据是否有肝硬化门静脉高压合并胆囊结石分为两组,A组为肝硬化门静脉高压未合并胆囊结石组(116例),B组为肝硬化门静脉高压合并胆囊结石组(37例)。收集两组患者的性别、年龄、既往史、肝功能Child-Pugh评分等相关资料,数据进行统计学对比。结果对照组中E2为(13.26±4.37)pg/ml,观察组中E2为18.75±5.24,两组对比差异有统计学意义,P≤0.05。对照组的Child-pugh分级中的A级30例、B级67例,观察组的Child-pugh分级中的A级9例,B级15例,两组对比差异无统计学意义。对照组的Child-pugh分级中的C级21例(18.1%),观察者为13例(35.1%),两组对比差异有统计学意义,P≤0.05。结论肝功能Child-Pugh分级及雌激素水平(E2)为导致患者肝硬化门静脉高压合并胆囊结石的危险因素。     

1433例2型糖尿病及并发症临床流行病学调查

目的 为了解2型糖尿病及并发症的发病情况，为2型糖尿病中医治疗提供依据。方法 用SPSS软件对1433例2型糖尿病患者的临床及实验室资料进行回顾性统计分析。结果 1433例患者中有并发症的人数为1265例，占总人数的88．28％，并发症按发生频率排列，依次为高血压病(46．9％)，冠心病(33．2％)，末梢神经炎(29．7％)，糖尿病肾病(25．4％)，视网膜病变(22．0％)，高脂血症(13．0％)，尿路感染(7．5％)，酮症酸中毒(4．2％)，肺部感染(4．0％)，脂肪肝(4．0％)，糖尿病足(3．5％)，胆囊炎(3．5％)，皮肤感染(3．3％)，脑血管病(2．9％)，植物神经病变(2．0％)。结论 2型糖尿病并发症的发生率高，各并发症在不同年龄，病程，证型中分布不同。     

Adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

This case–control study was conducted to examine the association between adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) development in 102 patients with newly diagnosed NAFLD and 204 controls. Adherence to DASH-style diet was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and a DASH diet score based on food and nutrients emphasized or minimized in the DASH diet. Participants in the top quartile of DASH diet score were 30% less likely to have NAFLD (OR: 0.0.70; 95%?CI: 0.61, 0.80); however, more adjustment for dyslipidemia and body mass index changed the association to non-significant (OR: 0.92; 95%?CI: 0.73, 1.12). In conclusion, we found an inverse relationship between the DASH-style diet and risk of NAFLD. Prospective studies are needed to confirm this association.     

基层医院高龄胆囊结石患者治疗的探析

目的：探讨基层医院高龄胆囊结石患者的外科治疗特点。方法：回顾性分析152例65岁以上高龄老年胆囊结石患者手术治疗的临床资料。结果：152例中100例（66%）合并其他疾病,152例病人均经手术治疗,术式以胆囊切除、胆道探查为主,胆囊切开取石＋胆囊造瘘3例,共治愈124例（82%）。结论：掌握手术适应症和手术时机,积极处理并存病,是减少老年胆道病人术后并发症,降低病死率的关键。     

Haematological complications in otherwise healthy children hospitalized for varicella

Although varicella is commonly regarded as a mild childhood disease, complications may occur and frequently require hospitalization. The aim of this study was to establish the type and frequency of varicella complications among hospitalized paediatric patients over a 4.5-year period. This analysis included the medical charts of 306 patients admitted to the Infectious Disease Unit, Children Hospital Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy from 2006 to 2010 for varicella disease. The most common complications were haematological disorders (41.5%) followed by neurological ones (23.5%). Varicella vaccination in childhood immunization program must be increased.     

糖尿病患者医院感染分析

目的 了解糖尿病患者医院感染发生情况，提高认识，降低医院感染发病率。方法 对328例糖尿病患者的住院资料进行回顾性凋查分析。结果 糖尿病患者的医院感染率为17．38％；感染部位前3位分别是呼吸道、泌尿道和胃肠道，占82.48％；高龄、住院时间长、入院前使用抗菌药物、糖尿病控制不佳、并发症及侵入性诊疗措施是糖尿病医院感染的危险因素。结论 积极治疗原发病与并发症、有效控制血糖、缩短住院时间、合理使用抗菌药物、尽量避免侵人性诊疗操作是防治糖尿病医院感染的关键。