1例肾移植术后肺部感染患者的药学监护

目的:通过对1例肾移植术后肺部感染患者的药学监护探讨,为临床药师参与该类患者的临床实践提供思路.方法:采用文献查阅结合典型病例个案的方法,依据肾移植术后患者肺部感染的临床诊疗特别是药物治疗特点,探讨临床药师在该类患者中实施药学监护的要素.结果:肾移植术后肺部感染患者的药学监护应重点从抗感染药物用药的合理性与安全性、免疫抑制药浓度监测与个体化用药调整、潜在药物相互作用、患者用药教育等方面实施.结论:对该类患者临床药师应重点关注并实施常规的药学监护服务,保证患者用药安全、有效.     

肾移植术后重症肺炎患者的药学监护

目的 通过对肾移植术后重症肺炎患者的临床资料和药学监护过程进行分析,探讨临床药学工作模式和路径.方法 临床药师在规范化培训期间,参与上海某三甲医院肾内科肾移植术后重症肺炎患者的药学监护等临床药学工作.结果 患者肺部感染症状有效改善,肾功能较稳定,治疗期间未出现明显药物不良反应.结论 对肾移植术后重症感染患者实施药学监护...     

临床药师参与1例肾移植术后并发肺部感染患者的药学监护

摘 要 目的： 为肾移植术后肺部感染患者实施药学监护提供思路。方法: 临床药师全程参与1例肾移植术后并发肺部感染患者的诊疗经过,通过查阅文献,结合患者病情,充分考虑患者病史、临床症状和实验室检查,对该患者药物治疗过程进行分析,并总结其治疗过程中的药学监护重点。结果: 对该例肾移植术后肺部感染患者监护重点包括发病早期和病情好转时免疫抑制药剂量调整;多种抗感染药物与免疫抑制药合用时的药物相互作用;根据患者肾功能对患者用药剂量进行调整;药物不良反应监测等方面,为患者制定个体化用药方案。结论:临床药师通过全面的药学监护,能协助医师及时、有效地制定用药方案,为患者提供专业、有效的药学服务。     

临床药师参与1例肾移植术后肺部感染患者的药物治疗实践

目的:探讨临床药师在肾移植术后肺部感染患者临床治疗中发挥的作用。方法:通过临床药师参与1例肾移植术后肺部感染患者的药物治疗过程,与临床医师共同制订治疗方案,并对患者提出合理的药学监护措施及健康教育。结果与结论:临床药师参与患者药物治疗过程,可及时发现、解决治疗过程中的药品不良反应与相互作用,完善临床治疗方案,提高药物治疗效果。     

1例肾移植术后肺部感染患者的药学监护

目的探讨临床药师在肾移植术后肺部感染患者药学监护中的作用。方法临床药师参与1例肾移植术后肺部感染患者药物治疗的药学监护,针对患者免疫抑制和肾功能不全的特点协助医生完善药物治疗方案,解答医生用药疑问,协助合理用药。结果临床药师对药物治疗方案的干预与建议得到医师采纳,取得较好的疗效。结论临床药师以专业特长参与临床治疗,可促进合理用药,提高临床药物治疗的安全性与有效性。     

肾移植术后肺部感染患者的药学监护

目的:探讨临床药师如何提供药学监护。方法:临床药师参与肾移植术后肺部感染患者的治疗,从"协助医生制订和调整用药方案、保护患者肾功能、关注药物不良反应和相互作用、提供患者用药教育"等方面实施药学监护。结果:患者肺部感染得到有效控制,治疗期间肾功能良好,康复出院。结论:临床药师参与治疗团队,根据患者具体情况制订个体化的用药监护,可保证患者用药安全、有效。     

肾移植术后的药学监护实践

目的:确保肾移植术后患者用药安全、有效、经济.方法:通过治疗药物监测、为患者建立药历、进行疗效评价和做好咨询等方法对肾移植术后患者实施药学监护.结果:通过药学监护,明显提高了肾移植术后患者用药的安全性、有效性、经济性,改善了患者的生活质量.结论:对肾移植术后患者实施药学监护十分必要,具有重要意义.     

肾移植术后的药学监护

目的:探讨对肾移植术后患者实施药学监护的重要意义。方法:运用药学监护的一般方法对肾移植术后患者实施药学监护,并结合实例进行分析。结果:通过药学监护,明显提高了肾移植术后患者用药的安全 性、有效性、经济性,改善了患者的生活质量。结论:对肾 移植术后患者实施药学监护十分必要,具有重要意义。     

肾移植术后肺炎患者的药学监护

目的:探讨临床药师为肾移植患者实施药学监护的路径和方法,以改善肾移植术后肺炎患者的治疗效果。方法:采用美国卫生保健机构联合鉴定委员会批准的药学监护方法,结合我国临床药学特点,拟定肾移植术后肺炎患者药学监护的方法和路径。结果与结论:通过实施药学监护,可明显提高肾移植术后重症肺炎患者用药的安全性、有效性和经济性,可改善患者预后。临床药师对肾移植术后肺炎患者实施药学监护非常必要。     

肾移植术后肺部感染患者的药学监护

肾移植术后肺部感染具有病原种类多、病情危重、进展迅速、联合用药多等特点。本文通过文献检索辅以典型病例说明的方式,依据肾移植术后患者肺部感染特点及治疗原则,从抗感染药物品种选择、免疫抑制剂优化、潜在药物相互作用、患者用药依从性等方面讨论肾移植术后肺部感染患者的药学监护点,以期为临床药师参与临床诊疗工作提供思路,进而优化该类患者的治疗方案,保证患者用药安全、有效。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.