Production of human monoclonal IgG antibodies reacting with cytomegalovirus (CMV)

A human monoclonal antibody (MoAb) reacting with cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been produced using somatic cell hybridization between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infected B lymphocytes and a human-mouse heteromyeloma cell line (SHM-D33). The hybrids were selected in HAT medium containing 5 × 10⁻⁷ ouabain. The median level of Ig production was 5 (0.1−20) μg/10⁶ cells/day. One selected hybridoma (IB-8E9H5) has been maintained in continuous culture for more than 30 months with a stable IgG2, λ production. Molecular hybridization using EBV-specific probes demonstrate that our hybrids have lost the IR-1 EBV sequence during fusion. Unexpectedly, these blotting experiments revealed the presence of multiple EBNA-1 sequences dispersed among the genomic DNA of the SHM-D33 cell line. Screening for anti-CMV specificity was performed by ELISA and confirmed by immunofluorescence staining. Thus far, three CMV reference strains and 14 local strains are stained by the MoAb as early as 3 h after CMV infection of human fibroblasts, apparently through the recognition of a nuclear viral antigen of 67 kDa. In conclusion, this technique permits (a) the removal of the EBV genome contained in the lymphoblastoid parental cell line and (b) the production of human anti-CMV MoAb with potential applications in the prevention of life threatening CMV infections.     

人肺癌相关单克隆抗体的制备及其抗原的纯化

目的：研制抗人肺癌细胞（A549）单克隆抗体，并对其所识别的抗原进行免疫亲和层析纯化。方法：以人肺癌细胞系A549免疫BALB／c小鼠，常规融合，以间接ELISA筛选，免疫组化研究单克隆抗体的特性，通过免疫亲和层析纯化所识别相关的抗原。结果：成功获得了一株能够稳定分泌抗人肺癌相关抗原单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株289，并提取了其识别的相关抗原。结论：2139单克隆抗体及其所识别抗原有可能进一步用于肺癌的实验室诊断。     

Immunohistochemical characterization of an anti-epithelial monoclonal antibody (mAB lu-5)

Summary A mouse monoclonal antibody (mAB lu-5) was prepared using a lung cancer cell line as an antigen. The selected clone produces an IgG with a gamma-1 heavy chain and a kappa-light-chain. Immunohistochemical testing of mAB lu-5 on 117 normal tissue biopsies and 474 tumours revealed reactivity with an intracytoplasmic, formaldehyderesistant antigen present in most epithelial and mesothelial cells, but absent in mesenchymal cells. The antibody can therefore be used as a first order, pan-epithelial marker. It proved also useful for fast tumour diagnosis on frozen sections.     

Immunohistochemical reactivity of a monoclonal antibody prepared against human breast carcinoma

Summary The reactivity profile of an IgM monoclonal antibody, MBR1, raised against the human breast cancer cell line MCF7, was studied in a variety of human tumours and non-neoplastic tissues by light microscopic immunohistochemistry. The range of reactivity included specific types of non-neoplastic epithelial cells and a number of epithelial tumours. Most mammary carcinomas reacted with MBR1, but adenocarcinomas and squamous carcinomas from different sites were also strongly positive. Different patterns of immunoreactivity were apparent in microscopically normal tissues, in tissues with inflammatory changes and in carcinomas. Heterogeneous staining, despite morphological similarities, was documented in neoplastic and non-neoplastic epithelial cells. The reactivity of MBR1 was different from that reported for other monoclonal antibodies, but revealed similarities to that of monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal sera against human milk fat globule membrane.     

分泌高效价抗碱性磷酸酶McAb杂交瘤系的建立及其在APAAP免疫组化研究中的应用

用碱性磷酸酶长程多途径免疫BALB/C小鼠,采用反向间接ELISA法筛选融合孔上清,获得2株稳定分泌抗碱性磷酸酶McAb杂交瘤细胞株,腹水效价比国外报道高15～30倍,在APAAP免疫组化检测CD抗原、病毒抗原、肿瘤抗原以及细菌菌毛抗原等研究中均获得满意结果。     

Expression of the monoclonal antibody HECA-452 defined E-selectin ligands in Langerhans cell histiocytosis

The cutaneous lymphocyte associated antigen (CLA) recognized by the monoclonal antibody (moAb) HECA-452 plays a major role in the homing of lymphocyte subpopulations to the skin by binding to E-selectin on dermal microvessels. The factors responsible for the immigration of Langerhans cells (LC) and their precursors into the skin are still unknown, but because normal resting LC are also capable of expressing CLA, the antigen was proposed as a candidate LC-homing structure. To gain insight into these mechanisms, the expression of HECA-452 on neoplastic LC within and outside the skin was investigated in paraffin-embedded sections from 44 patients with localized and disseminated forms of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) presenting with proliferating cells positive for CD45, CD1a, S100 and HLADR. Irrespective of the clinical presentation or the type of organ involved, HECA-452-positive LC were detected in all biopsies tested (range 5->90%). The most prominent HECA-452 reactivity was observed in skin lesions and in areas with accumulations of eosinophilic granulocytes. Our data provide evidence for a heterogeneous expression of sLe^x/sLe^a structures in various stages of activated and/or differentiated LCH cells. Remarkably, CLA-antigen expression on LCH-cells was not restricted to cutaneous sites. In view of recent findings on the expression of HECA-452 on resting epidermal LC, our data are compatible with the view that local cytokine production by keratinocytes or cells from the surrounding infiltrate induce and/or modulate CLA expression on LC in both cutaneous and extra-cutaneous sites.This work is dedicated to Professor Dr. Thaddäus Radaszkiewicz, who died in September 1995     

Keratins in malignant mesotheliomas and pleural adenocarcinomas: comparative immunohistochemical analysis with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies

The distribution of intra-cellular keratins was studied in normal pleural mesothelium, malignant mesotheliomas and adenocarcinomas. This study was performed on deparaffinized sections of tissue fixed in Bouin's solution by indirect immunofluorescence with a monoclonal antibody (KL1) and a conventional keratin antiserum (AKS). Discrepancies were detected using one antibody or the other. Cells from normal mesothelium and 18 cases of malignant mesotheliomas (papillary, tubulary, solid epithelial type) were strongly labelled only by KL1. The 2 cases of sarcomatoid type were negative with both antibodies. In contrast 5 metastatic adenocarcinomas and 5 lung adenocarcinomas were weakly positive or negative with both antibodies. These data confirm the presence of cytokeratins in epithelial differentiation process. Although a clear-cut distinction between mesotheliomas and adenocarcinomas was not possible using these keratin antibodies. Our data point out the importance of reactivity pattern of the antibody used in such investigations.     

Immunohistochemical study on the distribution of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase in various human tissues using novel monoclonal antibodies

Summary Novel monoclonal antibodies were raised against sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium (Ca²⁺)-ATPase of human skeletal muscle. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that these antibodies, designated 6F5 and 7F10, bind Ca²⁺-ATPase of non-muscle tissue of the adult including parathyroid, islets of Langerhans, anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and photoreceptor cells of the retina as well as skeletal muscle. A positive reaction was also found for fetal tissues including skeletal muscle, heart, chondrocytes and peripheral nerves. Our results for distribution suggest that Ca²⁺-ATPase is strongly expressed in the tissues and cells in which signal transduction is actively carried out by Ca²⁺ release from the cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ pool.     

抗人SSX2分子单克隆抗体的制备及初步应用

目的　制备抗滑膜肉瘤X断点 2 (Synovialsarcoma,Xbreakpoint2 ,SSX2 )分子的单克隆抗体 ,探讨SSX2的组织分布及其与肿瘤的关系。方法　应用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术制备小鼠源性抗人SSX2mAb。应用间接ELISA测定腹水效价 ,间接免疫荧光胞内染色检测抗体与肿瘤细胞系的反应性。用酶免疫组织化学技术 ,对SSX2分子在人正常睾丸组织和直肠癌组织的分布进行了鉴定。结果　获得 1株分泌抗SSX2mAb的杂交瘤细胞株LX SSX2 ,间接ELISA测定腹水效价达 1× 10 - 5,为IgG1(κ)亚类 ,能识别K5 6 2胞内天然及变性SSX2分子。在酶免疫组织化学技术应用中获得较满意效果 ,SSX2分子表达于睾丸精原细胞的细胞核内 ,并在直肠癌标本中检出到SSX2的表达。结论　LX SSX2mAb有很好的特异性 ,为进一步研究SSX2分子的分布及其与肿瘤的关系奠定了基础     

Rabbit monoclonal antibodies show higher sensitivity than mouse monoclonals for estrogen and progesterone receptor evaluation in breast cancer by immunohistochemistry

A novel generation of rabbit monoclonal antibodies for estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptor evaluation in breast cancer by immunohistochemistry has been released recently. We compared the novel RabMab anti-ER and anti-PR antibodies with the mouse monoclonal antibodies using a tissue microarray of breast carcinomas. Two cylinders (2mm diameter) of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue were obtained from 24 invasive breast cancers and were immunostained using anti-ER mouse (1D5 and 6F11) and rabbit antibodies (SP1 and B644), and anti-PR mouse (PgR312 and PgR636) and rabbit antibodies (SP2 and B645). The immunohistochemistry was evaluated by considering positive those tumors in which more than 10% of the tumor cell nuclei stained independently on the staining intensity. Our results demonstrated that rabbit antibodies against ER have a similar staining pattern compared to the 6F11, but better than 1D5 from three different suppliers. The rabbit antibodies against PR (SP2 and B645) provide a stronger and sharper immunohistochemical signal compared to mouse antibodies (PgR636 and PgR312). Both ER and PR rabbit antibodies allow a lower cost per test because of higher working dilutions compared to mouse antibodies using the same procedure. The novel rabbit antibodies against ER and PR are highly sensitive for immunohistochemical testing of breast carcinomas.     

抗早孕因子单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

目的建立分泌抗EPF(Early pregnancy factor,早孕因子)单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,纯化单抗并鉴定.方法用本实验室已纯化的早孕和肿瘤源性EPF作为抗原刺激Balb/c小鼠,用免疫后的小鼠脾细胞与同系小鼠骨髓瘤细胞(NS-1)融合,经4次克隆化,获得可稳定分泌抗EPF单克隆抗体的细胞株,注入Balb/c小鼠腹腔制备腹水型单抗,Protein-A亲和层析纯化,SDS电泳和Western-blot等方法分析纯化结果.结果融合后获得一株稳定分泌抗EPF抗体的细胞株(C3D11),克隆化后,获得稳定分泌抗EPF单克隆抗体的细胞株,将增殖后的细胞注射Balb/c小鼠腹腔获得腹水型单抗,以亲和层析法纯化,SDS-PAGE分析显示纯化后去掉了大部分杂蛋白,免疫印迹分析抗体纯度较高,与抗原匹配性良好.结论本研究制备的EPF单克隆抗体为特异性抗EPF抗体.     

抗HPT单克隆抗体的制备与生物学特性鉴定

目的：制备抗潮霉素B磷酸转移酶(HPT)的单克隆抗体(McAb)，建立一种快速检测转基因作物中该选择标记基因HPT编码蛋白的方法。方法：用基因重组潮霉素B磷酸转移酶(HPT)抗原免疫BALB/C小鼠，采用杂交瘤技术制备McAb。选择不同的抗原决定簇与兔抗HPT多抗配对，建立双抗夹心ELISA检测HPT抗原。结果：筛选出四株稳定分泌抗HPT单抗的杂交瘤细胞株，IgG亚类鉴定均为IgG1，ELISA检测证实单抗可特异性识别细胞培养上清、重组子菌体裂解产物中及纯化出的HPT蛋白。结合位点测定实验表明4株单抗是针对不同的抗原决定簇，与多克隆抗体组成双抗夹心ELISA法，均可较好地检测到HPT抗原。检测的灵敏度为30ng／ml，且与别的无关抗原无交叉反应性。结论：4株杂交瘤细胞株特异性好，亲和力强，组成双抗夹心ELISA法可用于快速、灵敏检测HPT抗原。     

Immunohistochemical characterization of Ki-M6 monoclonal antibody in Bouin-fixed,paraffin-embedded sections of normal and neoplastic human tissues

Summary A monoclonal antibody (Ki-M6) against the CD 68 antigen, which labels cells of the monocyte/macrophage system, was tested on Bouin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples of normal, reactive and neoplastic tissues by an avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method, with the aim of establishing its value in diagnostic pathology. In normal human tissues, Ki-M6 reactivity was confined to the so-called resident macrophages populating normal organs under physiological conditions. Moreover, restricted reactivity against cells of macrophage lineage was observed in reactive and inflammatory lesions. Granulocytes, monocyte/macrophage-related immune accessory cells, and other analysed normal tissue structures did not reveal any reactivity. Ki-M6 was strongly reactive with the cases of benign (4/4) and malignant (15/15) fibrous histiocytomas, in addition to the true histiocytic lymphomas (3/3). Cases of granular cell tumour (2/3) showed strong reactivity with Ki-M6, whereas only few immunoreactive cells, with weak staining, were seen in the other Ki-M6-positive neoplasms [neurofibroma (3/3), benign schwannoma (1/2), ganglioneuroma (1/1), malignant schwannoma (5/9), melanoma (9/28), dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (1/1), myelomonocytic leukaemia (3/3)]. Among the epithelial malignancies tested (47 cases), Ki-M6 was positive only in renal cell carcinoma (11/14). Malignant lymphomas of the Hodgkin (56 cases) and non-Hodgkin type (67 cases) were uniformly non-reactive. From these data, Ki-M6 appears to be an excellent marker of monocyte/macrophage-related cells and appears to be a reliable indicator for fibrous histiocytomas and true histiocytic malignancies. The availability of this additional antibody capable of staining routinely processed tissue is of practical interest.     

雪卡毒素单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

目的制备雪卡毒素的单克隆抗体并对其生物学特性进行鉴定。方法以雪卡毒素类似物莫能菌素为半抗原,分别采用混合酸酐法将其与载体牛血清白蛋白(BSA)偶联合成免疫抗原M-BSA,碳二亚胺法与卵清白蛋白(OVA)偶联合成包被抗原M-OVA。以M-BSA免疫Balb/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与Sp2/0骨髓瘤细胞融合制备杂交瘤。以自制雪卡毒素提取物为竞争抗原,间接竞争ELISA法筛选稳定分泌雪卡毒素抗体的特异性细胞株。小鼠体内诱生腹水,辛酸硫酸铵沉淀法进行纯化。采用抗体亚型鉴定试剂盒鉴定所得抗体的亚型,间接竞争ELISA法鉴定抗体的特异性和交叉性。结果获得3株稳定分泌抗雪卡毒素抗体的杂交瘤细胞株1D5、2G11、3G11,其Ig亚型均属于IgG1亚型。交叉反应结果表明3株单克隆细胞产生的抗体除与莫能菌素有较高的交叉反应外,与其他雪卡毒素类似物均无明显交叉反应。结论成功筛选到了分泌雪卡毒素抗体的细胞株,为雪卡毒素免疫分析方法的进一步研究奠定基础。     

阻断型抗人IgE单克隆抗体的制备及其表位分析

目的 利用基因重组抗原免疫小鼠,制备抗人IgE单克隆抗体,研究其特异性和功能.方法 用表达的重组人IgE-Fc免疫BLAB/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与Sp2/0细胞融合,以间接ELISA法筛选杂交瘤上清.用ELISA阻断分析鉴定其生物学功能;通过丙氨酸突变扫描分析确定其抗原表位.结果 利用杂交瘤技术获得了1株抗人IgE的单克隆抗体178,它具有IgE抗体特异性反应,其识别的抗原表位位于IgE与其受体结合的关键部位.经鉴定其具有体外阻断IgE与其受体结合的活性.结论 利用基因重组抗原制备了1株抗人IgE的单克隆抗体178,此单克隆抗体具有体外阻断IgE与其受体结合的生物活性.     

C-myc单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

目的制备与鉴定鼠抗C-myc蛋白单克隆抗体。方法利用C-myc蛋白做免疫原免疫Balb/c小鼠,取免疫小鼠脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞进行细胞融合,经间接ELISA法筛选、有限稀释法克隆、单克隆抗体Ig亚型鉴定,获得2株能够稳定分泌抗C-myc特异性抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,再将杂交瘤细胞注射入小鼠腹腔诱使小鼠产生腹水。结果获得2株可稳定分泌抗C-myc抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,命名为SHH-1H11,SHH-2A9,Ig亚型分别为IgG1亚类和IgM。细胞培养上清效价分别为1:10240、1:5 120;小鼠腹水效价分别为1:64 000、1:32 000。结论制备的C-myc单克隆抗体仅与C-myc蛋白反应,与其他蛋白没有交叉反应,表明获得的单克隆抗体的特异性很高。     

杀虫剂西维因单克隆抗体的研制及鉴定

目的 制备特异性的西维因单克隆抗体。方法 合成了西维因的半抗原并对其进行了结构鉴定，将半抗原与牛血清白蛋白和卵清蛋白共价偶联分别制备免疫抗原和包被抗原。再将免疫的Balb／c小鼠脾脏细胞与SP2／0小鼠骨髓瘤细胞融合，建立一株分泌西维因单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞。分析该杂交瘤细胞的染色体，并以间接酶联免疫吸附分析法(ELISA)检测了单克隆抗体免疫球蛋白的类型及其与西维因的亲和性和特异性。结果 杂交瘤细胞的平均染色体数目为98条，它分泌IgG1亚类的单克隆抗体；该单克隆抗体与西维因的亲和性较高(IC50=52ng，mL)而与西维因结构类似物的交叉反应很小。结论 本实验成功的制备了西维因特异性的单克隆抗体，为其ELISA方法的建立提供了条件。     

Characterisation of new monoclonal antibodies reacting with prions from both human and animal brain tissues

Post-mortem diagnosis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (prion diseases) is primarily based on the detection of a protease resistant, misfolded disease associated isoform (PrP(Sc)) of the prion protein (PrP(C)) on neuronal cells. These methods depend on antibodies directed against PrP(C) and capable of reacting with PrP(Sc)in situ (immunohistochemistry on nervous tissue sections) or with the unfolded form of the protein (western and paraffin embedded tissue (PET) blotting). Here, high-affinity monoclonal antibodies (mAbs 1.5D7, 1.6F4) were produced against synthetic PrP peptides in wild-type mice and used for western blotting and immunohistochemistry to detect several types of human prion-disease associated PrP(Sc), including sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) (subtypes MM1 and VV2), familial CJD and Gerstmann-Str?ussler-Scheinker (GSS) disease PrP(Sc) as well as PrP(Sc) of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bovine brain), scrapie (ovine brain) and experimental scrapie in hamster and in mice. The antibodies were also used for PET-blotting in which PrP(Sc) blotted from brain tissue sections onto a nitrocellulose membrane is visualized with antibodies after protease and denaturant treatment allowing the detection of protease resistant PrP forms (PrP(RES)) in situ. Monoclonal antibodies 1.5D7 and 1.6F4 were raised against the reported epitope (PrP153-165) of the commercial antibody 6H4. While 1.5D7 and 1.6F4 were completely inhibitable by PrP153-165, 6H4 was not, indicating that the specificity of 6H4 is not defined completely by PrP153-165. The two antibodies performed similarly to 6H4 in western blotting with human samples, but showed less reactivity and enhanced background staining with animal samples in this method. In immunohistochemistry 1.5D7 and 1.6F4 performed better than 6H4 suggesting that the binding affinity of 1.5D7 and 1.6F4 with native (aggregated) PrP(Sc)in situ was higher than that of 6H4. On the other hand in PET-blotting, 6H4 reached the same level of reactivity as 1.5D7 and 1.6F4. This shows that 6H4 needs denatured PrP(RES) to reach maximal reactivity, confirming earlier results. As an exception, human PrP(RES) still reacted relatively poorly with 6H4 in PET-blotting, while 1.5D7 and 1.6F4 reacted well with PrP(RES) from most human CJD types. Taken together this implies that the binding epitope of 1.5D7 and 1.6F4 is accessible in the aggregates of undenatured PrP(Sc) (IHC) while the binding site of 6H4 is at least partly inaccessible. In techniques incorporating a denaturing and/or disaggregating step 6H4 showed good binding indicating increased accessibility of the binding site. An exception to this is human samples in PET-blotting suggesting that huPrP(RES) might not be as easily unfolded by denaturation as BSE and scrapie PrP(RES). Also of interest was the ability of 1.5D7 and 1.6F4 to discriminate between two allelic variants of PrP CJD(Sc) (VV vs. MM) in immunohistochemistry as opposed to the normally used antibody 3F4.     

The production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies in mice using novel immunization methods

Two novel immunization methods (intrasplenic and intra-inguinal lymph node) have been developed for the production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies in mice. Freund's complete adjuvant and antigen were mixed in the ratio of 1 : 2 (v/v). Various concentrations of human serum albumin (HSA) were used as antigen. No primary immune response was induced with 0.1 μg of HSA in either of the methods studied. Intrasplenic immunization resulted in the strongest primary immune responses using all other doses of HSA. The primary immune response induced by intrasplenic immunization with 0.5 μg of HSA was higher than any response induced by subcutaneous immunization with various doses of HSA. Inguinal lymph node immunization was less effective than intrasplenic immunization but better than subcutaneous immunization with 1–50 μg of HSA. Comparisons were also made of the efficacy of different adjuvants when inducing primary immune responses with 1 μg of HSA. Freund's complete adjuvant resulted in a much stronger response than Freund's incomplete adjuvant and alum. Both intrasplenic and inguinal lymph node immunization using 1–5 μg of HSA were able to induce strong primary immune responses. Secondary immunization with either method or intravenous injection 3 days before fusion resulted in a higher frequency of specific monoclonal antibodies.