住院精神病患者口咽部革兰阴性杆菌定植研究

目的观察住院精神病患者口咽部革兰阴性(G-)杆菌定植的改变,为控制呼吸道感染提供科学依据.方法采集92例住院精神病患者不同时期的咽拭子标本进行细菌培养鉴定,并分析G-杆菌定植的相关医疗因素.结果患者入院后第1天和第5天口咽部G-杆菌定植率分别为9.8%、22.8%(以克雷伯杆菌、大肠杆菌和绿脓杆菌为主),住院第5天患者口咽部G-杆菌定植呈明显上升趋势(P＜0.05),这一改变与患者精神症状、药物不良反应、约束护理、生活自理能力差、睡眠差、进食少有关,与年龄、住院频率无关.结论需加强精神病患者急性期的病情观察和治疗,以减少G-杆菌定植,有效预防呼吸道感染的发生.     

重建口咽胃内环境预防重症患者内源性感染研究

目的探讨重建重症患者口咽胃内环境的有效护理措施，以降低内源性感染的发生率。方法将60例重症患者随机分为对照组和观察组各30例。两组均监测患者口咽部及胃内的pH值、细菌生长变化及行痰培养。观察组根据各部位pH值及细菌培养监测结果给予相应口腔护理液进行口腔护理、酸化胃内容物、选择性肠道去污染等措施清除感染源；对照组予ICU常规护理。结果护理干预后第3、7天，观察组口咽部及胃内的pH值及细菌培养阳性率与对照组比较，差异有显著性意义（均P〈0．05）；患者入院7d时，观察组肺部感染率显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论加强对危重症患者口咽胃内的pH值及细菌变化监测，及时采取护理干预措施，防止菌群异位定植与移位，可显著降低内源性感染的发生。     

口咽部护理与呼吸机相关性肺炎

口咽部细菌定植是呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的主要致病因素，护理人员应提高认识，加强机械通气患者口腔护理，及时清除呼吸道分泌物，以降低VAP的发生。     

结核患者下呼吸道感染菌群分布及药敏分析

目的探讨肺结核并发下呼吸道感染者病原菌分布特点及耐药性,分析肺结核并发下呼吸道感染的危险因素。方法2011年1月至2013年12月对住院肺结核患者进行细菌分离及药敏试验,分析影响患者下呼吸道感染的危险因素。结果485例肺结核住院患者中并发下呼吸道感染125例（25．77％）,共分离病原菌425株,其中革兰阳性球菌165株（38．82％）,革兰阴性杆菌228株（53．65％）,真菌32株（7．53％）。革兰阳性菌对利奈唑胺敏感性较高,铜绿假单胞菌对氨曲南、头孢他啶及头孢吡肟敏感,肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢吡肟敏感,大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南、派拉西林及环丙沙星敏感性高,鲍曼不动杆菌对常规抗菌药物均表现为耐药。年龄、病程、病灶、抗菌药物应用种类及住院时间是影响肺结核并发下呼吸道感染的危险因素。结论肺结核并发呼吸道感染者细菌耐药性较高,临床应加强对高龄、病程长、病灶多、住院时间长等高危患者的管理,合理应用抗菌药物,加强对患者耐药性观察,可有效降低肺结核并发下呼吸道感染的发病率。     

重症监护病房下呼吸道感染或定植嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌患者48例分析

目的分析ICU患者下呼吸道检出嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的常见因素，探讨嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的定植、感染及其转归。方法将笔者单位ICU 2004年1月-2005年12月收治的48例痰培养有嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌生长的患者进行定植或感染的初步诊断后，回顾性分析比较其在院内采取的各项措施、病情发展等，并对嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌进行体外药物敏感试验，将敏感药物用于上述48例患者的治疗。结果48例患者中嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染者32例、定植者16例。气管插管时间较长、使用碳青霉烯类抗生素或糖皮质激素的时间较长、合并低蛋白血症、急性生理功能和慢性健康状况Ⅱ评分较高（〉15分者占87．5％）均与下呼吸道感染嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌明显相关。与定植者相比，下呼吸道感染嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌易发展为重症肺炎，伴发呼吸功能衰竭（感染者中有84．4％，定植者中有31．3％），且体外敏感的抗菌药物对其临床治疗效果欠佳。嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌主要对新型氟喹诺酮类药物莫西沙星、左氧氟沙星敏感率高，分别为83．3％和75．0％；对常用的第三代头孢菌素及碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药率达80％左右。结论对ICU患者缩短气管插管时间、合理使用抗菌药物、增强机体免疫功能等，有利于防治下呼吸道感染嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌。     

全胃切除术后不同营养支持方式对患者免疫功能的影响

目的探讨全胃切除术后不同营养支持方式对患者免疫功能的影响。方法选择行全胃切除术患者33例，随机分为肠内营养组（17例，EN组）和肠外营养组（16例，PN组），分别于手术前后检测外周血补体和免疫球蛋白水平及各种淋巴细胞百分率的变化，并观察感染性并发症发生率及胃肠功能恢复时间。结果术后第1天．两组患者补体、免疫球蛋白及淋巴细胞百分率均较术前明显下降（P〈0．05）；而术后第8天，EN组补体及免疫球蛋白水平较术后第1天有所恢复（P〈0．01），且改变量与PN组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。术后第8天，两组患者淋巴细胞百分率及EN组的CD4^＋／CD8^＋较术后第1天有所恢复（P〈0．01）；EN组淋巴细胞百分率的改变量与PN组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。PN组术后感染性并发症的发生率（31.3％）高于EN组（5．9％）（P〈0．05）。结论全胃切除术后患者EN支持较PN支持能更好地促进免疫功能的恢复，降低肺内感染的发生率。     

机械通气病人下呼吸道细菌移生和感染的预防

在机械通气的病人中,医源性下呼吸道感染是一个重要问题。而G~-杆菌常存在于患者的口咽部,增加了这种感染的可能性。作者对收入呼吸监护室的病人联合应用预防性抗生素,以期使口咽部达到无G~-杆菌状态,并减少其向下呼吸道移生和感染。 27例病人,均患有严重的内外科疾病,需要长期的呼吸监护。所有患者均通过气管插管或气管切开接受机械通气10天以上。监护期间的医疗护理严格遵守无菌操作原则。病人收入ICU后即行口咽部和气管内吸出物的细菌培养,作为对照;以后每周两次追踪细菌培养。首次细菌培养之后,即每日经静脉给予Cefotaxime50～100 mg/kg,持续至口咽部细菌培养阴性后停药;     

糖尿病合并泌尿系感染患者临床特征及病原菌药敏试验分析

目的：探讨糖尿病合并泌尿系感染患者临床特征及病原菌药敏试验情况。方法对128例糖尿病患者合并泌尿系感染患者临床特征、病原菌分布及药敏试验情况进行分析。结果糖尿病合并泌尿系感染患者中≥60岁者发病率为79．69％（102／128）。128例患者糖尿病患者合并泌尿系感染患者共分离出184株病原菌,G ＋球菌52株（28．26％）,G －杆菌110株（59．78％）,真菌22株（11．96％）。 G＋球菌中金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、屎肠球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺敏感率较高。 G －杆菌对亚胺培南、阿米卡星的敏感率较高。真菌感染患者对常用抗菌药物均表现为较高的敏感性,其中对两性霉素B、氟康唑、氟胞嘧啶敏感性为100％。结论糖尿病合并泌尿感染患者与高龄、侵入性操作、住院时间长及不合理用药有关。病原菌均仍以G －杆菌为主,相关菌株表现出较高的耐药性,应引起临床工作者高度重视。     

阴沟杆菌肺内感染的临床特点和药敏测定

目的 总结阴沟杆菌肺内感染的临床特点及该菌对常用抗生素的敏感性。方法分析30例阴沟杆菌下呼吸道感染的临床资料，以纸片法（K—B法）或琼脂稀释法（Etest法）测定该菌的体外药物敏感性。结果86．7％（26／30）的患者有基础疾病，其中以慢性阻塞性肺疾病最常见，60．0％（18／30）的病例为混合感染，混合菌主要为绿脓杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和真菌。症状为发热和咳嗽、咳痰，胸部X线表现为分布于两下肺野的支气管肺炎改变，病死率为10．0％（3／30）。药敏试验提示该菌呈现多重耐药，亚胺培南、阿米卡星、妥布霉素、环丙沙星、头孢哌酮为较敏感抗生素。结论阴沟杆菌肺内感染患者多有基础疾病，临床表现不典型，以支气管肺炎改变为主，诊断依靠病原学并结合临床及X线检查，治疗应根据药敏试验并联合应用抗生素。     

食管癌术后早期肠内肠外营养的对比研究

目的 探讨食管癌术后早期肠内营养（EN）与肠外营养（PN）对息者营养状况的改善及并发症发生率的影响。方法将106例食管癌根治手术的患者随机分为早期EN组和PN组，手术后第1天开始分别给予营养支持1周，于术前1d、术后8d检测体重、血常规、肝功能，并观察并发症的发生率。结果EN组体重、红细胞数、血红蛋白、白蛋白及转氨酶下降幅度少于PN组，两组比较P〈0．01，差异有统计学意义。EN组息者无吻合口瘘发生，肺部感染发生率为5．7％，胸腔积液发生率为3．8％，无切口愈合不良者；PN组患者吻合口瘘发生率5．7％，肺部感染发生率28．3％，胸腔积液发生率15．1％，切口愈合不良发生率7．6％；丽组比较P〈0．05，差异有统计学意义。结论术后早期EN比PN对食管癌营养状况的改善更好，并发症发生率更低。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.