丙戊酸药物浓度与CYP286基因多态性的相关性研究

目的:探讨丙戊酸(VPA)药物浓度与细胞色素P4502B6(CYP2B6)基因多态性的关系。方法:选择符合入选条件的癫患者72例,提取外周血DNA,应用聚合酶链反应和限制性核酸内切酶方法分析患者的CYP2B6基因型及等位基因;应用荧光偏振免疫法测定患者VPA的血药浓度。结果:72例癫患者中CYP2B6基因型为*1/*1为39例(54.2%),*1/*6为29例(40.3%),*6/*6为4例(5.5%),根据基因型将患者分为两组,A组(CYP2B6*1/*1)和B组(CYP2B6*1/*6或CYP2B6*6/*6)。B组患者VPA的标准血药浓度平均值较A组高,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:CYP2B6是VPA的代谢酶,CYP2B6基因多态性可影响VPA的血药浓度,对含有CYP2B6*6等位基因的患者应用VPA时,其血药浓度高,提示对VPA药物代谢有影响。     

细胞色素P450等位基因多态性与丙戊酸钠血药浓度的相关性

目的探讨细胞色素P450(CYP)2A6及CYP2B6等位基因多态性与丙戊酸钠血药浓度的关系。方法选择165例服用丙戊酸钠单药治疗且无肝肾功能异常的癫疒间患者,应用多聚酶链反应(PCR)方法分别进行CYP2A6(95例)和CYP2B6(70例)等位基因多态性频率分析;应用荧光偏振免疫法(FPIA)测定含不同等位基因患者丙戊酸钠的血药浓度。结果95例患者中,CYP 2A6*4等位基因频率为13.2%,CYP2A6*4等位基因携带者丙戊酸钠的血药浓度[(4.23±0.27)mg/ml]明显高于非CYP2A6*4等位基因携带者[(3.35±0.38)mg/ml](P<0.05);70例患者中,CYP2B6*6等位基因频率为24.3%,CYP2B6*6等位基因携带者丙戊酸钠的血药浓度[(4.12±0.34)mg/ml]明显高于非CYP2B6*6等位基因携带者[(3.07±0.28)mg/ml](P<0.05)。结论CYP2A6或(和)CYP2B6等位基因多态性均影响丙戊酸钠的血药浓度,CYP2A6*4或(和)CYP2B6*6等位基因携带者丙戊酸钠用量应低于常规剂量,以减少不良反应的发生和避免药物资源的浪费。     

CYP2C19基因多态性对长期服用氯吡格雷脑梗死患者卒中复发的影响

目的探讨长期服用氯吡格雷的初发脑梗死患者卒中复发与CYP2C19基因多态性的关系。方法对78例初发脑梗死后长期(≥1 y)服用氯吡格雷的患者,根据入组时是否脑梗死复发分为复发组与未复发组,通过CYP2C19基因芯片检测系统对两组患者的CYP2C19基因型进行检测。结果 78例中,复发组32例,未复发组46例。两组患者在性别、年龄、吸烟、高血压、糖尿病、血脂等的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);所检的78例共检出三种等位基因:CYP2C19*1、CYP2C19*2、CYP2C19*3,等位基因频率分别是61.54%、33.33%、5.13%。两组患者共检出6种基因型:CYP2C19*1/*1、CYP2C19*1/*2、CYP2C19*1/*3、CYP2C19*2/*2、CYP2C19*2/*3和CYP2C19*3/*3。未复发组CYP2C19*1等位基因和CYP2C19*1/*1基因型频率显著高于复发组,分别为76.1%:40.6%(P<0.01),58.7%:18.8%(P<0.001),而未复发组CYP2C19*2等位基因频率和CYP2C19*2/*2基因型频率显著低于复发组,分别为19.6%:53.1%(P<0.01),4.3%:31.3%(P<0.01),而两组其余等位基因频率和基因型频率差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论长期服用氯吡格雷的脑梗死患者卒中复发与CYP2C19基因突变有关,对于需长期服用氯吡格雷预防脑梗死复发的患者,进行CYP2C19基因型的检测是必要的。     

回、汉族癫痫患者CYP2C9和CYP2C19基因多态性与苯巴比妥血药浓度的相关性研究

目的研究CYP2C9*3和CYP2C19*2的单核苷酸多态性在回、汉族癫痫人群中的分布特点;探讨两种基因型与苯巴比妥血药浓度的关系。方法对宁夏地区回、汉族癫痫患者185例采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术(PCR-RFLP)分析CYP2C9*3和CYP2C19*2基因型,并进行回、汉族间基因型及等位基因频率的比较;应用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)测定其中113例单用苯巴比妥患者的血药浓度,再将其标准化后,分析两种基因型与苯巴比妥血药浓度的关系。结果 (1)回、汉族癫痫患者中CYP2C9*3和CYP2C19*2基因型及等位基因频率均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。(2)根据所携带的CYP2C9和CYP2C19突变等位基因的数量,将113例单用苯巴比妥的患者分为强代谢(EM)组、中间代谢(IM)组和弱代谢(PM)组,IM组和PM组苯巴比妥血药浓度明显高于EM组,且突变基因携带数量与血药浓度呈正相关。结论苯巴比妥血药浓度在CYP2C9和CYP2C19变异基因携带者中增高,根据患者CYP2C9和CYP2C19基因型可以预测患者药物浓度,指导临床选择合适的苯巴比妥初始剂量。     

CYP2C19基因型对丙戊酸及其与苯妥英联合用药时血药浓度影响

目的探讨细胞色素P450 2C19(CYP2C19)基因对丙戊酸(VPA)血药浓度,以及VPA和苯妥英(PHT)联合应用时对其VPA血药浓度的影响.方法应用变性高效液相(DHPLC)技术对CYP2C19两个常见的等位基因突变进行了分析;应用荧光偏振免疫法(FPIA)测定口服抗癫痫药物患者的血药浓度.结果81例癫痫患者中CYP2C19外显子4(*3)和外显子5(*2)位点均为野生型(*1/*1)的发生率为37.0%,CYP2C19*2和CYP2C19*3的等位基因频率分别为31.5%和3.7%.单一应用VPA时,弱代谢患者较正常代谢患者的VPA血药浓度有所升高(P＜0.05).联合应用PHT和VPA可使VPA血药浓度显著降低(P＜0.01),CYP2C19正常代谢患者VPA血药浓度降低尤为明显(P＜0.01);在VPA与PHT联合用药过程中,约半数CYP2C19正常代谢患者VPA血药浓度不能达到治疗血药浓度.结论CYP2C19基因多态性影响VPA的血药浓度变化,在联合应用PHT时对VPA血药浓度的影响尤为明显,从而影响抗癫痫的临床疗效.     

丙戊酸代谢相关CYP2C19基因多态性在癫痫患儿体内的分布及治疗个体化研究

目的：对癫痫患儿体内CYP2C19的基因多态性进行研究,并进行基因型与患儿体内丙戊酸血药浓度关系的研究,以对患儿进行治疗个体化。方法采用聚合酶链反应－限制性片段长度多态性检测技术对2012‐12—2014‐03来我院及其他医院神经内科654例确诊为癫痫患儿的CYP2C19基因型进行检测,同时对仅服用丙戊酸进行抗癫痫治疗的228例患儿体内的丙戊酸稳态血药浓度进行检测,进而探求CYP2C19的基因型与血药浓度的相关性。结果 CYP2C19具有基因多态性,各基因型分布频率不同,其中*1／*1型为41.9％、*1／*2型为41.1％、*1／*3型为6.4％、*2／*2型为7.4％、*2／*3型为2.9％和*3／*3型为0.3％;同时入选组的228例患儿中快、中、慢代谢型所占的频率分别为40.8％、44.7％和13.5％;同时测得*1／*1型、*1／*2型、*1／*3型、*2／*2型、*2／*3型所对应的稳态血药浓度（m g／L ）分别为45±20、64±16、68±21、73±28、72±18;经统计分析发现,*2／*2型与*1／*1型血药浓度体质量剂量比值存在差异具有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。结论癫痫患儿体内CYP2C19具有多态性,其分布规律与其他正常人群的分布规律基本一致,患儿服用丙戊酸时,其CYP2C19基因型与体内丙戊酸的血药浓度具有相关性。因此提醒我们,对癫痫患儿应用丙戊酸进行抗癫痫治疗时,可参考CYP2C19基因分型结果,预测血药浓度变化,对患儿进行个体化的治疗。     

CYP2C19基因多态性与奥氮平所致药物性肝损伤的关联性研究

目的:研究细胞色素酶CYP2C19基因多态性与奥氮平所致药物性肝损伤(DILI)间的关联性。方法:对127例单一服用奥氮平的精神分裂症患者的CYP2C19位点rs4244285、rs4986893、rs12248560进行基因分型检测,分析比较服药后出现药物性肝损伤(DILI)患者(DILI组)与未出现DILI患者(非DILI组)3个SNPs等位基因及基因型频率差异。结果:两组间3个等位基因和基因型频率、各代谢类型频率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),在3位点基因类型比较中,DILI组*1/*3基因频率低于非DILI组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.034)。结论:CYP2C19基因多态性与奥氮平所致DILI易感性可能有关,CYP2C19中*1/*3基因型可能是奥氮平所致DILI的保护性因素。     

CYP3A5基因多态性与肾移植后钙调神经蛋白抑制剂慢性肾毒性的相关性

背景：钙调神经蛋白抑制剂是实体器官移植后抗排斥治疗中最重要的一线药物之一，主要通过包括CYP3A5在内的CYP3A亚家族进行代谢。但关于CYP3A5基因多态性与钙调神经蛋白抑制剂慢性肾毒性的相关研究国内外鲜有报道。 目的：观察CYP3A5基因多态性与中国人群中钙调磷酸酶抑制剂慢性肾毒性发生的关系。 方法：分别收集200例肾移植后出现慢性肾毒性的中国人种患者设为肾毒组；200例肾移植至少12个月后没有出现慢性肾毒性的中国人种患者设为对照组，取两组血样和临床数据。采用聚合酶链反应-限制性内切酶片段长度多态性技术分别检测两组的CYP3A5突变位点基因型。通过统计学分析CYP3A5的基因多态性与钙调神经蛋白抑制剂慢性肾毒性之间的关系。 结果与结论：慢性肾毒组中CYP3A5基因型*1/*1+*1/*3(显示CYP3A5活性)和*3/*3(不显示CYP3A5活性)分别占39.5%(79/200)和60.5%(121/200)；对照组中CYP3A5基因型*1/*1+*1/*3(显示CYP3A5活性)和*3/*3(不显示CYP3A5活性)分别占28.5%(57/200)和71.5%(143/200)。两组间差异有显著性意义(χ2=9.000，P < 0.05，OR=1.638，95%CI=1.078-2.488)。通过Logistic回归分析CYP3A5*1/*1和CYP3A5*1/*3是显著的引起CNI慢性肾毒性的危险因素(P < 0.05，OR=1.638，95%CI=1.078~2.488)。提示，CYP3A5的基因多态性可能增加肾移植患者慢性肾毒性的遗传易感性；参与钙调神经蛋白抑制剂慢性肾毒性疾病的发生。     

河南地区汉族人群丙戊酸钠代谢相关基因CYP2C19的多态性分布调查分析

目的探讨河南地区丙戊酸钠代谢相关基因CYP2C19多态性的相关分布。方法采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性检测技术对我院无亲缘关系的250例患者的基因型进行检测。结果 CYP2C19*1*1频率为46.0%、CYP2C19*1*2频率为38.4%、CYP2C19*1*3频率为6.0%、CYP2C19*2*2频率为6.4%、CYP2C19*2*3频率为2.8%、CYP2C19*3*3频率为0.4%。结论河南地区汉族人群CYP2C19多态性的相关分布与全国其他地区比较无显著性差异,临床医师在使用丙戊酸钠及苯妥英钠等药物进行抗癫治疗时可以参考相关基因检测结果。     

细胞色素P4501A1基因多态性与帕金森病关系的研究

目的　研究细胞色素P45 0 1A1(CYP1A1)MspⅠ基因型和第 7外显子 4889位异亮氨酸 (Ile) 缬氨酸 (Val)基因型与帕金森病 (PD)的关系。方法　采用PCR RELP和ASA技术检测 78例PD患者和 15 2例健康人CYP1A1MspⅠ和Ile Val基因多态性 ,并分析 2组基因型和等位基因分布频率。结果　CYP1A1基因MspⅠ、Ile Val多态位点 ,各基因型和等位基因频率在PD组和对照组间比较无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　细胞色素P45 0 1A1MspⅠ和Ile Val基因多态性与PD患者的遗传易患性可能无关 ,CYP1A1基因多态并不是PD的遗传易患因子。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

他汀类药物的使用和颅内动脉瘤破裂相关性分析

目的 探讨他汀类药物对颅内动脉瘤破裂的影响。方法 2010年3月至2014年3月收治颅内囊状动脉瘤67例,其中破裂者32例,未破裂者35例。采用多变量Logistic回归评估他汀类药物的使用和颅内动脉瘤破裂的关系。结果 破裂组术前使用他汀类药物4例（12.5%,4/32）,未破裂组16例（45.7%,16/35）。破裂组服用他汀类药物的百分比显著低于未破裂组（P<0.01）。纠正潜在的混杂干扰后（or值: 0.30,95%可信空间:0.12~="" 0.64）显示,颅内动脉瘤破裂与他汀类药物的使用呈显著负相关,也与高血清总胆固醇浓度有关。结论 本结果提示他汀类药物对颅内动脉瘤破裂有一定的预防效果。     

Impact of our understanding of the genetic aetiology of epilepsy

A genetic contribution to aetiology is estimated to be present in up to 40% of patients with epilepsy. It is useful to categorise genetic epilepsies according to the mechanisms of inheritance into Mendelian disorders, non-mendelian or ‘complex’ disorders, and chromosomal disorders. Over 200 Mendelian diseases include epilepsy as part of the phenotype, and the genes for a number of these have been identified recently. These include autosomal recessive progressive myoclonic epilepsies such as Unverricht-Lundborg disease, Lafora disease and the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, and three autosomal dominant idiopathic epilepsies. The last named have been shown to arise from mutations in ion channel genes. Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy is caused by mutations in CHRNA4, benign familial neonatal convulsions by mutations in KCNQ2 and KCNQ3, and generalised epilepsy with febrile seizures plus by mutations in SCN1B. ‘Complex’, familial epilepsies are more difficult to analyse, but evidence has been obtained for loci predisposing to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy on chromosome 6p and 15q. Lastly, the genes underlying several spike-wave epilepsies in mice have been cloned, and three of these encode sub-units of voltage-gated calcium channels. Received: 29 September 1999/Accepted: 7 December 1999     

肌萎缩侧索硬化三例误诊分析

目的掌握肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)的诊断标准,以便早期准确诊断,避免误诊。方法分析3例ALS患者早期被误诊的临床资料。结果 3例患者均以下肢无力发病,逐渐波及上肢或对侧肢体,脊柱MR I示颈部或腰部椎间盘突出压迫硬膜囊,手术治疗后,症状无缓解,病情仍进行性加重,经肌电图检查证实为ALS。结论临床医师应熟知ALS的诊断标准,对患者详细询问病史、认真查体和电生理检查是减少ALS误诊的关键。     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.