In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Cyperus rotundus

Cyperus rotundus (Family Cyperaceae) is used both as a functional food and as a drug. In this study, the antioxidative potential of a hydroalcoholic extract of C. rotundus (CRE) was evaluated by various antioxidant assays, including antioxidant capacity by the phosphomolybdenum method, total antioxidant activity in linoleic acid emulsion systems, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging. We further evaluated the reducing potential of the extract as well as Fe(2+)/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate. These various antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene, tocopherol, L-ascorbic acid, and catechin. Total phenolic and flavonoid content of CRE was also determined by a colorimetric method. The extract exhibited high reduction capability and powerful free radical scavenging, especially against DPPH and superoxide anions as well as a moderate effect on NO. CRE also showed inhibited lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate induced by Fe(2+)/ascorbate and prevented deoxyribose degradation in both non-site-specific and site-specific assays showing the hydroxyl radical scavenging and metal chelating activity of the hydroalcoholic extract. Moreover, the peroxidation inhibiting activity of CRE was demonstrated in the linoleic acid emulsion system. These results clearly established the antioxidative potency of C. rotundus, which may account for some of the medical claims attributed to this plant.     

Stability and absorption of anthocyanins from blueberries subjected to a simulated digestion process

Numerous studies have shown that anthocyanins usually have better in vitro bioactivity than in vivo bioactivity. This may be due to physiochemical degradation during gastrointestinal digestion and their poor bioavailability in in vivo studies. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of anthocyanin structure on their stability under simulated gastrointestinal digestion and to assess their absorption in the intestines using Caco-2 human intestinal cell monolayers. The results show that gastric digestion does not significant affect blueberry anthocyanins in terms of composition and antioxidative activity. However, approximately 42% of the total anthocyanin and 29% of the antioxidative activity were lost during intestinal digestion. Structural analysis indicated that fewer free hydroxyl groups and more methoxy groups in the B-ring improve anthocyanin stability. The absorption trials demonstrated that more hydrophobic anthocyanins have better absorption efficiency than more hydrophilic anthocyanins. Furthermore, the glycoside structure also determines the absorption efficiency of anthocyanins.     

Radical scavenging-linked antioxidant activities of commonly used herbs and spices in Korea

Herbs and spices not only variety and racy flavour to Korean foods, they also are the richest source for antioxidant power. The present study evaluates the radical scavenging-linked antioxidant activities of hot water extracts from commonly used herbs and spices in Korea. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and superoxide anion scavenging activities of bay extract were 39.5% and 22.1%, respectively. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was in order of dill (50.0%) > bay (31.3%) > garlic (27.9%) > white pepper and black pepper (15.1-15.3%) > onion (10.1%) extracts. Bay extract had the highest total phenolic content (17.86?μg CE/g). High correlation coefficients were found between the total phenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity (R?=?0.9162). These results indicate that herbs and spices had high antioxidant activity that is partly due to the phenolic compounds and provide basic data for further development of processed food products.     

蛋清的蛋白酶解物清除自由基能力的研究

目的研究胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶及Alcalase碱性蛋白酶对蛋清蛋白的水解效果以及其酶解物对自由基的清除能力。方法采用茚三酮法分析五种蛋白酶对蛋清蛋白的水解效果;通过Fenton体系和邻苯三酚自氧化体系测定五种蛋白酶水解产物对羟自由基及超氧阴离子的清除能力。结果五种蛋白酶在其最适反应条件下,水解度大小依次为:alcalase碱性蛋白酶>胰蛋白酶>木瓜蛋白酶>中性蛋白酶>胃蛋白酶;羟自由基清除能力强弱依次为:木瓜蛋白酶>alcalase碱性蛋白酶>胰蛋白酶>中性蛋白酶>胃蛋白酶;超氧阴离子清除能力强弱依次为:木瓜蛋白酶>alcalase碱性蛋白酶>中性蛋白酶>胃蛋白酶>胰蛋白酶。木瓜蛋白酶水解3h的产物对两种自由基清除能力最强,对羟自由基的清除率为65.63%,对超氧阴离子的清除率为38.40%。结论蛋清的蛋白酶解物具有清除羟自由基及超氧阴离子的能力,且对羟自由基的清除能力大于超氧阴离子。     

紫甘薯花青素的稳定性及抗氧化性研究

目的探明紫甘薯花青素的稳定性和抗氧化性,为紫甘薯花青素在食品中的加工利用提供理论依据。方法采用HPLC和LC-MSn对ZA1紫甘薯花青素成分进行了分析。比较花青素在室内自然光,紫外光,沸水浴高压灭菌和不同pH值条件下的稳定性。研究了其清除超氧阴离子自由基、羟基自由基和DPPH.自由基等抗氧化性能力。结果紫甘薯花青素成分包括有矢车菊素、飞燕草素、锦葵色素、牵牛花色素和甲基花青素。自然光和紫外光照对花青素稳定性影响较小,高温对花青素稳定性影响较大。pH值对花青素稳定性影响非常大,低pH有利于花青素保留。pH为7.0时,花青素具备较好的清除超氧阴离子、羟基自由基和DPPH.自由基能力。结论紫甘薯花青素稳定性受光照、温度、pH值影响。紫甘薯花青素具有较强的抗氧化能力。     

Radical scavenging-linked antioxidant activities of commonly used herbs and spices in Korea

Herbs and spices not only variety and racy flavour to Korean foods, they also are the richest source for antioxidant power. The present study evaluates the radical scavenging-linked antioxidant activities of hot water extracts from commonly used herbs and spices in Korea. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and superoxide anion scavenging activities of bay extract were 39.5% and 22.1%, respectively. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was in order of dill (50.0%) > bay (31.3%) > garlic (27.9%) > white pepper and black pepper (15.1–15.3%) > onion (10.1%) extracts. Bay extract had the highest total phenolic content (17.86 μg CE/g). High correlation coefficients were found between the total phenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity (R = 0.9162). These results indicate that herbs and spices had high antioxidant activity that is partly due to the phenolic compounds and provide basic data for further development of processed food products.     

石榴籽提取物体外抗氧化活性研究

目的研究石榴籽提取物的体外抗氧化作用。方法采用普鲁士蓝法、邻二氮菲-Fe2+氧化法和邻苯三酚自氧化法分别测定石榴籽提取物的总抗氧化能力、石榴籽提取物对羟自由基(.OH)和超氧阴离子(.O2-)的清除作用,并与维生素C抗氧化活性相比较。结果石榴籽提取物对.OH和.O2-具有很强的清除作用,其IC50分别为0.157和0.027mg/ml,与维生素C抗氧化作用相似。结论石榴籽提取物具有较强的清除自由基能力,是一种天然有效的抗氧化剂。     

Antioxidant activity of selected commercial seaweeds

This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity (total antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities) of seaweeds commercially available in the Malaysian supermarket. Four types of seaweeds namely Nori (Porphyra sp.), Kumbu (Laminaria sp.), Wakame (Undaria sp.) and Hijiki (Hijikia sp.) were used in the study. The extracts were prepared with water and ethanol, respectively. The b-carotene bleaching and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays were used to determine antioxidant properties of seaweeds by measuring the decrease in absorbance at 470 and 517 nm. In water extract, Kumbu showed the highest total antioxidant activity of 63% compared with other samples. Kumbu, Nori and Hijiki exhibited higher radical scavenging activity than Wakame when extracted with water. Wakame exhibited the highest antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities in ethanolic extract with 58% and EC50 = 0.42 mg/ml respectively. The results of ANOVA analysis show significant differences (p<0.05) in the means of total antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of the seaweeds. The results showed that processed commercial seaweeds exhibited varying degrees of antioxidant properties.     

大麦麦叶中黄酮类化合物清除自由基动态研究

目的 :　研究 4种大麦麦叶中提取的黄酮类化合物对超氧阴离子自由基 (O2· )、羟自由基 (· OH)的清除作用。方法 :　用氮蓝四唑 (NBT)光还原法测定 O2·的清除率 ,氧化还原法测定· OH的清除率。结果 :　随着黄酮在反应液中浓度的增加 ,清除率呈上升趋势 ,当黄酮浓度达到 1 2μg/ ml左右时 ,对 O2·和· OH的清除率可分别高达 95.56%和 94.1 2 %。结论 :体外实验证实 ,大麦麦叶提取物具有较强的抗氧化作用     

In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of two Hawaiian marine Limu: Ulva fasciata (Chlorophyta) and Gracilaria salicornia (Rhodophyta)

The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of two Hawaiian marine algae (Ulva fasciata and Gracilaria salicornia) were evaluated. Ethanolic extracts of these two algae exhibited intracellular reactive 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline)-6-sulfonic radical, nitric oxide, superoxide radical, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities. In addition to the antioxidant activity these algae possessed appreciable antimicrobial activity and total phenolic contents. The overall results have established that these two marine algae could be used to derive bioactive compounds for a possible role as nutraceutical agents.     

Evaluation of antioxidant properties of a new compound, pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6'-bieckol isolated from brown algae, Ecklonia cava

In this study, antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of the natural antioxidative compound, pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6''-bieckol (PPB) isolated from brown algae, Ecklonia cava was assessed in vitro by measuring the radical scavenging activities (DPPH, alkyl, hydroxyl, and superoxide) using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity, and DNA damage assay. According to the results of these experiments, the scavenging activity PPB against difference radicals was in the following order: DPPH, alkyl, hydroxyl, and superoxide radicals (IC₅₀; 0.90, 2.54, 62.93 and 109.05 µM). The antioxidant activities of PPB were higher than that of the commercial antioxidant, ascorbic acid. Furthermore, PPB effectively inhibited DNA damage induced by H₂O₂. These results suggest that the natural antioxidative compound, PPB, can be used by the natural food industry.     

Anthocyanins are efficiently absorbed from the stomach in anesthetized rats

After consumption, anthocyanins are rapidly absorbed as glycosides. Their rapid appearance in plasma could result from absorption through the gastric wall. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fate of anthocyanins in the stomach. Absorption of purified anthocyanins (14 micromol/L) as well as blackberry 14 and 750 micromol/L) and bilberry (88 micromol/L) anthocyanins was compared after in situ gastric administration for 30 min. A high proportion (approximately 25%) of anthocyanin monoglycosides (glucoside or galactoside) was absorbed from the stomach, whereas absorption of cyanidin 3-rutinoside was lower. Bilberry anthocyanins were also efficiently absorbed, but absorption varied greatly (19-37%) according to the anthocyanin structure; delphinidin glycosides were the most absorbed. When a high concentration of blackberry anthocyanins (750 micromol/L) was injected into the gastric lumen, the percentage of cyanidin 3-glucoside (Cy 3-glc) absorption was lower than after administration of a low concentration (14 micromol/L). After administration of this high concentration, blackberry anthocyanins were observed in plasma from gastric vein and aorta, whereas neither aglycones nor metabolites were detected. Analysis of bile samples revealed that Cy 3-glc appeared in bile after as little as 20 min. Peonidin 3-glucoside (the methylated form of Cy 3-glc) as well as unknown anthocyanin metabolites were also observed in bile. Thus, this study demonstrated that anthocyanin glycosides were quickly and efficiently absorbed from the stomach and rapidly excreted into bile as intact and metabolized forms.     

The antioxidant activity of 2-(4(or 2)-hydroxyl-5-chloride-1,3-benzene-di-sulfanimide)-chitosan

Chitosan (CS) with two different molecular weights was modified by reacting with 4-hydroxyl-5-chloride-1,3-benzene-disulfo-chloride or 2-hydroxyl-5-chloride-1,3-benzene-disulfo-chloride to give new 2-(4(or 2)-hydroxyl-5-chloride-1,3-benzene-di-sulfanimide)-chitosan (2-HCBSAHCS, 2-HCBSALCS, 4-HCBSAHCS, 4-HCBSALCS). The structure of the derivatives was characterized by FT-IR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The antioxidant activities of the derivatives were investigated employing various established systems, such as hydroxyl radical (.OH)/superoxide anion (O2.-) scavenging/reducing power and chelating activity. All the derivatives showed stronger scavenging activity on hydroxyl radical than chitosan and ascorbic acid (Vc), and IC50 of 4-HCBSAHCS, 4-HCBSALCS, 2-HCBSAHCS and 2-HCBSALCS was 0.334, 0.302, 0.442, 0.346 mg/mL, respectively. The inhibitory activities of the derivatives toward superoxide radical by the PMS-NADH system were strong. The results showed that the superoxide radical scavenging effect of 2-(4(or 2)-hydroxyl-5-chloride-1,3-benzene-di-sulfanimide)-chitosan was higher than chitosan. The derivatives had obviously reducing power and slight chelating activity. The data obtained in in vitro models clearly establish the antioxidant potency of 2-(4(or 2)-hydroxyl-5-chloride-1,3-benzene-disulfanimide)-chitosan.     

甲醇提取柑橘皮总黄酮及其体外抗氧化活性研究

目的:以柑橘皮为原料,利用甲醇为溶剂,采用浸提法从柑橘皮提取生物活性物质总黄酮,通过体外实验评价柑橘皮总黄酮的抗氧化活性,以提高柑橘资源的开发利用效率。方法:通过单因素实验和正交实验确定柑橘皮总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件。以芦丁为对照,体外测定柑橘皮总黄酮提取物对超氧阴离子自由基(O-2.)、羟自由基(.OH)及二苯代苦味酰基苯肼(DPPH.)自由基的清除率。结果:以甲醇为溶剂提取柑橘皮总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件为:料液比1:30、溶剂浓度70%、温度60℃、浸提时间4 h的提取条件下,总黄酮产量为4.96%。体外抗氧化活性研究结果表明,柑橘皮总黄酮具有较高的自由基清除能力,其清除效果随提取物浓度的增加而增强。柑橘皮总黄酮对O-2.和DPPH.自由基的清除率高于芦丁,而对于.OH自由基的清除率比芦丁稍低。结论:柑橘皮总黄酮具有明显的抗氧化能力,为综合开发利用柑橘资源提供了科学依据。     

Antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of extracts from Cirsium japonicum roots

This study investigated the antioxidant activity of methanol (MeOH) and water extracts from roots of Cirsium japonicum in vitro. MeOH extract showed a stronger free radical scavenging activity than water extract. However, both of extracts showed a concentration dependent hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, reducing power and metal chelating ability. MeOH extract had greater phenolic and flavonoid contents than water extract. The antidiabetic activity of these two extracts was evaluated by the α-glucosidase inhibition assay. The water extract showed a considerable α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. To our knowledge, this may be the first time to report the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities in Cirsium japonicum roots.     

蛋清蛋白酶解物抗氧化与血管紧张素转换酶抑制活性的研究

目的研究三种蛋白酶的蛋清蛋白酶解物(EWPH)的抗氧化及血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)抑制活性。方法分别采用Fenton体系、邻苯三酚自氧化体系和亚油酸自氧化体系测定胰蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶及alcalase碱性蛋白酶的EWPH清除羟自由基、超氧阴离子及抑制脂质过氧化的能力。利用高效液相色谱法测定ACE抑制活性。超滤分离上述三种蛋白酶的EWPH,检测各组分的抗氧化和ACE抑制活性。结果抗氧化活性最强的是木瓜蛋白酶的EWPH,在浓度10mg/ml时,对羟自由基和超氧阴离子清除率分别为53.14%和27.87%,在浓度0.8mg/ml时,对亚油酸自氧化的抑制率73.72%(D7)。ACE抑制效果最明显的是胰蛋白酶的EWPH,其IC50值为0.985mg/ml。低分子量(Mw3ku)组分酶解物的活性优于高分子量(Mw3ku)组分。结论三种蛋白酶的EWPHs均具有抗氧化和ACE抑制活性,但两种活性之间无明显的相关,且小分子组分的活性最强。     

Free radical scavenger and antioxidant capacity correlation of alpha-tocopherol and Trolox measured by three in vitro methodologies

The objective of this study was to correlate the free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of two known substances (Trolox and alpha-tocopherol), using three in vitro methods (linoleic acid emulsion, brain homogenate and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl [DPPH]). At steady state, alpha-tocopherol showed a greater inhibition of spontaneous oxidation of brain homogenate (59.42%+/-1.91) than Trolox (38.50%+/-2.38), while the latter showed a better antioxidant activity performance regarding inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation (100% versus 84.02%+/-1.98) and free radical scavenging activity (93.56%+/-5.71 versus 66.72%+/-6.28). When the IC50 value was used as a parameter, alpha-tocopherol presented greater antioxidant activity than Trolox evaluated in brain homogenate and DPPH, without a significant difference when using linoleic acid emulsion. Both compounds showed the same antioxidant efficiency measured by DPPH kinetics (0.37 mM). Antioxidant activity significantly changed according to the substrate, the parameter adopted to compare the substances in the same method and the form used to express antioxidant concentration.     

荞麦蛋白和类黄酮提取物清除自由基的ESR研究

目的:探讨荞麦蛋白质提取物(BWPr)和类黄酮提取物(BWF)清除活性氧自由基的作用。方法:采用电子自旋共振(ESR)及自旋捕获技术。结果:BWPr可清除O2,且呈明显的量效关系,在1.4～_?6.0mg/ml浓度范围内,随着蛋白液浓度的增加,清除率近乎直线升高,而再增加蛋白液的浓度,清除率增加幅度下降,甜荞蛋白和苦荞蛋白的IC50分别为4.1mg/ml、3.2mg/ml。而BWF清除O2的作用高于_?甜荞蛋白和苦荞蛋白,当其浓度为58mg/L时清除率就达77.89%,而浓度为293mg/L时清除率达到98.56%。BWPr对·OH也有一定的清除效果,但不及BWF。结论:BWPr和BWF都有清除活性氧自由基的作用,提示除荞麦类黄酮外,荞麦蛋白质也是一种自由基清除剂。     

Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant activity of Sida rhombifolia (L.) ssp. retusa (L.)

Sida rhombifolia (L.) ssp. retusa (L.) is widely used in Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of fever as well as a diuretic. The comparative antioxidant potentials of ethanol extract of roots, stems, leaves, and whole plant were studied. Estimation of total polyphenolic content and high-performance thin-layer chromatography profile were determined. Further inhibition of oxygen-derived free radicals, viz., assays for free radical scavenging, reducing power, superoxide anion scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging, and anti-lipid peroxidation, were performed. All the antioxidant activities were compared with standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole and alpha-tocopherol acetate. Extracts were found to be good scavengers of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical in the order root > leaves > whole plant > stem with 50% inhibitory concentrations of 546.1, 852.8, 983.8, and 1,222.5 microg/mL, respectively. All extracts of this plant showed effective free radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and superoxide scavenging activity. Only root extract inhibited lipid peroxidation in rat liver and brain homogenate. All these antioxidant properties were concentration dependent. In addition, total polyphenolic contents of all the extracts were determined as gallic acid equivalents. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in root extract. The results obtained from the current study indicate that S. rhombifolia ssp. retusa is a potential source of natural antioxidants.     

Assessment of Antioxidant Potential,Total Phenolics and Flavonoids of Different Solvent Fractions of Monotheca Buxifolia Fruit

ObjectivesThis study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant potential of methanol extract and its derived fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and aqueous) of fruits of Monotheca buxifolia (Falc.) Dc., a locally used fruit in Pakistan.MethodsDried powder of the fruit of M. buxifolia was extracted with methanol and the resultant was fractionated with solvents having escalating polarity; n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and the residual soluble aqueous fraction. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were estimated for the methanol and various fractions. These fractions were also subjected to various in vitro assays to estimate the scavenging activity for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), superoxide, hydroxyl, hydrogen peroxide and reductive ability for ferric ions and phosphomolybdate assay.ResultsThe n-butanol, aqueous and methanol fractions possessed high amount of phenolics and flavonoids compared with other fractions, and subsequently showed a pronounced scavenging activity on DPPH, ABTS, superoxide, hydroxyl and hydrogen peroxide radicals and had a potent reductive ability on ferric ion and phosphomolybdate assay. There was a found significant correlation between total phenolic and flavonoid contents and EC₅₀ of DPPH, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide radical and phosphomolybdate assays, whereas a nonsignificant correlation was found with the hydroxyl radical and ABTS radical assay.ConclusionM. buxifolia fruit can be used as natural antioxidant source to prevent damage associated with free radicals.