局限性前列腺癌间歇性内分泌治疗的临床观察

目的探讨间歇性内分泌治疗（IHT）局限性前列腺癌的效果。方法选取局限性前列腺癌（T1-2N0M0）患者36例,全雄激素阻断治疗6～9个月,停药时机为前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）≤0.2 ng/mL后持续3～6个月,以后根据每月PSA的检测结果决定是否再行内分泌治疗。治疗期及间歇期检测血清睾酮值,并行生活质量评分。结果 36例患者间歇性内分泌治疗6个月后血清PSA均降至正常,前列腺体积明显缩小。第1～5疗程的平均间歇期分别为5.8、6.6、8.4、5.6和3.0个月。最低PSA值从第1疗程的0.001 ng/mL上升至第5疗程的0.5 ng/mL。95.6%患者在第1个间歇期睾酮回升至正常值上限,中位回归时间11.2周。全部患者完成第1个周期的治疗,88.8%的患者完成2个周期的治疗,63.8%的患者完成3个周期的治疗,47.2%的患者完成4个周期的治疗,25.0%的患者完成5个周期的治疗,随访时间1～6.5年。生活质量评分显示,患者性趣、排尿症状和肠道症状等在间歇期得到显著改善（P〈0.05）。结论间歇性内分泌方法是非根治性治疗局限性前列腺癌的有效手段。     

中晚期前列腺癌临床治疗分析

目的 :探讨放疗、内分泌治疗和联合治疗对前列腺癌的临床疗效及PSA的临床诊断价值。　方法 :回顾总结 1986～ 1997年 5 0例C期以上前列腺癌临床治疗资料 ,比较不同治疗方法的客观生存率及PSA在治疗前后的变化。　结果 :治疗前 93 .7%病人PSA >4μg/L ,内分泌治疗后PSA水平下降 80 %～ 86 % ;80 %肿瘤发展病人PSA升高 1倍以上。手术去势组C期病人 2年和 5年生存率为 10 0 %和 6 6 % ;D期为 82 %和 36 %。放疗组C、D期 2年和 5年生存率分别为 10 0 %、5 0 %和 5 0 %、0。放疗联合去势术治疗C期病人 2年和 5年生存率为 10 0 %和 77%。药物治疗组 2年生存率为 90 %。　结论 :PSA是诊断前列腺癌及评价治疗预后的敏感指标。放疗联合内分泌治疗是C期前列腺癌的有效治疗方法 ,内分泌治疗D期前列腺癌优于放疗     

根治术后即刻给予辅助内分泌治疗局部晚期高危前列腺癌

前列腺癌在欧美国家高发,尤其在美国和北欧[1],在全球范围内,前列腺癌位居男性恶性肿瘤发病率的第2位,仅次于肺癌之后。但前列腺癌的发病在不同种族和国家发病率相差较大。我国属于前列腺癌的低发国家,但随着人口老龄化及饮食结构的改变,近年来前列腺癌的发病率快速增加,尤其在一些经济较为发达的省份上升速度惊人。     

调强放疗联合内分泌治疗中晚期前列腺癌42例临床分析

目的 分析调强放射治疗(IMRT)联合内分泌治疗对中晚期前列腺癌的短期治疗效果和副反应.方法 回顾性分析IMRT联合内分泌治疗中晚期前列腺癌42例患者的临床资料.放疗采用IMRT技术,1.8～2.0 Gy/次,5次/周,总放射量(DT)64 ～78 Gy,平均70.4 Gy.内分泌治疗采用去势同时加比卡鲁胺抗雄激素治疗的联合雄激素阻断治疗,28例放射治疗前接受手术去势,14例应用戈舍瑞林或亮丙瑞林药物去势.结果 42例均完成放射治疗,36例患者治疗6个月后血清PSA降至1ng/mL以下,放疗结束后尿频、排尿困难、里急后重等症状均有不同程度改善.1、2、3级急性胃肠道反应发生率分别为33.3％(14例)、9.5％(4例)、4.8％(2例),1、2级急性泌尿生殖系统反应发生率为38.1％(16例)、9.5％(4例).结论 IMRT联合内分泌治疗中晚期前列腺癌疗效满意,副反应发生率较低,是前列腺癌治疗的有效手段.     

三维适形放疗加内分泌治疗中晚期前列腺癌32例临床分析

目的分析三维适形放射治疗（3D-CRT）联合内分泌治疗对中晚期前列腺癌的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析3D-CRT联合内分泌治疗中晚期前列腺癌32例的临床资料。内分泌治疗采用去势加抗雄激素治疗的联合雄激素阻断治疗，26例放射治疗前接受双侧睾丸切除，1例行睾丸放疗去势，5例应用抑那通药物去势。抗雄激素治疗药物应用氟他胺，与去势治疗同时应用。放疗采用3D-CRT技术，1．8～2．0Gy／次，5次／周，肿瘤量（DT）68～72Gy，平均剂量70Gy。结果1例治疗过程中突发心肌梗死死亡，31例完成放射治疗。放疗结束后31例患者排尿困难等症状均不同程度改善，25例患者治疗6个月后血清PSA降至正常。平均随访30个月（6～75个月），3、5年生存率分别为80．6％和69．1％，5年肿瘤特异生存率为80．4％，1、2、3级急性胃肠道反应发生率分别为43．7％、6．3％、3．1％，1、2级急性泌尿生殖系统反应发生率分别为34．4％、6．3％。结论3D-CRT联合内分泌治疗前列腺癌疗效满意，副反应小，是中晚期前列腺癌综合治疗的有效手段。     

前列腺癌的内分泌治疗

前列腺癌是男性泌尿生殖系统肿瘤中极为重要的一种，本文概述了新近前列癌的内分泌治疗的有关原理，基础研究及临床应用现状。     

前列腺癌近距离治疗的效果和不良反应分析

目的探讨局限性前列腺癌患者接受近距离治疗的疗效及不良反应。方法2001～2010年接受近距离治疗的局限性前列腺癌患者67例。随访术后PSA变化及不良反应发生情况,并分析影响治疗效果的相关因素。结果64例（95．5％）获得平均33．9（4～112）个月的随访。术前PSA平均为20．04ng／mL,术后最低PSA值平均为1．15ng／mL,40例（62．5％）患者最低PSA值〈1ng／mL,26例（40．6％）患者最低PSA值〈0．5ng／mL,达最低PSA值时间平均为术后11（1～26）个月。术后常见短期不良反应有：发热4例,血尿8例,便血3例。长期不良反应有：尿路刺激症状19例,便血7例,血尿2例,尿失禁2例,尿潴留1例。结论近距离治疗是局限性前列腺癌的有效治疗方法,疗效肯定,并发症发生率低,严重不良反应少见。     

间歇性内分泌治疗前列腺癌

前列腺癌是欧美国家男性最常见的恶性肿瘤,也是全球男性继肺癌之后第二位的恶性肿瘤.随着人口老龄化及诊断水平的提高,我国前列腺癌总体发病率也有增高的趋势,另外,也有发病年龄年轻化及更早期发现的趋势.对于已失去根治机会的晚期前列腺癌,内分泌治疗已成为首选治疗方式.间歇性内分泌治疗(intermittent hormone thempy,IHT)因其有可能提高生活质量、延长雄激素抵抗及存活时间,在近十多年得到广泛关注.     

前列腺癌内分泌治疗的临床应用

内分泌治疗在前列腺癌（尤其是中晚期前列腺癌）的治疗中占有重要地位,但在临床应用中一些问题逐渐凸显并亟待解决.大量有关前列腺癌内分泌治疗的临床试验已经或正在国内外开展,获得的结果指导了治疗指南的制定和更新.作者结合近期临床试验结果及国内外最新指南,对前列腺癌内分泌治疗在临床实践中的一些具体问题,如治疗时机的确定、方法的选择以及联合雄激素阻断、辅助/新辅助治疗、间歇内分泌治疗等的应用进行总结评价.     

前列腺癌内分泌治疗的副作用

前列腺癌的内分泌治疗可以采用不同的方法，这些方法都会产生副作用，它们以不同的方式影响患者的健康和生活质量。本文就内分泌治疗的主要副作用，发病机理和可能的避免方法及治疗作一综述。     

Changes in the clinical characteristics of prostate cancer detected after introduction of PSA screening: Experience in South China (CME paper)

Purpose: To analyze the effect on general health checkup system‐based prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) screening for early detection of prostate cancer in asymptomatic elderly men in our hospital since 2004. Patients and Methods: We compared the changes in the medical parameters of prostate cancer in the eras before and after general health checkup system‐based PSA screening was introduced. Results: Our results revealed that there were significant increases in the proportion of patients without any clinical symptoms (18.92% vs 27.27%, P = 0.038), lower level serum PSA (24.32% vs 37.45%, P = 0.004), well‐differentiated adenocarcinoma (22.45% vs 36.26%, P = 0.002), clinically organ‐confined disease (30.41% vs 44.73%, P = 0.002), and patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (14.19% vs 34.55%, P < 0.001) after general health checkup system‐based PSA screening. Conclusions: General health checkup system‐based PSA screening is effective for early detection of prostate cancer in Chinese elderly men and favourable PSA levels, Gleason scores, and clinical stages are associated with PSA screening. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of screening on treatment outcomes and mortality of prostate cancer in southern Chinese.     

血清PSA与前列腺癌病理分级的相关性

目的 探讨血清前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）与前列腺癌（PCa）病理组织学分级的相关性。方法前列腺手术前检测血清PSA，术后经病理检查确诊为前列腺癌患者58例。根据苏木素一伊红切片中肿瘤的组织学形态进行病理分级。采用Spearman等级相关分析PSA与前列腺癌病理分级的关系。结果血清PSA值与前列腺癌的病理分级呈正相关。结论血清PSA与前列腺癌组织学分级问的相关性可能协助判断前列腺癌分级及预后。     

Evidence of prostate cancer screening in a UK region

OBJECTIVE: To examine the pattern of use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing in a UK region, where National Health Service policy does not recommend screening for prostate cancer. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Data were collected on all PSA tests in Northern Ireland between 1990 and 1999. Annual rates of PSA testing were calculated by age, GP Practice and year. RESULTS: In all, 165 862 PSA tests were performed on 84 669 men, and over a third of men aged > or = 50 years had at least one PSA test. Men aged < 50 years accounted for 12.9% of first tests. The proportion of tests from primary care increased from 47.2% in 1993 to 67.0% in 1999. The mean age of men tested once decreased from 65.6 to 61.9 years (P trend < 0.001) and the proportion with an elevated PSA level also declined during the period. Repeat testing increased with PSA level (P < 0.001) but 29.4% of men with a PSA level of < or = 4 ng/mL also had repeat testing. Raised PSA values were more common from hospital than primary care (32.4% vs 20.6%, P < 0.001) and in older men. Test rates varied 100-fold across general practices, a finding not explained by sociodemographic factors, but one which reflects differential adherence to national guidelines, suggesting that general practitioners are key targets for attempting to rationalise the use of the PSA test. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that PSA screening is taking place against evidence-based advice and has resulted in over 20 000 men being designated as having a raised PSA level, creating a need for further assessment.     

Comparison of clinical and pathological features in African-American and Caucasian patients with localized prostate cancer

OBJECTIVE: To examine patient characteristics, prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels, and established preoperative and pathological prognostic factors to determine differences between Caucasian and African-American patients with localised prostate cancer, as it remains controversial whether African-American men present with more aggressive disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients (aged 53-76 years) undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) at an equal-access tertiary-care centre were retrospectively reviewed. All patients had preoperative PSA levels, a physical examination (including clinical staging), and sextant biopsy. Insurance information was also collected. The same urological oncologist determined clinical staging and performed all the RRPs, and the same genitourinary pathologist determined the Gleason grade for biopsies and surgical specimens, pathological stage, percentage of tumour involvement, and specimen weight. African-American and Caucasian patients were compared for PSA, clinical stage, pathological stage, biopsy and pathological Gleason grade, organ confinement, margin status and specimen weight. Using preoperative and pathological data, both groups were also compared for over- and under-staging and -grading. The Wilcoxon rank test with P < 0.05 was used to determine statistically significant differences. RESULTS: African-American patients were more likely to be Medicaid or self-insured than Caucasian patients. Age, biopsy grade and clinical stage were not significantly different between the groups. African-American patients presented with a mean PSA level of 11.9 ng/mL and Caucasians with a mean of 8.5 ng/mL (P = 0.03). When clinical and biopsy data were compared with pathological data there were no differences between the groups in under/over-grading or under/over-staging. African-American patients had larger prostates per surgical specimen than their Caucasian counterparts (59.3 g vs 51.6 g, respectively; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: In a referred, equal-access system, African-American patients presented with higher serum PSA levels and had larger prostates in the surgical specimen. However, African-American patients did not present at an earlier age or with higher Gleason grade or clinical stage, nor were pathological grade and stages higher. Other pathological features were no different. African-American patients were not under- or over-staged or under- or over-graded more than their Caucasian counterparts. This retrospective study does not suggest that African-American men present with more aggressive disease.     

A-I型前列腺穿刺器活检筛选前列腺癌的临床意义

目的验证A-I型前列腺穿刺器对临床上前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)>4ng/ml和(或)前列腺直肠指诊、B超发现结节者进行前列腺癌筛查的临床意义。方法采用A-I型前列腺穿刺器,对36例PSA>4ng/ml或有前列腺结节者,在食指引导下进行前列腺左右叶的尖、中间、尾部和触及结节处活检。结果有结节者17例中发现前列腺癌(PCA)5例(29.4%);PSA>4.0ng/ml的34例中,PCA检出15例(44.12%)。分析显示:A-I型前列腺穿刺器与B-超引导系统相比较,对血清PSA>4.0ng/ml者的PCA检出率有明显的差异(x2=5.568,　P<0.05)。结论A-I型前列腺穿刺器完全可以满足临床对筛查前列腺癌的要求,是一种操作简便、易用、费用低廉的前列腺疾病的诊断器械,值得临床推广。     

Pretreatment prostate specific antigen (PSA) and 2-year PSA dynamics: Early predictors of prostate cancer prognosis with external radiation therapy

IntroductionThe dynamics of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in patients who have prostate cancer and receive radiotherapy is a very interesting but complicated topic. We tried to plot the sequential changes of PSA with and without hormone therapy and tried to find out the predictors for the high-risk patients for prostate cancer recurrence.MethodsWe reviewed the medical records of 164 prostate cancer patients who underwent intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) as the primary treatment. We recorded the patients' age, initial PSA, cancer grading at diagnostic biopsies (Gleason's score), clinical stage, the IMRT dosage, neoadjuvant, concomitant, and prolonged hormone therapy, follow-up PSA levels, biochemical progression, and distant metastasis.ResultsOf the 84 patients undergoing radiotherapy for prostate cancer with complete data for analysis, the biochemical failure-free survival (BFFS) rate was 88.09%. The patients with an initial PSA of less than 10 ng/mL had the best BFFS. Of the patients receiving neoadjuvant hormone therapy (NHT), serum PSA levels were significantly higher in those with biochemical failure than those without biochemical failure in the 3 months after radiation therapy. As for the patients free of biochemical failure, the mean PSA fell below 1 ng/mL immediately after IMRT for the NHT(+) group and at 9 months after IMRT for the NHT(–) group.ConclusionFor the patients with localized prostate cancer who underwent IMRT, initial PSA could predict clinical stage, 1-year BFFS, and 2-year BFFS. The follow-up PSA, as early as 3 months, was of clinical predictive value.     

Prostate‐specific antigen ‘bounce’ after permanent 125I‐implant brachytherapy in Japanese men: a multi‐institutional pooled analysis

OBJECTIVE

To examine the incidence, timing, and magnitude of the prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level ‘bounce’ after permanent prostate brachytherapy (BT) and correlate the PSA bounce with clinical and dosimetric factors in Japanese patients with prostate cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A multi‐institutional pooled analysis was carried out in 388 consecutive patients with T1–T2N0M0 prostate cancer treated with ¹²⁵I‐seed implant BT with no hormonal therapy or external beam radiotherapy. All patients had ≥1 year of follow‐up and at least three follow‐up PSA level measurements. Three definitions of PSA bounce were used: definition A, a PSA level rise of 0.1 ng/mL; definition B, a PSA level rise of 0.4 ng/mL; and definition C, a PSA level rise of 35% over the previous value, followed by a subsequent fall.

RESULTS

The actuarial likelihood of having PSA bounce at 24 months was 50.8% for definition A, 23.5% for definition B, and 19.4% for definition C. The median time to develop PSA bounce was 12 months for definition A, 18 months for definition B, and 18 months for definition C. There was a PSA bounce magnitude of 2 ng/mL in 5.3% of patients, and 95.3% of PSA bounce occurred within 24 months after ¹²⁵I‐BT. Among the before and after ¹²⁵I‐BT factors, clinical stage, initial PSA level, and Gleason score did not predict for PSA bounce using any definition; only being younger predicted for PSA bounce on multivariate analysis (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

PSA bounce is a common phenomenon after ¹²⁵I‐BT and occurred at a rate of 19–51% in the Japanese men who underwent ¹²⁵I‐BT, depending on the definition used. It is more common in younger patients, and early PSA bounce should be considered when assessing a patient with a rising PSA level after ¹²⁵I‐BT, before implementing salvage interventions. Furthermore, PSA bounce magnitude might be lower in Japanese than in Caucasian patients.     

Prostate‐specific antigen velocity (PSAV): a practical role for PSA?

Background: Prostate cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Australian men. Early detection and treatment are critical to patient outcome, but detection is often difficult because of the limited accuracy of available tests. This paper assesses whether the use of prostate specific antigen kinetics has a practical use in the contemporary urological setting. Methods: A Medline literature review was performed examining related articles on the commonly available tests for prostate cancer, what they mean, their limited accuracy in cancer detection, and how this accuracy can be improved. Discussion: Detection of significant organ‐confined prostate cancer should be the goal of general practitioners and urologists alike. Prostate‐specific antigen and digital rectal examination are commonly used but lack specificity and sensitivity, especially for small organ‐confined cancers. The additional use of prostate‐specific antigen velocity may enhance the specificity and sensitivity of detection.     

Early diagnosis of prostate cancer using free／total prostate specific antigen ratio： a population based screening data

Aim: To evaluate the use of free/total prostate specific antig enratio (fPSA/tPSA ratio) in improving the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. Methods: The fPSA/tPSA ratio in the serum was analyzed in 187 men with tPSA ranging between 4.0 and 20.0μg/L. Allof them underwent ultrasound guided sextant prostatic biopsy.The results were calculated by SPSS 10.0 software.