乳腺癌VEGF、p53表达与肿瘤血管新生和转移的关系

目的 :探讨血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF)、p5 3蛋白的表达与乳腺癌血管新生及浸润、转移的关系。 方法 :应用免疫组织化学S P法检测VEGF、p5 3在 76例乳腺癌组织和 2 0例良性乳腺病变组织中的表达 ,并应用计算机辅助图像分析系统对血管新生的强度进行定量分析 ,评估VEGF、p5 3表达以及微血管计数 (MVC)与浸润和转移的关系。结果 :癌组织VEGF和 p5 3表达阳性分别为 6 1例 (80 3% )和 4 5例 (5 3 9% ) ,表达强度均明显高于良性病变 (P <0 0 0 5 ) ,VEGF的表达强度在原位癌和浸润癌间差异有极显著性意义 (P <0 0 0 1) ,但是与淋巴结转移与否无明显关联 (P =0 39) ,p5 3的表达强度与浸润或转移均无明显关联 (P >0 1)。良性病变组织、导管原位癌及浸润性导管癌的MVC差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ;癌组织的MVC平均为12 8 6± 4 3 7,且随着病变进展有明显增加的趋势。VEGF表达强度与MVC显著关联 (P =0 0 0 7) ,而 p5 3表达强度则与MVC无关 (P =0 34)。浸润性导管癌无论淋巴结是否转移 ,其VEGF、p5 3表达及MVC均无明显差异。结论 :VEGF与癌组织的血管新生及浸润生长关系密切 ,联合VEGF表达和MVC检测可提供预示乳腺癌恶性转归和预后更有价值的指标。     

血管内皮生长因子和微血管密度在食管癌组织中的意义

目的 :探讨血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF)蛋白表达和微血管密度 (MVD)与食管癌临床病理的关系。方法 :应用免疫组织化学SABC法 ,以鼠抗VEGF、兔抗FⅧRAg、UEA 1抗体标记 5 2例食管癌和 5例正常食管黏膜 ,观察其在不同分化程度、浸润深度和有无淋巴结转移食管癌中的表达及MVD情况。结果 :癌组织VEGF阳性 2 8例 (5 3 9% ) ,MVD平均为 5 1 3± 14 8。VEGF蛋白表达和MVD与癌组织分化程度、淋巴结转移有关 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1) ;与癌组织浸润深度无关 (P >0 0 5 )。结论 :提示VEGF与癌组织血管发生密切相关 ,VEGF蛋白表达和MVD可作为判断食管癌的恶性程度和预后的生物学指标     

肝癌患者组织中凝血及纤溶因子的基因表达检测与分析

目的:检测组织因子（TF）、尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物（uPA）及其受体（uPAR ）mRNA在肝细胞癌组织中的表达并探讨其临床意义。 方法:利用RT-PCR法分别检测27例肝细胞癌、癌旁及27例正常肝组织中TF、uPA、uPA mRNA表达阳性率及相对表达强度，并结合临床病理资料进行分析。 结果:TF、uPA、uPAR在肝细胞癌组织中阳性率及相对表达强度分别为62.96%（17/27）、70.37%（19/27）、77.78%（21/27）；0.567±0.268、0.964±0.458、0.784±0.322,均显著高于癌旁组织及正常组织，差异显著(P<0.05)。3者在肝癌组织中相对表达强度与肿瘤大小及部分侵袭转移指标有关，其中TF mRNA表达强度在肝内及肝外转移及门脉癌栓组高于无肝内及肝外转移及无门脉癌栓组(P<0.05) ，uPA mRNA在有包膜侵润、肝内转移及门脉癌栓组高于无包膜侵润、无肝内转移及门脉癌栓组(P<0.05)；uPAR mRNA在有肝内转移及门脉癌栓组高于无肝内转移及门脉癌栓组(P<0.05)。经Pearson检验肝细胞癌患者TF、uPA和uPAR mRNA表达呈正相关［TF-uPA：r=0.373(P<0.01)，TF-uPAR：r=0.534(P<0.01)，uPA-uPAR：r=0.365 (P<0.01)］。 结论:肝细胞癌组织中TF、uPA及uPAR的mRNA显著升高并与部分侵袭转移指标有关，提示3者可能在肝细胞癌的发生及侵袭转移起协同作用。     

血管内皮生长因子,微血管密度与乳腺癌淋巴结转移及预后？…

目的　探讨血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF)、微血管密度 (MVD)与乳腺癌淋巴结转移和预后的关系。方法　应用逆转录 聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)与免疫组织化学SP法 ,检测 92例乳腺癌、12例癌旁组织V组织VEGF表达、MVD以及 2 1例乳腺癌、12例癌旁组织VEGFmRNA的表达。结果　乳腺癌组织 ,VEGF12 1(1.16 %± 0 1% )和VEGF165(1.0 1%± 0 .1% )表达高于癌旁组织 (0 .96 %± 0 .14% )、(0 .88%± 0 .1% ) ,P <0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1。此外 ,MVD与VEGF表达具有显著的正相关关系 (r =0 .70 2 ,P <0 .0 1)。VEGF表达和MVD与乳腺癌淋巴结转移、肿瘤复发关系密切 (P <0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1)。VEGF高表达组和高MVD组的无复发存活时间低于VEGF低表达组和低MVD组 ,差异具有非常显著性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　VEGF与乳腺癌血管生成密切相关 ;VEGF和MVD表达的增高对乳腺癌淋巴结转移、肿瘤复发有促进作用 ;VEGF和MVD对乳腺癌患者的无复发存活时间能起到预测作用     

bFGF、VEGF和MVD在原发性输卵管癌中的表达(二)

(续上期 )2 .2　MVD、bFGF、VEGF表达与原发性输卵管癌临床病理特征关系　MVD、VEGF的表达与临床分期、病理分化程度差异均无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。bFGF的表达在临床分期Ⅲ期中要比Ⅰ、Ⅱ期强 (u值分别为 44 .0和 14.5 ,P <0 .0 5 )。见表 2。表 1　MVD、bFGF、VEGF在输卵管癌中的表达组　别n MVD( x±s)bFGF-+ 阳性率VEGF-+ 阳性率输卵管癌组 30 39.97± 13.72 0 714 930 /30 491342 6 /30正常组 88.6 3± 2 .6 75 12 0 3/85 12 0 3/8表 2　MVD、bFGF、VEGF的表达与临床病理特征的关系因　素n MVD( x±s)bFGF-…     

肝细胞癌中DcR3表达与癌细胞凋亡的关系研究

目的探讨诱捕受体3（decoy receptor 3,DcR3）蛋白在原发性肝细胞癌（HCC）中的表达及其与癌细胞凋亡和HCC预后的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学（EnVision法）及和脱氧核糖核酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记（TUNEL）技术检测43例HCC,16例非癌肝组织（单纯性肝硬化及肝血管瘤周围正常肝组织）中DcR3蛋白的表达及凋亡情况,并分析其与临床病理参数的关系。结果DcR3明确定位于肝细胞胞质内;HCC组织中的DcR3蛋白的阳性率为74．42％（32／43）,明显高于非癌肝组织43．75％（7／16,P〈0．05）;HCC中有转移癌组DcR3阳性率为100％（22／22）,明显高于无转移组52．94％（9／17,P〈0．01）;DcR3蛋白的表达与AFP水平（r=0．444,P〈0．01）、门静脉癌栓（r=0．414,P〈0．01）有关,与年龄、性别、有无肝硬化、包膜浸润、肿瘤结节数及分化程度无关（P〉0．05）。HCC中细胞凋亡指数[AI（0．78±0．64）％]明显低于非癌肝组织[（3．32±1,81）％,P〈0．01];HCC临床TNM分期Ⅰ、Ⅱ期AI（1．03±0．69）％高于Ⅲ、Ⅳ期[（0．52±0．48）％,P〈0．01];HCC无转移组AI（1．10±0．72）％高于转移组[（0．44±0．27）％,P〈0．01];AI与AFP水平（r=-0．468,P〈0．01）、门静脉癌栓（r=-0．434,P〈0．01）、包膜浸润（r=-0,331,P〈0．05）有关,与年龄、性别、有无肝硬化、肿瘤结节数及分化程度无关（P〉0．05）。在HCC和非癌肝组织中,DcR3阳性者的AI均分别低于阴性者的AI（均P〈0．01）。结论DcR3表达可影响凋亡并在HCC的发生发展中起重要作用;检测DcR3蛋白与AI有助于判断HCC患者预后。     

血管内皮生长因子C及其受体表达与肝细胞癌侵袭转移的关系

目的 研究人肝细胞癌(HCC)组织中血管内皮生长因子C(VEGF-C)、血管内皮生长因子受体2(VEGFR-2)及VEGFR-3表达与HCC临床病理特征之间的关系.方法 取HCC石蜡切片标本50例及正常肝组织标本15例,免疫组化法检测止常肝组织及HCC组织中VEGF-C、VEGFR-2及VEGFR-3表达,分析其与HCC临床病理特征之间的关系.结果 (1)HCC组织中VEGF-C、VEGFR-2及VEGFR-3表达阳性率高于正常肝组织(62%比26.7%,34%比6.7%,40%比0%,P均<0.05).(2)HCC组织中,VEGF-C表达与肝内转移、门静脉癌柃形成及肝门淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05);VEGFR-2表达与肝内转移及门静脉癌栓形成有关(P<0.05);VEGFR-3表达与肝门淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05).结论 HCC组织中VEGF-C、VEGFR-2及VEGFR-3表达与HCC的侵袭及转移有密切关系.     

VEGF和MMP-2的表达对肝细胞癌侵袭转移的影响

采用免疫组化 ABC法对 5 0例肝细胞癌手术切除标本的血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF)和基质金属蛋白酶- 2 (MMP- 2 )表达进行检测 ,以探讨 VEGF及 MMP- 2在肝细胞癌中的表达与其复发、转移的关系。结果发现 VEGF和 MMP- 2在肝细胞癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为 86 % (43/5 0 )和 6 0 % (30 /5 0 ) ,在正常肝组织中分别为 5 3.3%(16 /30 )和 30 % (9/30 ) ,癌组织与正常组织间存在着显著差异 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;VEGF和 MMP- 2的阳性表达率与肝细胞癌的转移和包膜形成相关 ,在肝细胞癌生长、侵袭和转移过程中起着重要的作用 ,对预测肝细胞癌复发、转移具有重要的意义     

VEGF-C及其受体Flt4在乳腺癌转移中的作用

目的　探讨VEGF C/VEGFR 3(Flt4)在乳腺癌转移中的作用和意义。方法　采用免疫组化S P法检测 10 1例乳腺癌组织中VEGF C、Flt4的表达。结果　 10 1例乳腺癌组织VEGF C阳性率为 93 1%(94/10 1) ,Flt4阳性率为 86 1%(87/10 1) ,且VEGF C与Flt4表达呈正相关。VEGF C阳性指数在转移组 (6 1 89± 17 79)高于未转移组 (44 2 8± 17 87) (P <0 0 5 )。随着癌细胞VEGF C表达强度增强 ,Flt4阳性脉管数也随之增加 ,各组间差异均有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。乳腺癌中Flt4阳性脉管数在淋巴结转移组 (15 5 5± 3 6 3)高于未转移组 (10 71± 2 90 ) (P <0 0 5 )。结论　乳腺癌细胞高水平表达VEGF C、Flt4,两者表达呈正相关。Flt4阳性脉管数与淋巴结转移密切相关。     

原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤VEGF、MVD与影像学对比研究

目的 :分析原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤 (PCNSL)的VEGF表达分布和测量其微血管密度 (MVD) ,旨在提高PCNSL早期诊断率和判断预后 ,同时为影像学提供理论依据。方法 :对 2 2例PCNSL临床 (包括影像学 )病理资料分析 ,同时行VEGF及CD34免疫组化标记 ,并测量MVD ,以 12例胶质瘤作为对照。结果 :2 2例PCNSL中单发者 17例 (占 77 2 7% ) ;多发者 4例 ,共有病灶 10处 ;1例为弥漫浸润型。肿瘤位于脑白质深部者 15例 (占 5 5 5 6 % )、脑表面及灰白质交界区者 8例、胼胝体者4例。CT示肿瘤为边界清楚的高密度结节或肿块。组织病理学示瘤细胞弥漫分布 ,瘤细胞大小较一致 ,胞质少 ,核大 ,可见瘤细胞围绕血管呈“袖套样”浸润。淋巴瘤MVD值 (2 1 8± 11 6 )与恶性胶质瘤组 (44 4± 16 8)的差异有非常显著性 (t =3 374 ,P <0 0 1)。VEGF表达无特异性 ,与对照组比较无统计学意义。结论 :病理学基础决定了影像学的特征。血管生成活性的不同 ,有助于PCNSL与恶性胶质瘤的鉴别 ,并对其预后的判断有一定帮助 ,VEGF可能是恶性肿瘤重要的促血管生成因子 ,但对于鉴别诊断无特异性。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.