莫索尼定及贝那普利对肾脏致纤维化因子影响的对比研究

目的： 应用莫索尼定(moxonidine)及贝那普利(benazepril)干预阿霉素肾病（ADR）大鼠，比较二者对致纤维化生长因子的影响。方法： 大鼠右肾切除加尾静脉注射阿霉素复制肾病模型，随机分为模型组、莫索尼定组(1.5 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)、贝那普利组(10 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)、假手术对照组，每组10只。12周测蛋白尿、血压及血生化水平；显微镜下观察肾组织改变；免疫组化检测肾组织转化生长因子-β₁（TGF-β₁）、 血小板源性生长因子（PDGF）、结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）蛋白表达；原位杂交测TGF-β₁ mRNA、PDGF mRNA表达。结果： 模型组大鼠尿蛋白、血压、血浆NE、AngⅡ水平、肾间质纤维化面积、肾小球体积、肾重/体重比值均显著高于对照组（P<0.01）；肾组织内TGF-β₁、PDGF、CTGF蛋白及TGF-β₁ mRNA、PDGF mRNA表达均显著高于对照组（P<0.01）；莫索尼定及贝那普利干预组，上述上调指标除血压无明显改变之外，其余都被显著抑制（P<0.01）。2种药物之间比较，贝那普利较莫索尼定更明显降低蛋白尿、血浆AngⅡ水平及下调PDGF及CTGF蛋白、PDGF mRNA表达；莫索尼定下调TGF-β₁ mRNA表达较贝那普利明显。结论： 莫索尼定及贝那普利通过抑制交感神经活性，调节致纤维化因子的表达而起肾保护作用。     

肾性高血压大鼠血浆ET、CGRP、AngⅡ水平变化及缬沙坦、贝那普利干预的影响

目的:研究肾性高血压大鼠血浆内皮素(ET)、降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)等血管活性物质的变化及降压药物缬沙坦、贝那普利干预对收缩压和ET、CGRP、AngⅡ的影响。方法:采用两肾一夹方法复制肾性高血压大鼠模型,成模大鼠随机分为缬沙坦组(30mg/kg/天,n=8)、贝那普利组(10mg/kg/天,n=8)、肾性高血压模型组(n=8);假造模大鼠作为假手术组(n=10),前两组以缬沙坦和贝那普利溶液、后两组以等量生理盐水每日灌胃。分别于术前及术后每周末测定各组大鼠收缩压变化,并在灌药治疗8周后用放免法测定各组血浆ET、CGRP、AngⅡ含量变化。结果:两肾一夹术后4周可形成稳定肾性高血压大鼠模型。缬沙坦组、贝那普利组大鼠经灌胃治疗8周后血压明显下降(P<0.01)。肾性高血压模型组ET、CGRP、AngⅡ血浆浓度均高于假手术组(P<0.05或P<0.01);缬沙坦组、贝那普利组CGRP浓度高于肾性高血压模型组(P<0.05),贝那普利组AngⅡ浓度低于肾性高血压模型组和缬沙坦组(P<0.05);肾性高血压模型组血浆ET与AngⅡ浓度呈正相关(r=0.62,P<0.05)。结论:肾性高血压大鼠血浆ET、CGRP、AngⅡ浓度增高,缬沙坦、贝那普利可能通过调节血管活性物质水平而降低收缩压。     

环孢素A慢性肾毒性时肾转化生长因子-β1表达和细胞凋亡间的相关性及茶多酚的影响

目的:探讨环孢素A(CsA)慢性肾毒性作用时肾组织转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)表达和细胞凋亡间的相关性及茶多酚(TP)对其的影响。方法:采用CsA慢性肾毒性大鼠模型,分别用CsA溶剂vehicle(oliveoil)、TP、CsA与CsA TP处理4周,观察肾功能与组织的改变,免疫组织化学和Westernblot检测肾组织TGF-β1表达,TUNEL法检测肾细胞凋亡,检测凋亡相关酶caspase-3活性。结果:与CsA组相比,CsA与茶多酚联用组明显增加肾肌酐清除率(0.12±0.03vs0.22±0.02,P<0.05)和减轻肾小管细胞损伤(2.29±0.43vs1.42±0.26,P<0.05)与间质纤维化程度(2.82±0.20vs1.43±0.19,P<0.05),并明显减少肾小管及间质凋亡细胞数(19.3±4.6vs7.5±2.1,P<0.05)与肾组织TGF-β1表达(P<0.05),肾细胞凋亡数和肾小管间质纤维化程度(r=0.89,P<0.05)与TGF-β1表达(r=0.85,P<0.05)间存在相关性。结论:肾小管间质纤维化与TGF-β1表达和肾细胞凋亡间存在显著的相关性,茶多酚抑制CsA慢性肾毒性时肾组织TGF-β1表达和细胞凋亡,改善CsA诱导的肾功能与组织结构损伤。     

曲尼司特对CsA慢性肾毒性大鼠TGF-β/Smad通路的影响

目的 探讨不同剂量曲尼司特(TNL)对环孢素A(CsA)慢性肾毒性大鼠肾脏彻TGF-β/Smad通路的的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠34只,随机分成正常对照组、模型组、TNL低剂量治疗组、TNL中剂量治疗组、TNL高剂量治疗组、安博维治疗组.采用低盐饮食加CsA 20 mg/(kg·d)灌胃的方法建立环孢素A慢性肾毒性大鼠模型.用RT-PCR和免疫组织化学检测不同剂量TNL对大鼠肾脏TGF-β1、Snad3、Smad7的影响.结果 TNL能下调CsA慢性肾毒性大鼠肾组织中TGF-β1、Smad3的mRNA水平及在肾脏的表达,上调Smad7的mRNA水平及在肾脏的表达.结论在CsA慢性肾毒性大鼠模型中,TNL可能通过调节TGF-β/Smad通路而发挥抗纤维化的作用,从而减缓CsA慢性肾毒性的进展.     

四逆汤对异丙肾上腺素引起的大鼠心肌纤维化和TGF-β_1表达的影响

目的:观察四逆汤对异丙肾上腺素引起的大鼠心肌纤维化的干预作用并探讨其相关机制。方法:Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和四逆汤组。模型组及四逆汤组给予注射异丙肾上腺素,而对照组注射生理盐水。四逆汤组给予四逆汤灌胃,对照组和模型组均给予生理盐水灌胃。4周后,各组测定左室心功能、心肌羟脯氨酸水平;测定血浆中血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)和转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)水平;通过免疫组化方法检测心肌TGF-β1蛋白的表达;RT-PCR法检测TGF-β1mRNA表达。结果:(1)模型组羟脯氨酸水平明显高于对照组和四逆汤组,而四逆汤组明显高于对照组(P0.05);(2)四逆汤组与模型组比较,明显改善心肌舒张功能(P0.05);(3)模型组血浆AngⅡ及TGF-β1水平明显高于四逆汤组和对照组(P0.05);(4)模型组心肌TGF-β1蛋白和mR-NA表达明显高于四逆汤组和对照组(P0.05)。结论:四逆汤可以有效抑制异丙肾上腺素所致的大鼠心肌纤维化,其机制可能与减少AngⅡ生成,抑制大鼠心肌TGF-β1的表达有关。     

依那普利干预后TGF-β、p27在大鼠肾间质纤维化中的表达

目的:研究单侧输尿管梗阻(UUO)大鼠血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂依那普利干预后肾组织中TGF-β和p27表达的变化, 并探讨干预后两者之间的关系, 以进一步阐述其抗纤维化机制.方法:30只SD大鼠随机分成假手术组(sham-operated rates, SOR)、 UUO模型组、依那普利治疗组(UUO+ Enalaparil treated group , T-UUO).于术后第14天分别处死各组大鼠10只.用HE染色动态观察梗阻肾脏病理变化, 免疫组织化学法测定TGF-β、 p27, RT-PCR法测定TGF-β、 p27mRNA的水平.结果:T-UUO组的肾间质损伤指数明显降低;T-UUO组与UUO组比较TGF-β的表达减弱( P <0.05), p27的表达增强( P <0.01), T-UUO组TGF-β与p27成负相关.结论:依那普利能减轻UUO大鼠肾间质纤维化程度;UUO大鼠肾间质纤维化模型中, 依那普利抗间质纤维化机制可能与下调了肾组织中TGF-β的表达, 继而使p27的表达上调有关.     

p27和TGF-β在大鼠肾间质纤维化中的表达及关系

目的:研究单侧输尿管梗阻(UUO)大鼠肾组织p27的表达, 同时观察TGF-βmRNA在各组的变化, 探讨UUO模型中 TGF-β与p27的关系.方法:60只SD大鼠随机分成假手术组(SOR)、 UUO模型组.于术后第7、 14、 21天分别处死各组大鼠10只.用HE染色动态观察肾脏病理变化, 免疫组织化学法测定p27的蛋白表达及动态变化, RT-PCR法测定p27mRNA和TGF-βmRNA的水平.结果:SOR组肾小管上皮细胞p27蛋白及肾皮质p27mRNA的表达均强, UUO组随着间质纤维化程度的加重, p27的表达逐渐减弱, 而TGF-βmRNA随着肾间质纤维化程度的加重, 其表达呈上升趋势;UUO组TGF-βmRNA与p27mRNA成负相关.结论:p27参与了UUO大鼠肾间质纤维化的发病过程;UUO大鼠肾间质纤维化模型中TGF-β促纤维化机制可能与p27的下调相关.     

肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统与矿工高血压关系初步研究

目的：探讨肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统与矿工高血压之间的关系。方法：对地面与井下作业的煤矿工人进行问卷调查和血压、身高、体重的测量,用放射免疫测定法测定高血压与非高血压矿工血浆肾素活性（PRA）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（Ang Ⅱ）和醛固酮（ALD）水平。结果：高血压组矿工血浆PRA、Ang Ⅱ和ALD水平显著高于非高血压组矿工（均P<0.01）,矿工平均动脉血压与血浆PRA、Ang Ⅱ和ALD水平呈显著正相关（r=0.371、r=0.12和r=0.352）。在高血压矿工中,井下作业组血浆PRA、AngⅡ和ALD水平显著高于地面作业组（均P<0.01）,且井下作业组中又以安装维修组最高;高盐饮食组血浆PRA、Ang Ⅱ和ALD水平显著高于正常饮食组（均P<0.01）,而年龄、工龄、家族史、体重指数、吸烟和酗酒等因素对高血压矿工血浆PRA、AngⅡ和ALD水平均无显著影响。结论：肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统可能介导了煤矿井下作业与盐致矿工高血压的发病过程。     

醛固酮及其受体拮抗剂对大鼠主动脉平滑肌TGF-β1表达的影响

目的 观察醛固酮及其受体拮抗剂对大鼠主动脉平滑肌转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)表达的影响,初步探讨原发性醛固酮增多症发生血管重构的可能机制.方法 采用皮下给药的方法建立醛固酮增多症模型,其中醛固酮组经微量渗透泵持续释放醛固酮(1 μg/h);拮抗组除给予等量醛固酮外,每日行螺内酯灌胃100 mg/(kg·d);对照组仅泵空白溶剂.尾套法检测大鼠血压,4周后处死所有大鼠,测定血钾、钠、醛固酮浓度及血浆肾素活性.分别采用RT-PCR、Western印迹检测主动脉平滑肌TGF-β1基因的表达.结果 ① 醛固酮组大鼠血压明显升高,血钾下降,血浆肾素活性降低,与对照组相比差异具统计学意义(P<0.01);② 醛固酮组主动脉平滑肌TGF-β1基因的表达水平明显高于对照组(P<0.01).螺内酯可抑制醛固酮的上述作用(P<0.01).结论 醛固酮及其受体拮抗剂螺内酯可能通过调节血管平滑肌TGF-β1的表达,从而影响血管重构的发生.     

肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统在原发性高血压病中的表达

目的:探讨血浆肾素-血管紧张素系统与原发性高血压病的关系。方法:采用放射免疫分析卧位血浆肾素活性(PRA),卧位血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)浓度及卧立位醛固酮(ALD)浓度。使用病例-正常对照研究方案,筛选100例原发性高血压患者和我院35例血压正常者为对照组。结果:原发性高血压患者血浆卧位PRA低于正常对照组(P<0.05),而卧、立位ALD浓度及卧位AngⅡ浓度均高于正常对照组(P<0.05)。根据高血压病1级、2级、3级分组,卧位血浆PRA呈阶梯型下降(P<0.05);而卧、立位ALD浓度及卧位AngⅡ浓度则呈阶梯型上升(P<0.05)。结论:肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统与原发性高血压病的病因关系密切,血浆PRA水平、AngⅡ及卧、立位ALD浓度可能成为原发性高血压病分级和疗效的有效指标之一;降低原发性高血压患者AngⅡ及ALD浓度是治疗高血压病的关键。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.