下鼻甲切除术与电离子凝固加下鼻甲移位术的比较

目的比较下鼻甲部分切除术和鼻内镜下电离子凝固加下鼻甲移位术治疗慢性肥厚性鼻炎的效果。方法对174例慢性肥厚性鼻炎致鼻塞患者采用下鼻甲部分切除术和鼻内镜下电离子凝固加下鼻甲移位术的治疗结果。其中下鼻甲部分切除术组84例。电离子凝固加下鼻甲移位治疗组90例。术后随访3～6个月。84例下鼻甲部分切除术中,总有效率87.6%。90例电离子凝固加下鼻甲移位术中,总有效率94.4%。结果二者术后总有效率差别不大。结论电离子凝固加下鼻甲移位术治疗慢性肥厚性鼻炎的优点是手术简单,无切口,操作容易,术后无出血,保持鼻甲功能,缓解鼻通气不畅带来的痛苦。     

Nd:YAG激光治疗慢性肥厚性鼻炎的临床分析

目的 探讨Nd:YAG激光治疗慢性肥厚性鼻炎的疗效.方法 选择药物治疗及下鼻甲硬化注射治疗无效的71例患者,在鼻腔黏膜表麻下,根据病变情况进行点状、条状或插入凝固治疗.结果 显效41例,有效28例,无效2例,总有效率为97.2%,无并发症发生.结论 Nd:YAG激光治疗慢性肥厚性鼻炎术后反应轻,副作用少,疗效确切.     

等离子消融术和双下鼻甲部分剪除术治疗慢性肥厚性鼻炎的疗效比较

目的探讨低温等离子消融术和双下鼻甲部分剪除术治疗慢性肥厚性鼻炎的疗效比较。方法回顾分析我科2007年11月至2010年9月85例患有慢性肥厚性鼻炎的临床资料,随机分低温等离子治疗组及双下鼻甲部分剪除术对照组。结果两组术前与术后鼻塞VAS评分比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后两组间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。本组资料术后随访3个月,治疗组有效率84.1%,无效率15.9%,对照组有效率82.9%,无效率17.1%,比较二组χ2=0.21,P=0.885(P>0.05)效果无显著性差异,2组治疗慢性肥厚性鼻炎均有效。术中出血量、术后水肿时间、黏膜恢复时间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),治疗组优于对照组。手术时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论低温等离子消融术能有效治疗慢性肥厚性鼻炎,相比之下更具有保留下鼻甲黏膜功能、微创性、出血少、恢复快、痛苦小、安全性、并发症少等优势。     

YAG激光治疗慢性鼻炎98例临床分析

应用 YAG 激光治疗慢性肥厚性鼻炎98例,同时设对照30例采用传统外科手术治疗(下鼻甲部分切除术)。结果:激光组和手术组的治愈率分别为58.16%和73.33%,有效率均为100%。两组疗效差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。对 YAG 激光的特性、治疗原理等问题进行了讨论,强调了激光治疗的优点及疗效的可靠性。     

鼻内镜下鼻甲成形术的临床研究

目的 探讨经鼻内镜下鼻甲成形术与传统下鼻甲部分切除术对慢性肥厚性鼻炎的治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析诊断为慢性肥厚性鼻炎患者160例,52例接受传统下鼻甲部分切除术,108例行鼻内镜下鼻甲成形术,术后从鼻塞近期及远期疗效进行疗效评估.结果 近期疗效观察组有效率为92.6%,对照组为90.3%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);远期疗效观察组有效率为91.7%,对照组为80.8%,差异有统计学意义.结论 鼻内镜下鼻甲成形术远期疗效明显优于传统下鼻甲部分切除术,临床效果好,手术符合临床生理功能,值得临床推广.     

黏膜下切吸联合下鼻甲骨折外移治疗肥厚性鼻炎疗效分析

目的：研究黏膜下切吸联合下鼻甲骨折外移治疗肥厚性鼻炎的临床效果。方法选择2011年6月至2013年6月我院收治的130例慢性肥厚性鼻炎患者进行研究,80例行黏膜下切吸联合下鼻甲骨折外移术（A组）,50例行下鼻甲部分切除术（B组）,两种术式从术后并发症及疗效上进行分析评估。结果手术后A组患者全部鼻塞症状改善,VAS评分要明显低于B组（P〈0.01）;A组有效率为100%明显高于B组（80%）,两组比较有统计学意义（χ2=37.8182,P=0.0000）;A组患者手术后12个月仅有2例（2.5%）出现了鼻腔粘连的并发症,而B组患者出现了诸多并发症：鼻腔出血40例（80%）,鼻腔粘连30例（60%）,鼻腔干燥25例（50%）,以及萎缩性鼻炎10例（20%）。结论鼻内镜下粘膜下切吸联合下鼻甲骨折外移术,是治疗慢性肥厚性鼻炎的简便有效的方法。     

鼻内镜下鼻甲骨折外移压榨术治疗慢性肥厚性鼻炎的临床观察

目的探讨鼻内镜下鼻甲骨折外移压榨术治疗慢性肥厚性鼻炎的临床疗效。方法对在2011年1月至2013年1月进行治疗的慢性肥厚性鼻炎患者66例进行分组治疗,观察组33例采用鼻内镜下鼻甲骨折外移压榨术;对照组33例采用下鼻甲黏膜硬化法进行治疗,对比两组临床效果。结果观察组33例患者总有效率为93.94%,显著高于对照组72.73%,差异有统计学意义（χ2=6.23,P〈0.05）。结论鼻内镜下鼻甲骨折外移压榨术在治疗慢性肥厚性鼻炎疗效满意,有效率高。     

二种方法治疗慢性肥厚性鼻炎中远期疗效的比较

目的探讨二种方法治疗慢性肥厚性鼻炎的中远期疗效,提出选择术式的建议。方法189例慢性肥厚性鼻炎患者分别行下鼻甲部分切除术（A组）和下鼻甲黏膜下微波热凝术（B组）。结果二种治疗方法3年总有效率分别为A组（95．18％）,B组（41．51％）;5年总有效率分别为A组（92．77％）,B组（36．79％）,其差异有极显著性意义（P〈0．001）,并各有其特点和适用范围。结论下鼻甲部分切除术中远期疗效稳定,适用范围广;下鼻甲黏膜下微波热凝术仅适用于下鼻甲黏膜增厚为主的慢性肥厚性鼻炎,中远期疗效差。     

下鼻甲黏膜下部分切除术与黏膜下等离子消融术治疗慢性肥厚性鼻炎的疗效分析

目的探讨下鼻甲黏膜下部分切除术与黏膜下等离子消融术治疗慢性肥厚性鼻炎的效果。方法分别对48例和42例慢性肥厚性鼻炎患者行下鼻甲黏膜下等离子消融术和下鼻甲黏膜下部分切除术,观察两者术中出血量、手术时间及术后疗效。结果施行下鼻甲黏膜下等离子消融术组手术时间、术中出血量均少于施行下鼻甲黏膜下部分切除术组(P<0.05),但两者术后疗效差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论下鼻甲黏膜下等离子消融术和下鼻甲黏膜下部分切除术相比,具有出血少、手术时间短、手术创伤较小、术后恢复快等优势,且术后疗效也不亚于后者,对非单纯下鼻骨性肥大者尤为适用。     

鼻内镜下低温等离子治疗慢性肥厚性鼻炎疗效观察

目的:探讨低温等离子对两种类型的慢性肥厚性鼻炎的疗效.方法:120例慢性肥厚性鼻炎,均行了CT检查,分为4组,其中观察组1慢性肥厚性鼻炎黏膜增生型和观察组2慢性肥厚性鼻炎骨质增生型,均行内窥镜下双极等离子射频消融术,对照组l慢性肥厚性鼻炎黏膜增生型和对照组2慢性肥厚性鼻炎骨质增生型.均行内窥镜下鼻甲部分切除术,术后均随访3个月.结果:观察组1,2与对照组1,2鼻塞改善100%,出现严重的并发症几率观察组明显小于对照组,观察组1显效改善程度与对照组1无明显差异,观察组2显效率低于对照组2.结论:鼻内镜低温等离子治疗慢性肥厚型骨质增生型鼻炎优于鼻甲部分切除术,并发症较少.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.