腺样体扁桃体切除术对儿童睡眠结构和生活质量的影响

目的对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患儿行腺样体扁桃体切除术,并评价手术前后睡眠呼吸参数及生活质量的改善情况。方法对57例OSAHS患儿术前1～2周及术后6～9个月行多导睡眠监测（PSG）和生活质量调查（OSA-18）,分析手术治疗前后患儿PSG参数和OSA-18评分的变化。结果术前呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）或阻塞性呼吸暂停指数（OAI）平均值为17．7,术后降至6．5;术前最低血氧饱和度（LSaO2）平均值为82．1,术后升至88．3;术前OSA-18总分为86．9,术后降至45．3,各组术前术后比较均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论腺样体扁桃体切除术能明显改善OSAHS患儿的睡眠呼吸参数和生活质量。     

手术治疗对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患儿生活质量的影响

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome OSAHS)对患儿生活质量的影响,以及手术前后生活质量变化.方法 对105例患儿进行儿童OSAHS疾病特异性生活质量调查(disease-specific quality of life for children with obstructive sleep apnea 18 items survey, OSA-18)和多导睡眠监测(polysomnography, PSG),分析两者的相关性,术后3～18个月进行生活质量的随访.结果 术前OSAHS对患儿生活质量造成严重影响者占61.90%.术后得到明显改善,术后3个月总评分＞80者降至12.58%,18个月时降至4.76%.结论 OSAHS患儿行腺样体或扁桃体切除术后,PSG指标显著改善和生活质量明显提高,并发现术后OSA-18量表评分与PSG检测指标间有明显相关性.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患儿扁桃体腺样体切除术临床疗效分析

目的 评价扁桃体腺样体切除术对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患儿的临床疗效。方法 行扁桃体及腺样体切除术患儿80例,术前、术后3个月或6个月行多道睡眠描记术（PSG）监测及OSA-18量表生活质量调查,分析手术疗效、PSG参数及OSA-18评分的变化。结果 80例患儿治愈70例（87%）,显效8例（10%）,有效2例（3%）,总有效率为100%。显效及有效的10例中8例合并变应性鼻炎经治疗变应性鼻炎后症状明显改善,另2例肥胖者经控制体质量后症状减轻。术后呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）、最低血氧饱和度（LSaO2）、OSA-18总分与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 扁桃体、腺样体切除术是治疗儿童OSAHS的有效方法,同时应治疗合并的其他上呼吸道阻塞因素。PSG结合OSA-18调查表可对患儿进行手术前后主客观的综合评价。     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征手术前后生活质量调查

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome，OSAHS)对儿童生活质量的影响，分析手术治疗前后生活质量的变化。方法在术前4周内对54例患儿进行儿童OSAHS疾病特异性生活质量调查(disease-specific quality of life for children with obstructive sleep apnea 18 items survey，OSA-18)和多导睡眠监测(polysomnography，PSG)，并分析二者的相关性；其中单纯扁桃体切除术8例，扁桃体切除术 腺样体切除术32例，单纯腺样体切除术14例。在术后12～18个月进行生活质量随访。结果 OSAHS对61．11％患儿生活质量造成严重影响；手术前OSA-18评分与呼吸暂停低通气指数、最低血氧饱和度存在明显相关；手术后约75．92％的患儿生活质量得到明显改善，各项目依次为：睡眠障碍(88．89％)、对患儿监护人的影响(74．07％)和身体症状(70．37％)。结论 儿童OSAHS严重影响患儿的生活质量，OSA-18评分与PSG客观监测之间存在明显的相关关系，可作为儿童OSAHS临床诊断和疗效观察的评价指标。     

儿童睡眠呼吸暂停综合征外科治疗

目的探讨扁桃体和腺样体切除术（tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy,T＆A）在改善睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（sleep apnea syndromes,SAS）儿童生活质量中的作用,以及儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停疾病特异性生活质量调查表（disease specific quality of life for children with obstructive sleepapnea 18 items suwey,OSA-18）是否可以作为一种较好的评价手段对儿童SAS患者生活质量及T＆A手术疗效进行评价。方法采用OSA-18对168例SAS患儿分别进行术前4周和术后6～12个月的生活质量评价;对52例同时进行多导睡眠监测（polysomnography,PSG）,分析呼吸暂停低通气指数（apnea hypopnea index,AHI）、最低血氧饱和度（10west saturation,LSaO2）与OSA-18评分的相关性;分析扁桃体和腺样体大小与OSA-18评分的关系。结果SAS对30．36％患儿生活质量造成严重影响：手术前OSA-18评分与AHI、LSaO2腺样体与鼻咽腔比值（adenoid—nasopharynx ratio,A／N）存在明显相关性;T＆A手术后约73．81％的患儿生活质量得到明显改善。结论T＆A在改善儿童SAS患者生活质量方面发挥重要作用：OSA-18评分与PSG客观监测指标之间存在明显的相关关系;OSA-18有助于儿童SAS的临床诊断和对干预治疗措施进行量化评价。     

腺样体扁桃体切除术对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征儿童生活质量的影响

目的　探讨腺样体扁桃体和（或）切除术对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患儿生活质量的影响。方法　对OSAHS患儿行疾病特异性生活质量调查表（OSA-18）,分析术前、术后结果差异,评估生活质量变化。结果　246例患儿临床症状均缓解,OSA-18总分由（64.80±8.95）降至（30.11±4.49）,差异具有统计学意义（P <0.01）。生活质量改善总体有效率达99.60%,睡眠障碍、全身症状、对监护人的影响显著改善。结论　腺样体和（或）扁桃体切除术能够直接解除呼吸道梗阻,提高患儿睡眠质量、生活质量,可作为儿童OSAHS的主要治疗手段。     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征筛查评分标准的探讨

目的:探讨采用儿童睡眠呼吸生活质量问卷、体格检查及电子鼻咽镜检查结果筛查儿童OSAHS的可行性。方法:对2009年以睡眠打鼾为主诉来我院儿童睡眠中心行PSG监测的患儿527例进行OSA-18问卷调查、体格检查以及电子鼻咽镜检查。以PSG监测结果作为诊断OSAHS的标准,将入组患儿分为OSAHS组和非OSAHS组,并将该2组患儿的临床资料进行统计学分析。结果:2组间年龄、扁桃体大小评分、腺样体大小评分、OSA-18总评分、OSA-18问题1(响亮的鼾声)评分、OSA-18问题3(睡眠中有气喘或窒息)评分、OSA-18问题16(担心孩子夜间不能得到足够氧气)评分之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。用Logistic回归(Backward:LR法)建立Y的回归方程并做ROC曲线分析。Y的界限值为0.735,即Y>0.735,则患有OSAHS的可能性增加,其敏感度为62.7%,特异度为79.4%。结论:以OSA-18问卷调查、体格检查及电子鼻咽镜的检查结果对患儿进行临床评估,以此对儿童OSAHS进行初步筛查的方法是可行的。     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征诊断和治疗

目的 探讨儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS）患儿的诊断标准、治疗方法及疗效观察。方法 78例经多导睡眠仪监测（polysomnography,PSG）确诊的OSAHS儿童采取扁桃体和（或）腺样体切除术68例,鼻内镜下双下甲减容手术14例,上颌窦自然开口扩大术6例;选择长期正压通气治疗（continuous positive airway pressure,CPAP）2例。采用儿童OSAHS生活质量调查表（OSA-18）对78例进行治疗前后随访。结果 围手术期无术后出血和急性呼吸道梗阻发生。随访18个月以上,OSA-18调查评分显示;显效69例（88．5％）,有效8例（10．2％）,无效1例（1．3％）。结论 儿童OSAHS在诊断上一定要详细进行询问及查体,并根据PSG结果确诊。治疗主要采用手术治疗,经2．4mm鼻内镜引导下行腺样体刮除术,CPAP治疗对于不适合手术者有效。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征儿童生活质量的评价

目的:①评价儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停疾病特异性生活质量调查表(OSA-18)的信度及效度;②探讨OSA-18调查表是否可以作为一种较好的评价手段对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患儿手术前后生活质量进行评价。方法:①以问卷访谈的形式调查122例OSAHS患儿家长,用重测信度、内部一致性、结构效度和内容效度等指标对OSA-18调查表进行评判;②用OSA-18调查表对122例患儿分别进行睡眠监测前4周和术后6～12个月的生活质量评价及扁桃体和(或)腺样体切除术后生活质量改善情况的评价。结果:①OSA-18调查表具有良好的内部一致性;重测信度、结构效度和内容效度也令人满意。②OSA-18总分、各个维度得分及各条目得分术后均较术前明显下降,OSAHS患儿的生活质量改善明显。结论:①OSA-18调查表具有良好的信度和效度,适用于OSAHS患儿生活质量的评价;②OSA-18调查表有助于儿童OSAHS的临床诊断和对干预治疗措施进行量化评价。     

OSA儿童腺样体扁桃体切除术后的生活质量分析

目的:研究阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)儿童腺样体扁桃体切除术后生活质量的变化。方法:对符合入选标准的66例OSA儿童实施腺样体扁桃体切除术。患儿家长于术前及术后6～18个月完成OSA-18生活质量问卷调查,术前和术后调查问卷的评分用配对t检验进行比较。结果:OSA-18总分术前平均分为70.59(SD=15.015),术后为39.94(SD=14.232),OSA-18术前评分显著高于术后评分(P<0.01)。术前术后的OSA-18总分,睡眠紊乱、身体症状、情绪影响、白天问题及看护者关心的问题五项评分,以及每一小项评分,均较术前有显著降低(P<0.01)。结论:OSA严重影响儿童生活质量,腺样体扁桃体切除术后患儿生活质量有显著改善。     

Outcome of adenotonsillectomy for severe obstructive sleep apnea in children

OBJECTIVE: To study changes in sleep behavior and quality of life in children after adenotonsillectomy for severe obstructive sleep apnea identified by a respiratory distress index > or = 30. METHODS: Children enrolled in the study underwent adenotonsillectomy and had both pre- and post-operative polysomnography. Caregivers also completed an OSA-18 quality of life survey prior to polysomnography and within 6 months of surgery. Paired Student's t-tests were used to compare pre- and post-operative scores. RESULTS: The study population included 29 children. The mean age was 7.1 years (range 1.4-17.0). The most common comorbidities were obesity, asthma and allergic disease. The mean pre-operative RDI was 63.9 and the mean post-operative RDI was 14.2 (P < .0001). The mean total OSA-18 score before surgery was 77.6 and after surgery was 33.2. The differences in pre- and post-operative OSA-18 total scores and domain scores were significant (P < .0001). CONCLUSION: Children with severe OSA who undergo adenotonsillectomy show a significant improvement in RDI and in quality of life over a period of several months after surgery. However, OSA does not resolve in the majority of these children and post-operative PSG is recommended to identify those who may require additional therapy.     

Quality of life after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in children

OBJECTIVE: To study changes in quality of life in children after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) documented by full-night polysomnography. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective study of children with OSA at the University of New Mexico Children's Hospital, Albuquerque. METHODS: Caregivers for children were asked to complete the OSA-18 quality of life survey prior to polysomnography. Children who met inclusion criteria and had a respiratory distress index higher than 1 were enrolled in the study and underwent adenotonsillectomy. Caregivers completed a second OSA-18 survey within 6 months of surgery. Scores from the preoperative and postoperative surveys were compared using the paired t test. RESULTS: The study population included 60 children (mean age, 7.1 [range, 3-12] years), of whom 43 (72%) were male and 30 (50%) were younger than 6 years. Forty-seven children (78%) had a respiratory distress index of 10 or higher. The mean interval between the 2 surveys was 126 days. The mean total OSA-18 score was 71.4 before surgery and 35.8 after surgery. The domain with the greatest change in mean score was sleep disturbance, which improved by 11.5. The changes in total score, in the scores for each domain, and for each item of the OSA-18 survey were highly significant (P<.002). CONCLUSIONS: Children without significant comorbidities show a marked improvement in the domains of sleep disturbance, physical symptoms, emotional symptoms, and daytime functioning as reported by their caregivers after adenotonsillectomy for OSA.     

Factors affecting quality of life of pediatric outpatients with symptoms suggestive of sleep-disordered breathing

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between causative factors of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and quality of life (QOL) of children who presented with SDB. METHODS: Prospective cross-sectional study was done. Pediatric outpatients with SDB were recruited. Patients with craniofacial, neurologic or syndromic anomalies and previous adenotonsillectomy were excluded. Data collected were clinical history, physical examination and lateral skull X-ray, along with QOL survey by using obstructive sleep apnea-18 (OSA-18) questionnaires. We assessed the association between clinical signs, the size of the tonsils and the adenoids, overweight/obesity and the OSA-18 scores to see the impact of these factors on QOL. RESULTS: Fifty-one children were enrolled. Mean age was 6.4+/-2.6 years. The most common clinical findings was mouth breathing (41.2%). Tonsillar hypertrophy (> or =3+) was found in 62.7 and 52.9% had adenoid-nasopharyngeal ratio greater than 70%. Overweight/obesity were found in 35.3% of the patients. OSA-18 scores ranged from 22 to 85. Tonsillar hypertrophy was significantly related to QOL (p<0.05). Adenoid hypertrophy had trends towards impact on QOL (p=0.094). Mouth breathing correlated well with QOL (p<0.01). Overweight/obesity and QOL had no statistically significant correlation. CONCLUSION: Tonsillar hypertrophy and mouth breathing were the clinical findings that affected most to the QOL of the children with SDB. Adenoid hypertrophy had trends towards the impact on QOL, although not statistically significant.     

Quality of life after adenotonsillectomy for children with sleep-disordered breathing: A linear mixed model analysis

Objective

To study changes in quality of life (QoL) after adenotonsillectomy (T&A) in children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), and to elucidate discrepancies in QoL improvements after T&A in children of different gender, age, adiposity status, and disease severity.

Materials and methods

Children aged 2–18 years were recruited. All children had SDB-related symptoms and underwent preoperative full-night polysomnography (PSG). Caregivers completed the first obstructive sleep apnea 18-items questionnaire (OSA-18) prior to T&A and the second OSA-18 survey within 3 months after surgery. Disease severity was defined as primary snoring (apnea/hypopnea index, AHI < 1), mild obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (5 > AHI ≥1), and moderate-to-severe OSA (AHI ≥ 5). Discrepancies in OSA-18 score changes after T&A for different groups were assessed using the linear mixed model.

Results

In total, 144 children were enrolled (mean age, 7.0 ± 3.6 years; 76% boy). The OSA-18 total score changes after surgery were not significantly different by gender (boys vs. girls), age group (≥6 years vs. <6 years), or adiposity (obese vs. non-obese). The OSA-18 total score changes after surgery differed by disease severity (primary snoring vs. moderate-to-severe OSA, P = 0.004; mild OSA vs. moderate-to-severe OSA, P = 0.003). Children with moderate-to-severe OSA had greater improvement in OSA-18 total score after surgery than those with mild OSA or primary snoring.

Conclusions

Children with SDB had QoL improvement after T&A, as documented by OSA-18 score changes. The QoL improvement after T&A for SDB children increased as disease severity increased, and the improvement was not affected by gender, age, or adiposity.     

Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in children: outcome evaluated by pre- and postoperative polysomnography

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcome of adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children using objective data from polysomnography supplemented by subjective proxy reports from the OSA-18 quality of life instrument. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. METHODS: Children 3 to 14 years of age with OSA diagnosed principally on the basis of polysomnography as having an obstructive apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) of 5 or greater underwent adenotonsillectomy. OSA was classified as mild (AHI > or = 5 < 10), moderate (AHI > or = 10 < 20), or severe (AHI > or =20). Children enrolled in the study also had postoperative polysomnography 3 to 6 months after surgery. Caregivers completed the OSA-18 survey before surgery and within 6 months after surgery. Pearson correlation was used to compare the pre- and postoperative AHI values with the pre- and postoperative OSA-18 total scores. SAS procedures (SAS Corp., Cary, NC) were used for statistical analyses. A P value less than or equal to .05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The study population included 79 healthy children, 40 of who were male. The mean age was 6.3 (range, 3.0-14.0) years. Only tonsillar size was correlated significantly with a high preoperative AHI. For all children, the preoperative AHI value was higher than the postoperative value. The mean preoperative AHI for the study population was 27.5, whereas the mean postoperative AHI was 3.5. This change was highly significant (P < .001). The percentage of children with normal polysomnography parameters after adenotonsillectomy ranged from 71% to 90% as a function of the criteria used to define OSA. It was highest when an obstructive apnea index less than 1 was used and lowest when an AHI less than 1 was used to define resolution of OSA. Overnight respiratory parameters after adenotonsillectomy were normal for all children with mild OSA. Three (12%) children with moderate preoperative OSA, and 13 (36%) children with severe preoperative OSA had persistent OSA after adenotonsillectomy. Resolution of OSA occurred in all children with a preoperative AHI less than or equal to 10 and in 73% of children with a preoperative AHI greater than 10. The mean total OSA-18 score and the mean scores for all domains showed significant improvement after surgery (P < .001). The preoperative AHI values had a fair correlation with the preoperative total OSA-18 scores (r = 0.28), but postoperative AHI values had a poor correlation with the postoperative total OSA-18 scores (r = 0.16). Caregivers reported snoring some, most, or all of the time in 22 (28%) children; this group included all children with persistent OSA. CONCLUSIONS: Adenotonsillectomy for OSA results in a dramatic improvement in respiratory parameters as measured by polysomnography in the majority of healthy children. Quality of life also improves significantly after adenotonsillectomy for OSA in children. However, the correlation between improvements in respiratory parameters and improvements in quality of life is poor. Severe preoperative OSA is associated with persistence of OSA after adenotonsillectomy. Postoperative reports of symptoms such as snoring and witnessed apneas correlate well with persistence of OSA after adenotonsillectomy.