Non-albicans Candida spp. causing fungaemia: pathogenicity and antifungal resistance

Non-albicans Candida (NAC) species cause 35-65% of all candidaemias in the general patient population. They occur more frequently in cancer patients, mainly in those with haematological malignancies and bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients (40-70%), but are less common among intensive care unit (ITU) and surgical patients (35-55%), children (1-35%) or HIV-positive patients (0-33%). The proportion of NAC species among Candida species is increasing: over the two decades to 1990, NAC represented 10-40% of all candidaemias. In contrast, in 1991-1998, they represented 35-65% of all candidaemias. The most common NAC species are C. parapsilosis (20-40% of all Candida species), C. tropicalis (10-30%), C. krusei (10-35%) and C. glabrata (5-40%). Although these four are the most common, at least two other species are emerging: C. lusitaniae causing 2-8% of infections, and C. guilliermondii causing 1-5%. Other NAC species, such as C. rugosa, C. kefyr, C. stellatoidea, C. norvegensis and C. famata are rare, accounting for less than 1% of fungaemias in man. In terms of virulence and pathogenicity, some NAC species appear to be of lower virulence in animal models, yet behave with equal or greater virulence in man, when comparison is made with C. albicans. Mortality due to NAC species is similar to C. albicans, ranging from 15% to 35%. However, there are differences in both overall and attributable mortality among species: the lowest mortality is associated with C. parapsilosis, the highest with C. tropicalis and C. glabrata (40-70%). Other NAC species including C. krusei are associated with similar overall mortality to C. albicans (20-40%). Mortality in NAC species appears to be highest in ITU and surgical patients, and somewhat lower in cancer patients, children and HIV-positive patients. There is no difference between overall and attributable mortality, with the exception of C. glabrata which tends to infect immunocompromised individuals. While the crude mortality is low, attributable mortality (fungaemia-associated mortality) is higher than with C. albicans. There are several specific risk factors for particular NAC species: C. parapsilosis is related to foreign body insertion, neonates and hyperalimentation; C. krusei to azole prophylaxis and along with C. tropicalis to neutropenia and BMT; C. glabrata to azole prophylaxis, surgery and urinary or vascular catheters; C. lusitaniae and C. guilliermondii to previous polyene (amphotericin B or nystatin) use; and C. rugosa to burns. Antifungal susceptibility varies significantly in contrast to C. albicans: some NAC species are inherently or secondarily resistant to fluconazole; for example, 75% of C. krusei isolates, 35% of C. glabrata, 10-25% of C. tropicalis and C. lusitaniae. Amphotericin B resistance is also seen in a small proportion: 5-20% of C. lusitaniae and C. rugosa, 10-15% of C. krusei and 5-10% of C. guilliermondii. Other NAC species are akin to C. albicans-susceptible to both azoles and polyenes (C. parapsilosis, the majority of C. guilliermondii strains and C. tropicalis). Therefore, 'species directed' therapy should be administered for fungaemia according to the species identified-amphotericin B for C. krusei and C. glabrata, fluconazole for other species, including polyene-resistant or tolerant Candida species (C. lusitaniae, C. guilliermondii). In vitro susceptibility testing should be performed for most species of NAC in addition to removal of any foreign body to optimize management.     

European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) prospective survey of candidaemia: report from one Italian region

An ECMM epidemiological prospective survey of candidaemia was performed in one Italian region (Lombardy; population: 8 924 870) by the National Society of Medical Mycology (FIMUA) from September 1997 to December 1999. In total, 569 episodes were reported with an overall rate of 0.38/1000 admissions, 4.4/100000 patient days. Predisposing factors included presence of an intravascular catheter (89%), antibiotic treatment (88%), surgery (56%), intensive care (45%), solid tumour (28%), steroid treatment (15%), haematological malignancy (7%), HIV infection (6%), fetal immaturity (4%). Mucous membrane colonization preceded candidaemia in 83% of patients. Candida albicans was identified in 58% of cases, followed by Candida parapsilosis (15%), Candida glabrata (13%), Candida tropicalis (6%). Septic shock occurred in 95 patients. Crude mortality was 35%, the highest in C. tropicalis fungaemia (44%), the elderly (64%) and solid tumour cancer patients (43%). Intravascular catheter removal was associated with higher survival rate (71 vs. 47%). This survey underscores the importance of candidaemia in hospital settings.     

Rate of transmission and endogenous origin of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata on adult intensive care units studied by pulsed field gel electrophoresis

We determined the relative roles of endogenous origin and patient-to-patient transmission in Candida colonization of patients on adult intensive care units (ICU). A total of 48 Candida albicans and 18 Candida glabrata strains from various clinical samples of 28 long-term patients, hospitalized in two neurological ICUs between April and June 1999, were typed using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Three patients were co-colonized by both C. albicans and C. glabrata strains. Twenty-four C. albicans and 17 C. glabrata karyotypes were defined. The colonization was found to be polyclonal in six C. albicans and five C. glabrata patients. Twenty-six patients (93%) carried strains, which were not detected in other patients hospitalized at the same time, i.e. they were colonized by unique C. albicans and C. glabrata strains. Only two patients, who were hospitalized during the same period of time, although in different rooms of the same ICU, shared strains with an identical PFGE type, indicating possible patient-to-patient transmission. Patient-to-patient transmission of yeasts played a minor role on these ICUs.     

Candida species bloodstream infection: epidemiology and outcome in a single institution from 1991 to 2008

Candidaemia remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the healthcare setting. Candida spp. bloodstream infection episodes prospectively recorded through a blood culture surveillance programme in a single institution from 1991 to 2008 were included in the study. Data regarding candidaemia episodes were analysed, including specific fungal species and patient survival at 30 days after diagnosis. There were 529 candidaemia episodes during the study period (495 were nosocomial infections). The incidence of candidaemia caused by non-Candida albicans Candida spp. (52%) was higher than the incidence of candidaemia caused by C. albicans (48%). The overall crude 30 day mortality rate was 32%. Patients with Candida parapsilosis candidaemia had the lowest mortality rate (23%). Candida krusei candidaemia was most commonly associated with haematological malignancy (61%; P < 0.001), stem cell transplantation (22%; P = 0.004), neutropenia (57%; P = 0.001) and prior use of antifungal azole agents (26%; P < 0.001). Patients with C. krusei candidaemia had the highest crude 30 day mortality in this series (39%). Epidemiological studies are important to define clinical and microbiological candidaemia characteristics and to guide empirical treatment in every setting.     

43株念珠菌分离鉴定和药敏试验研究

[目的]了解皮肤病、性病门诊就诊者念珠菌感染状况及其对抗真菌药物敏感性，为该菌的防治提供依据。[方法]用VITEK32细菌鉴定仪对念珠菌进行鉴定，用MTT法进行药物敏感性试验。[结果]从85份临床标本分离到43株念珠菌，阳性分离率为50．6％。其中白念珠菌30株（69．8％）、近平滑念珠菌6株（14．0％）、光滑念珠菌4株（9．3％）、季也蒙念珠菌2株（4．7％）、丛生丝孢酵母菌1株（2．3％）。MTT法测定念珠菌对氟康唑和伊曲康唑的总敏感率分别为93．0％和67．4％，与常规法比较差异无统计学（P〉0．05）。[结论]白念珠菌仍是最常见的致病念珠菌。念珠菌对氪康唑的总敏感率略高于伊曲康唑，对氟康唑耐药的菌株往往对伊曲康唑也耐药。     

Prevalence and antifungal susceptibility of vaginal yeasts in outpatients attending a gynecological center in Ancona, Italy

Between February 1993 and May 1994 we studied the prevalence of fungal vulvovaginitis among women attending the Obstetric and Gynecology Clinic of the University of Ancona. Out of the 222 patients, 18 (8.2%) women had symptomatic vaginitis and 24 (10.8%) were carriers. Candida albicans was the species most frequently isolated (44.2%), followed by Torulopsis glabrata (28%) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (16.2%), from symptomatic and carrier patients. The activity of acid proteinase was determined for C. albicans isolated from both symptomatic and carrier patients. All 13 carriers showed low activity for aspartyl proteinase (score 1+), while 5 of 6 symptomatic patients showed higher activity (score 2+), with a significant difference (p = 0.026). In general, isolates of T. glabrata and S. cerevisiae were less susceptible in vitro to fluconazole than isolates of C. albicans. We did not find any differences in fluconazole MIC results among the C. albicans strains isolated from symptomatic and carrier patients. On the other hand, the fluconazole MICs of T. glabrata and S. cerevisiae isolates showed statistically significant differences between symptomatic and carrier patients (p = 0.009 and p = 0.000, respectively). The differences in proteinase secretion between the isolates from symptomatic and carrier patients suggest a correlation between proteinase production and vaginal candidiasis caused by C. albicans. Torulopsis glabrata, however, was found to be the most common causative agent of vaginitis (7 out 19 episodes), followed by C. albicans (6 out of 19 episodes). Due to the varying patterns of antifungal susceptibility, mainly to fluconazole for the yeast isolates considered in this study, an in vitro susceptibility testing program might be useful for monitoring the outcome of this infection.     

血流感染假丝酵母菌菌种构成及其药物敏感性

目的分析某院假丝酵母菌血流感染菌种构成及其对抗真菌药物的敏感性,为临床预防和治疗假丝酵母菌血流感染提供依据。方法回顾性分析2009-2013年该院临床科室送检血标本中检出的假丝酵母菌,并对假丝酵母菌血流感染的高危因素进行分析。结果2009-2013年42例患者血标本分离假丝酵母菌42株,以近平滑假丝酵母菌为主（20株,47.62%）,其次为白假丝酵母菌（16株,38.10%）、热带假丝酵母菌（4株,9.52%）、光滑假丝酵母菌（2株,4.76%）。来源科室主要为：急诊监护病房（EICU,11株）、泌尿外科（9株）、心胸外科（8株）等。37例（占88.10%）患者静脉导管与血标本培养出相同的假丝酵母菌,留置静脉导管至血培养阳性和导管培养阳性的平均时间分别为31.47 d和33.18 d;导管和血培养阳性比例随着置管时间的延长均呈上升趋势（均P＜0.001）。检出的假丝酵母菌对氟康唑、伏立康唑的敏感率均为75.00%～100.00%,对两性霉素B的敏感率均为100.00%;而不同菌种对伊曲康唑的敏感率存在较大差异（0～87.50%）。结论该院假丝酵母菌血流感染菌株以近平滑假丝酵母菌为主,且与静脉导管的使用有关,其对氟康唑、两性霉素B、伏立康唑的敏感性均较高。     

院内侵袭性深部真菌感染80例临床与病原学分析

目的探讨深部真菌感染的现状、病原菌的种类、常用抗真菌药物的敏感性及防治策略。方法回顾性地分析2004年1月-2005年12月，真菌感染患者的临床状况，并对收集的病原菌进行体外药敏测定。结果2年中共收集88株真菌培养阳性的临床标本，其中确诊或疑诊为假丝酵母菌属感染者72例，占81．8％，其次为新型隐球酵母菌8例，占9．1％，曲霉菌属5例，占5．7％，其余为其他真菌；其中假丝酵母菌属中最常见的病原菌为白色假丝酵母菌，共48株，占66．7％，其次为光滑假丝酵母菌12株，占16．7％，再次为热带假丝酵母菌8株，占11．1％，最后为近平滑假丝酵母菌和克柔假丝酵母菌各2株，分别占2．8％。结论假丝酵母菌属仍然是院内深部真菌感染的主要致病菌，而假丝酵母菌属中最常见的是白色假丝酵母菌感染，氟康唑仍是治疗假丝酵母菌属尤其是白色假丝酵母菌感染最有效的药物。     

住院患者白色假丝酵母菌感染的临床回顾性分析

目的 探讨医院内白色假丝酵母菌感染的临床和流行病学特点,为减少白色假丝酵母菌感染以及相关白色假丝酵母菌的研究提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2010年9月-2011年9月住院患者白色假丝酵母菌的检出情况、标本来源、科室分布、疾病种类、医疗干预措施以及抗菌药物的使用等,并对定植组和感染确诊组的相关易感因素进行x2检验和logistic回归分析.结果 检出白色假丝酵母菌感染166例,其中101例白色假丝酵母菌确诊患者患有多种基础疾病,以肺部感染、高血压、恶性肿瘤常见;白血病在两组间差异有统计学意义,白血病患者中感染确诊组明显多于定植组;两组在静脉留置、留置导尿管、免疫抑制剂、肠外营养、放化疗、腹腔穿刺间差异有统计学意义;头孢菌素类、喹诺酮类、碳青霉烯类抗菌药物在两组间的使用差异有统计学意义;检出以＞70岁的老年患者为主,中位年龄76岁;主要分离自痰液标本占64.5％;患者主要来自血液科、ICU、肿瘤科等.结论 感染确诊组与定植组相比,白血病、免疫抑制剂、肠外营养、放化疗、静脉置管、头孢菌素类、碳青霉烯类、喹诺酮类抗菌药物的使用是感染确诊组主要的危险因素;警惕白色假丝酵母菌感染的相关危险因素,对临床防治该菌感染具有重要意义.     

Candida tropicalis fungaemia in adult patients with haematological malignancies: clinical features and risk factors

Candida tropicalis fungaemia is a serious opportunistic infection. Eighteen consecutive patients with C. tropicalis fungaemia diagnosed within a five-year period were studied retrospectively. All patients had haematological malignancies treated by chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Antifungal prophylaxis included nystatin (20 mg daily) for patients receiving chemotherapy, and fluconazole (200 mg daily) for patients undergoing BMT. Sixteen patients had refractory and advanced haematological malignancies. All patients were neutropenic, had central venous catheters, and were receiving treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics at the time of fungaemia. Septic shock with skin emboli were the most common presenting features. In seven cases, fungaemia was preceded by a positive culture of C. tropicalis in the urine. Concomitant bacteraemia was found in 11 cases, of which six cases were due to Staphylococcus aureus. The overall mortality rate was 56%. The predominance of chemotherapy-treated patients developing fungaemia in this series might be attributable to the omission of fluconazole prophylaxis. The clinicopathologic features and risk factors identified in this study may help design better treatment strategies for this often-lethal complication.     

代谢综合征对血液透析患者的心血管病死亡和全因死亡的影响

[目的]观察代谢综合征对血液透析患者心血管死亡和全因死亡的影响。[方法]收集了某院血透中心维持性血液透析患者共157例,观察36～42个月。对患者临床和实验室基本资料进行收集,记录死亡时间和原因。并对患者的体成分和营养状况进行评估。[结果]根据IDF代谢综合征定义,患者被分为代谢综合征(MS)组和无代谢综合征(non-MS)组。两组患者的心血管死亡和全因死亡差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。MS组患者营养状况好于non-MS组(SGA评分,卡方检验,P=000)。白蛋白﹤37g/l和年龄﹥66岁是导致患者全因死亡率增加的独立危险因素(COX回归分析)。[结论]IDF代谢综合征未增加患者的心血管死亡和全因死亡风险,白蛋白水平下降和老年是导致患者全因死亡率增加的独立危险因素。     

Characteristics of candidaemia with Candida-albicans compared with non-albicans Candida species and predictors of mortality

Candidaemia due to non-albicans Candida species is increasing in frequency. We describe 272 episodes of candidaemia, define parameters associated with Candida albicans and other Candida species, and analyse predictors associated with mortality. Patients with C. albicans (55%) had the highest fatality rate and frequently received immunosuppressive therapy, while patients with Candida parapsilosis (16%) had the lowest fatality and complication rates. Candida tropicalis (16%) was associated with youth, severe neutropenia, acute leukaemia or bone marrow transplantation, Candida glabrata (10%) was associated with old age and chronic disease, and Candida krusei (2%) was associated with prior fluconazole therapy. The overall fatality rate was 36%, and predictors of death by multi-variate analysis were shock, impaired performance status, low serum albumin and congestive heart failure. Isolation of non-albicans Candida species, prior surgery and catheter removal were protective factors. When shock was excluded from analysis, antifungal therapy was shown to be protective. Unlike previous concerns, infection with Candida species other than C. albicans has not been shown to result in an increased fatality rate.     

重症监护病房念珠菌感染和危险因素分析

目的 探讨重症监护病房(ICU)患者念珠菌菌血症患病现状、变化及病原菌分析.方法 收集2002年4月至2007年3月浙江大学医学院附属第一医院ICU念珠菌菌血症患者临床资料,调查念珠菌菌血症的患病情况及病原菌,进行单因素x2检验及多因素logistic回归分析.结果 5年间ICU出院6034人次,符合念珠菌菌血症的患者75例,年患病率0.67%、1.46%、1.21%、1.15%、1.56%.死亡36例,总病死率48%,年病死率50%、64%、33%、41%、52%.血培养标本分离出念珠菌78株,其中白色念珠菌36株(46.2%),光滑念珠菌17株(21.7%),热带念珠菌14株(17.9%),近平滑念珠菌10株(12.8%),葡萄牙念珠菌1株(1.3%).APACHE Ⅱ评分9～27分,平均17.21分±4.38分.5年间念珠菌菌血症的患病率从0.67%上升到1.56%,非白色念珠菌菌血症患者的比例从50.0%上升至56.5%.经过对白色念珠菌组和非白色念珠菌组各项特征的单因素及多因素logistic回归分析发现,年龄(66岁±14岁 vs.53岁±16岁,P=0.001,OR=1.077,95% CI:1.031～1.124)、低蛋白血症(61.8% vs.81.6%,P=0.033,OR=0.206,95% CI:0.048～0.880)差异有统计学意义.结论 在ICU患者中念珠菌菌血症的患病率有上升趋势,病死率高,非白色念珠菌所致的念珠菌菌血症也有所上升,年龄是发生白色念珠菌感染独立的危险因素,低蛋白血症是非白色念珠菌感染独立的危险因素.     

Enhanced detection of Candida in blood cultures with the BACTEC 460 system by use of the aerobic-hypertonic (8B) medium

The blood culture records during the 6-year period 1984-9 were reviewed to compare the performance of the BACTEC aerobic (6B) and aerobic-hypertonic (8B) media for the recovery of Candida spp. and Torulopsis glabrata from blood. There were 137 positive blood culture sets that contained both a 6B and an 8B bottle. Sixty-eight different yeasts were recovered from 65 patients including 35 Candida albicans, 19 C. tropicalis, 6 C. parapsilosis, 4 C. krusei, 1 C. pseudotropicalis and 3 Torulopsis glabrata. The 8B medium detected 120 of the positive cultures (87.6%) and was the only positive medium in 35 (25.6%) sets, while the 6B medium detected 102 positive cultures (74.4%) and was the only positive medium in 17 (12.4%) sets (P less than 0.04). For those sets in which both bottles were positive, radiometric detection occurred first in the 8B bottle in 39 sets and first in the 6B bottle in 11 sets (P less than 0.001). The superior performance of the 8B bottle was not related to the administration of amphotericin B. Cultures of stock strains of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis in 6B and 8B media with and without added blood confirmed the finding that 8B was substantially superior to 6B for the detection of candidaemia. It is concluded that an 8B bottle should be included in the blood culture set whenever candidaemia is suspected.     

436株酵母样真菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

目的探讨引起医院感染常见酵母样真菌种类及其耐药性特点,为临床感染性疾病提供病原学诊断和合理使用抗真菌药物的依据。方法采集2 680份患者标本分离培养,分离出酵母样真菌436株,API-20CAUX酵母样真菌鉴定试条进行鉴定,念珠菌药敏试条(ATB-Fungus)进行念珠菌药敏试验。结果436株酵母样真菌以念珠菌为主,其中白色念珠菌305株(69.9%),热带念珠菌81株(18.6%),克柔念珠菌27株(6.1%),光滑念珠菌11株(2.5%),其他12株(2.9%);念珠菌对两性霉素B(AMB)、5-氟胞嘧啶(5-FC)、制霉菌素(NYS)、酮康唑(KTC)、益康唑(ECO)、咪康唑(MTC)的耐药率分别为8.49%、14.91%、12.39%、46.56%、38.76%、30.73%。结论目前引起我院患者真菌感染的念珠菌仍以白色念珠菌为主,其次是热带念珠菌及克柔念珠菌,这些念珠菌对两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑较敏感,对酮康唑、益康唑、咪康唑产生了较强的耐药性。     

重症监护病房非白色念珠菌和白色念珠菌感染危险因素的比较

目的 研究重症监护病房(ICU)患者非白色念珠菌和白色念珠菌感染危险因素的差异.方法 回顾性分析2003年2月至2009年4月ICU获得性念珠菌感染患者103例,其中非白色念珠菌感染46例,白色念珠菌感染57例,对其多个危险因素进行统计学分析.结果 非白色念珠菌中,光滑念珠菌19例(18.4%),近平滑念珠菌13例(12.6%),热带念珠菌10例(9.7%),克柔念珠菌2例(1.9%),其他念珠菌2例(1.9%).经Logistic多因素回归分析发现,中心静脉导管(CVC)留置>2 d(OR=32.477,95%可信区间:4.905～215.035,P=0.000)、全胃肠外营养(OR=3.119,95%可信区间:1.214～8.015,P=0.018)和氟康唑预防治疗(OR=5.084,95%可信区间:1.319～19.596,P=0.018)与非白色念珠菌感染密切相关.结论 CVC留置>2 d、全胃肠外营养和氟康唑预防治疗是非白色念珠菌感染的独立危险因素,可用于指导经验性抗真菌治疗的药物选择.     

Candida tropicalis fungaemia in adult patients with haematological malignancies: clinical features and risk factors

Candida tropicalis fungaemia is a serious opportunistic infection. Eighteen consecutive patients with C. tropicalis fungaemia diagnosed within a five-year period were studied retrospectively. All patients had haematological malignancies treated by chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Antifungal prophylaxis included nystatin (20 mg daily) for patients receiving chemotherapy, and fluconazole (200 mg daily) for patients undergoing BMT. Sixteen patients had refractory and advanced haematological malignancies. All patients were neutropenic, had central venous catheters, and were receiving treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics at the time of fungaemia. Septic shock with skin emboli were the most common presenting features. In seven cases, fungaemia was preceded by a positive culture ofC. tropicalis in the urine. Concomitant bacteraemia was found in 11 cases, of which six cases were due toStaphylococcus aureus . The overall mortality rate was 56%. The predominance of chemotherapy-treated patients developing fungaemia in this series might be attributable to the omission of fluconazole prophylaxis. The clinicopathologic features and risk factors identified in this study may help design better treatment strategies for this often-lethal complication.     

重症监护病房非白色念珠菌和白色念珠菌感染危险因素的比较

目的 研究重症监护病房(ICU)患者非白色念珠菌和白色念珠菌感染危险因素的差异.方法 回顾性分析2003年2月至2009年4月ICU获得性念珠菌感染患者103例,其中非白色念珠菌感染46例,白色念珠菌感染57例,对其多个危险因素进行统计学分析.结果 非白色念珠菌中,光滑念珠菌19例(18.4%),近平滑念珠菌13例(12.6%),热带念珠菌10例(9.7%),克柔念珠菌2例(1.9%),其他念珠菌2例(1.9%).经Logistic多因素回归分析发现,中心静脉导管(CVC)留置>2 d(OR=32.477,95%可信区间:4.905～215.035,P=0.000)、全胃肠外营养(OR=3.119,95%可信区间:1.214～8.015,P=0.018)和氟康唑预防治疗(OR=5.084,95%可信区间:1.319～19.596,P=0.018)与非白色念珠菌感染密切相关.结论 CVC留置>2 d、全胃肠外营养和氟康唑预防治疗是非白色念珠菌感染的独立危险因素,可用于指导经验性抗真菌治疗的药物选择.     

重症监护病房非白色念珠菌和白色念珠菌感染危险因素的比较

目的 研究重症监护病房(ICU)患者非白色念珠菌和白色念珠菌感染危险因素的差异.方法 回顾性分析2003年2月至2009年4月ICU获得性念珠菌感染患者103例,其中非白色念珠菌感染46例,白色念珠菌感染57例,对其多个危险因素进行统计学分析.结果 非白色念珠菌中,光滑念珠菌19例(18.4%),近平滑念珠菌13例(12.6%),热带念珠菌10例(9.7%),克柔念珠菌2例(1.9%),其他念珠菌2例(1.9%).经Logistic多因素回归分析发现,中心静脉导管(CVC)留置>2 d(OR=32.477,95%可信区间:4.905～215.035,P=0.000)、全胃肠外营养(OR=3.119,95%可信区间:1.214～8.015,P=0.018)和氟康唑预防治疗(OR=5.084,95%可信区间:1.319～19.596,P=0.018)与非白色念珠菌感染密切相关.结论 CVC留置>2 d、全胃肠外营养和氟康唑预防治疗是非白色念珠菌感染的独立危险因素,可用于指导经验性抗真菌治疗的药物选择.