兰索拉唑肠溶片健康人体药动学研究

目的:研究兰索拉唑肠溶片在人体内的药动学特点。方法:8名健康男性受试者单剂量口服30mg兰索拉唑肠溶片,血样加入内标(奥美拉唑)经预处理后用HPLC-UV法测定。结果:血浆中兰索拉唑浓度在20.00~2 000.00ng.mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),日内、日间相对标准差均小于10%。主要药动学参数Cm ax为(876.14±278.11)ng.mL-1,tm ax为(3.81±0.70)h,t1/2为(1.68±0.70)h,AUC0~t为(2 925.04±1 110.88)ng.h.mL-1,AUC0~∞为(3 072.88±1 230.40)ng.h.mL-1。结论:本法操作简便,灵敏度高,无杂质峰干扰,测得的药动学参数可为其临床应用提供参考。     

复方法莫替丁咀嚼片人体药动学研究

目的:研究复方法莫替丁咀嚼片人体药动学。方法:采取开放试验,选取10名健康受试者,男女各半,单剂量口服复方法莫替丁咀嚼片40mg,用高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中法莫替丁浓度,所得数据经上海宏能软件有限公司PKS软件处理。结果:受试制剂符合血管外给药一室模型,法莫替丁主要药动学参数分别为:tm ax(2.3±0.4)h,Cm ax(88.73±15.07)ng.mL-1,AUC0~14(436.6±49.6)ng.h.mL-1,AUC0~∞(562.4±63.3)ng.h.mL-1,Ka(0.7±0.4)h-1,t1/2Ka(1.36±0.84)h,t1/2K(3.8±0.7)h,CL/F(0.08±0.01)mg.mL.ng-1.h-1,MRT0~14(5.0±0.3)h,MRT0~∞(9.6±2.3)h。结论:所得结果与文献报道一致,碳酸钙与氢氧化镁2种成分不影响法莫替丁的吸收与代谢。     

精氨酸七叶皂苷静脉滴注的健康人体药动学研究

目的:研究注射用精氨酸七叶皂苷健康人体单剂量给药的药动学。方法:采用剂量递增试验设计,30名健康志愿者随机分为3个剂量组,分别静滴注射用精氨酸七叶皂苷5.77 mg,11.54 mg或23.08 mg,用LC-MS/MS同时测定血浆中和尿样中七叶皂苷主要组分的浓度,计算其主要药代动力学参数。结果:健康志愿者单剂量静滴注射用精氨酸七叶皂苷后,七叶皂苷A组分的Cmax分别为(137.7±33.71),(255.9±41.57)和(431.7±104.52)ng.mL-1;AUC0-t分别为(400.9±138.69),(830.8±235.02)和(1 622.9±613.16)ng.h.mL-1;t1/2Ke分别为(2.46±0.53),(3.34±0.42)和(5.66±0.82)h;24 h尿中七叶皂苷A组分累积排出百分率分别为(4.70±1.47),(5.17±1.35)和(5.53±1.85)%。七叶皂苷B组分的Cm ax分别为(74.5±20.87),(141.1±25.64)和(231.8±63.50)ng.mL-1;AUC0-t分别为(196.3±68.22),(381.2±107.60)和(782.7±321.07)ng.h.mL-1;t1/2Ke分别为(2.13±0.68),(2.96±0.79)和(4.88±1.18)h;24 h尿中七叶皂苷B组分累积排出百分率分别为(2.54±0.71),(2.69±0.59)和(3.12±1.17)%。结论:健康人体单剂量静滴注射用精氨酸七叶皂苷5.77～23.08 mg剂量范围内,七叶皂苷A组分和B组分的Cm ax,AUC0-t和t1/2Ke均随着剂量的增加而增加。     

氯沙坦及其代谢物在朝鲜族和汉族健康人体内的药代动力学

目的:研究朝鲜族和汉族健康受试者口服单剂量氯沙坦钾片的药代动力学.方法:健康受试者20名(朝鲜族10名,汉族10名,男女各半),口服单剂量氯沙坦钾片剂50mg;用HPLC-荧光法测定氯沙坦及其代谢物E-3174血药浓度,采用DAS软件和SPSS软件进行数据处理和统计学分析.结果:单剂量口服50 mg氯沙坦钾片后,朝鲜族受试者的氯沙坦和E-3174的主要药动学参数如下:Cmax分别为(524±349),(493±188)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(0.9±0.4),(2.4±0.8)h;t1/2(1.5±0.4),(3.1±0.7)h;AUC0-24分别为(682±319),(2563±752) ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(752±331),(2608±766)ng·h·mL-1.汉族受试者的氯沙坦和E-3174的主要药动学参数如下:Gmax分别为(351±168),(242±60)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(1.4±1.1),(3.6±1.7)h;t1/2分别为(0.8±0.4),(4.7±1.1)h;AUC0-24分别为(498±172),(1853±194) ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为( 523±184),(1960±182) ng-h·mL-1.结论:氯沙坦钾片在朝鲜族和汉族健康受试者体内药动学参数差异存在统计学意义,在不同性别间药动学参数差异无统计学意义,个体间药动学参数存在较大差异,临床治疗中应实行个体化给药方案.     

克林霉素局部给药与口服给药药动学比较研究

目的:研究克林霉素磷酸酯阴道凝胶局部给药与盐酸克林霉素片口服给药后克林霉素药动学特征,并进行比较。方法:10名健康女性志愿者单剂量阴道局部给予克林霉素磷酸酯阴道凝胶5g(相当于克林霉素100mg),1mo后志愿者单剂量口服盐酸克林霉素片150mg,分别用液/质联用法检测血清中克林霉素的浓度,并经DAS药动学程序进行数据处理,计算药动学参数。结果:克林霉素磷酸酯阴道凝胶与盐酸克林霉素片的t1/2分别为(15.30±2.62)、(3.64±0.78)h,tm ax分别为(4.88±0.94)、(1.00±0.33)h,Cm ax分别为(38.30±22.77)、(1 334.13±535.91)ng.mL-1,AUC0~48为(686.62±316.73)、(3 357.70±1 013.32)ng.h.mL-1,AUC0~∞为(783.45±351.19)、(3 393.33±1 037.40)ng.h.mL-1。克林霉素磷酸酯阴道凝胶阴道局部给药相对于盐酸克林霉素片的生物利用度为(29.5±6.8)%。结论:克林霉素磷酸酯阴道凝胶阴道局部给药后克林霉素主要滞留于阴道局部,能更好地发挥局部治疗作用,更安全。     

LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中硫酸氨基葡萄糖浓度及其药动学研究

目的:建立测定人血浆中硫酸氨基葡萄糖浓度的方法,并考察其药动学特征。方法:采用高效液相色谱串联质谱电喷雾检测(LC-MS/MS)法,色谱柱为Phenomenex ODS,流动相为甲醇-0.2%醋酸铵-0.1%甲酸缓冲液(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0mL.min-1;电喷雾电离源,正离子模式下以选择反应监测(SRM)方式进行监测。以DAS2.0软件进行房室模型拟合,计算主要药动学参数。结果:在选定的色谱及质谱条件下,硫酸氨基葡萄糖与内标及血浆杂质分离良好,氨基葡萄糖增量浓度在8.27～165、165～8268ng.mL-1范围内线性关系良好。方法回收率为103.8%～113.7%,日内和日间RSD均<20%。健康受试者单剂量口服低、中、高剂量(500、1000、1500mg)复方硫酸氨基葡萄糖分散片后的药-时曲线符合非房室模型,主要药动学参数分别为:t1/2为(1.2±0.4)、(1.3±0.4)、(1.4±0.9)h,tma(x2.6±1.4)、(2.7±0.9)、(1.9±0.8)h,cma(x417±193)、(795±281)、(925±282)ng.mL-1,AUC0～1(01416±201)、(3366±1020)、(4033±1282)ng.h.mL-1,MRT0～1(03.2±0.7)、(3.6±0.2)、(3.3±0.6)h;多剂量口服低剂量(每次500mg,tid)复方硫酸氨基葡萄糖分散片达到稳态后,主要药动学参数为:cssma(x294±75.6)ng.mL-1,cssmi(n59.4±55.7)ng.mL-1,tma(x1.9±1.1)h,t1/(21.4±0.8)h,AUC0～1(01015±243)ng.h.mL-1,AUCs(s1000±244)ng.h.mL-1,cssa(v125±30.6)ng.mL-1,MRT0～1(02.7±0.3)。结论:本方法适用于复方硫酸氨基葡萄糖分散片人体内药动学研究。健康受试者单剂量口服本品后,氨基葡萄糖的吸收程度(AUC0～t和cmax)与剂量在试验设计的剂量范围内存在一定的线性关系;连续口服本品后,在体内基本无积蓄现象。     

依诺沙星分散片的人体相对生物利用度研究

目的:研究依诺沙星分散片(受试制剂)和依诺沙星片(参比制剂)的生物等效性。方法:采用双周期随机交叉试验设计。分别予20名男性健康志愿者依诺沙星受试制剂或参比制剂各0.4 g单剂量口服。用HPLC法测定给药后血样中依诺沙星的浓度。用DAS软件计算药动学参数。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的Cm ax分别为(5 320±1 275)和(5 163±1 241)ng.mL-1;Tm ax(0.88±0.37)和(0.89±0.37)h;AUC0→24 h(23 317±7 187)和(22 904±7 098)ng.h.mL-1;AUC0→∞(24 502±7 396)和(24 085±7 377)ng.h.mL-1。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(102±9)%。结论:依诺沙星分散片与依诺沙星片生物等效。     

复方盐酸曲马多人体药动学研究

目的:研究复方盐酸曲马多的人体药动学。方法:10名健康志愿者口服复方盐酸曲马多1片(每片含盐酸曲马多37.5mg,对乙酰氨基酚325mg),用高效液相色谱-荧光法测定血浆中曲马多的浓度,计算药动学参数。结果:口服复方盐酸曲马多片1片后AUC0~24为(1361.61±441.79)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0~∞为(1555.04±582.51)ng.·h·mL-1,Cmax为(134.81±33.96)ng·mL-1,tmax为(1.9±0.57)h,t1/2为(7.63±2.02)h。结论:本方法可用于复方盐酸曲马多人体药动学研究。     

辛伐他汀片人体生物等效性研究

目的:比较2种辛伐他汀片的人体生物等效性。方法:20名健康受试者随机交叉单剂口服国产辛伐他汀片(受试制剂)与进口辛伐他汀片(参比制剂)40mg后,以高效液相色谱串联质谱电喷雾检测(LC-MS/MS)法测定血药浓度,利用3p97程序计算药动学参数和生物利用度。结果:2种辛伐他汀片在人体内药-时曲线符合一室模型,受试制剂与参比制剂药动学参数分别为:Cmax(13.23±4.41)、(12.68±4.43)ng.mL-1,tmax(1.64±1.20)、(1.54±1.28)h,AUC0~12(47.48±22.96)、(44.49±18.47)ng.h.mL-1,AUC0~∞(50.87±24.06)、(47.11±19.54)ng.h.mL-1。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(106.72±15.20)%。结论:2种辛伐他汀片具有生物等效性。     

2种司帕沙星胶囊人体生物利用度与生物等效性研究

目的:比较2种司帕沙星胶囊的人体药动学参数、生物利用度,评价二者的生物等效性。方法:22名男性健康志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服200mg受试制剂或参比制剂后,应用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中司帕沙星浓度,并利用3p97程序计算药动学参数及评价二者生物等效性。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂体内药-时曲线符合二室模型,Cm ax分别为(0.85±0.23)、(0.90±0.27)μg.mL-1,tm ax分别为(5.59±2.28)、(4.95±1.17)h,AUC0~120分别为(27.92±6.09)、(29.65±8.49)μg.h.mL-1,AUC0~∞分别为(29.95±6.51)、(31.74±9.38)μg.h.mL-1。受试制剂相对生物利用度为(97.47±18.32)%。结论:受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.