类风湿关节炎致自发性手指肌腱断裂的临床分析

目的探讨类风湿关节炎致自发性手指肌腱断裂的临床特点和治疗效果。方法对8例自发性手指肌腱断裂的患者（均有3～8年类风湿关节炎的病史），其中2例拇长伸肌腱断裂，采用示指固有伸肌腱转位修复；3例环、小指指伸肌腱断裂，采用环指指伸肌腱与中指指伸肌腱端侧编织缝合，示指固有伸肌腱移位修复小指固有伸肌腱；2例中、环、小指指伸肌腱断裂，采用冷冻异体指伸肌腱移植修复。1例拇长屈肌腱断裂，采用环指指浅屈肌腱转位修复。结果术后局部滑膜和肌腱组织送病理检查均显示为慢性炎症伴局灶性坏死。术后随访6个月～7年，未见肌腱再次断裂，优良率为100％。结论多根肌腱同时断裂是类风湿关节炎致自发性手指肌腱断裂的常见特点，手术采用肌腱转位或异体肌腱移植术，疗效确切。     

自发性伸拇长肌腱断裂的临床诊治

目的探讨自发性伸拇长肌腱断裂的病因、病理特点和治疗效果。方法分析16例自发性伸拇长肌腱断裂的发病原因及诱因,16例病发前分别有桡骨远端骨折史,类风湿关节炎史,反复多次行局部封闭治疗病史,并分别采用端端缝合,食指固有伸肌腱转位修复,掌长肌移植,桡侧伸腕长、短肌及伸拇短肌腱转移修复。结果术后随访3～6个月,1例端端直接缝合,术后2周再断裂,改用拇短伸肌腱移位修复,另1例发生肌腱黏连二次手术松解,其余患指功能恢复良好。结论骨折端磨损或炎症侵蚀是伸拇肌腱自发性断裂的病理基础,修复方法有多种选择,拇短伸肌腱转位重建拇长伸肌腱疗效更为确切。     

自发性手指伸肌腱断裂的修复重建

目的探讨不同部位手指伸肌腱自发断裂的治疗方案及其疗效。方法29例患者总结如下：伸肌腱Ⅰ区22例、中环小指伸肌腱Ⅵ区3例、拇长伸肌腱4例，修复重建后配合功能锻炼。结果Ⅰ区原位直接缝合修复，优良率100％；食指固有伸肌腱移位拇长伸肌腱，优良率85％；桡侧腕短伸肌腱修复中环小指伸肌腱Ⅵ区，优良率75％。结论伸肌腱自发断裂常伴有炎症侵蚀或骨折端磨损的病理基础，在伸肌腱Ⅰ区时首选原位直接缝合修复，无条件修复时可行远指间关节融合术；对于中环小指伸肌腱Ⅵ区及拇长伸肌腱断裂行相邻协同肌肌腱转位修复，疗效确切。     

掌长肌腱移植与示指固有伸肌腱转位治疗拇长伸肌腱自发性断裂的疗效对比

目的 探讨并对比掌长肌腱移植与示指固有伸肌腱转位修复拇长伸肌腱自发性断裂的临床疗效。方法 对2017年2月-2020年12月收治的46例自发性拇长伸肌腱断裂患者,按手术方式分为掌长肌腱移植组与示指固有伸肌腱转位组,术后均予外展背伸位被动支具固定3周,逐步行患指主被动功能训练,定期随访。结果 两组术后均获随访4~8个月,平均5个月。根据TAM评价标准,掌长肌腱移植组与示指固有伸肌腱转位组术后均取得了较为明显的临床疗效,两组在优、良、中数量以及优良率(TAM等级优+良占总比)差异上无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 掌长肌腱移植与示指固有伸肌腱转位是治疗自发性拇长伸肌腱断裂的两种有效术式,临床治疗效果满意,疗效上无明显差异。     

拇长伸肌腱自发性断裂的临床分析及治疗

肌腱自发性断裂是指无明显外伤或仅轻微的动作所引起的肌腱断裂.自发性肌腱断裂的发病率很低,约占手部损伤的0.1%[1].1998年7月～2004年1月,我们对17例拇长伸肌腱自发性断裂患者的病因进行分析,采用桡侧腕长伸肌腱移位修复,获得满意的疗效.报告如下.     

拇长伸肌腱白发性断裂的临床分析及治疗

肌腱自发性断裂是指无明显外伤或仅轻微的动作所引起的肌腱断裂。自发性肌腱断裂的发病率很低，约占手部损伤的0．1％。1998年7月～2004年1月，我们对17例拇长伸肌腱自发性断裂患者的病因进行分析，采用桡侧腕长伸肌腱移位修复，获得满意的疗效。报告如下。     

应用异体肌腱修复伸指肌腱自发断裂的疗效

目的 分析应用同种异体肌腱修复手部伸指(拇)肌腱断裂的的短期随访结果.方法 2019年10月至2020年9月北京积水潭医院手外科收治自发性伸指(拇)肌腱断裂患者共18例;男9例,女9例;平均年龄59.2(29～86)岁.手术均采用同种异体肌腱移植修复,原动力重建伸指(拇)功能.术后石膏固定于伸指(拇)功能位4周,拆除石...     

拇长伸肌腱自发性断裂5例

目的探讨拇长伸肌腱自发性断裂的发生机制、临床诊断及手术方式。方法自2006年12月以来,我院共收治拇长伸肌腱自发性断裂5例,均采用肌腱转位的方法进行修复。结果本组5例术后随访7月-18月,拇指伸指功能恢复良好。结论对于拇长伸肌腱自发性断裂的治疗,临床上采用食指固有伸肌腱移位法修复,是一种比较有效的方法。     

示指固有伸肌腱转位修复重建V区拇长伸肌腱自发性断裂临床研究

目的 探讨示指固有伸肌腱转位修复重建V区拇长伸肌腱自发性断裂的临床效果.方法从2010年5月至2012年5月,本院共收治拇长伸肌腱V区自发性断裂21例,半随机分为2组,治疗组11例采用示指固有伸肌腱转位修复重建,对照组10例采用掌长肌腱移植修复.结果根据TAM评价标准,治疗组11例治疗效果优7例（63.6%）,良4例（36.4%）,差0例,对照组10例中优4例（40%）,良4例（40%）,差2例（20%）,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论采用示指固有伸肌腱转位修复重建拇长伸肌腱自发断裂效果满意.     

桡侧腕长伸肌腱移位桥接修复拇长伸肌腱断裂缺损

拇长伸肌腱陈旧损伤的功能重建，临床常采取掌长肌腱、尺侧屈腕肌腱、食指固有伸肌腱的移位或者游离肌腱移植。本例患者拇长伸肌腱系陈旧性的闭合断裂，拇长伸肌腱断端缺损较多；使用在止点处撕裂的桡侧伸腕长肌腱移位来桥接修复拇长伸的断裂缺损，取得了良好效果。现报告如下。     

Concomitant Rupture of Extensor Pollicis Longus and Index Extensor Tendons following Distal Radius Plating—Report of Two Cases and Their Clinical Implication for Tendon Transfer Surgery

Extensor indicis proprius (EIP) tendon transfer is a standard operation for restoration of the thumb extension following rupture of extensor pollicis longus (EPL). In its standard form often the EIP is transferred to the EPL without inspection of the extensor tendons in the fourth compartment and it is retained in its anatomical fourth compartment. However, in a setting of EPL rupture in relation to the distal radius fracture (with or without fixation), concomitant injury to the extensor tendons to the index finger may result in failure of the transfer and even a loss of index finger extension (index finger drop) further complicating the reconstruction and resulting in immense patient dissatisfaction. We herein present two such rare cases to highlight this clinical scenario and how an awareness of this possibility and inspection of the extensor tendons to the index finger before EIP transfer allowed us to prevent this complication. In essence, if we know it, we can prevent it.     

Anatomic relationships in distal radius bridge plating: a cadaveric study

Background

Two separate approaches have been described for radiocarpal spanning internal fixation for high-energy distal radius fractures with metaphyseal extension. To our knowledge, relevant anatomic relationships and structures at risk for iatrogenic injury have not been identified in the literature.

Methods

Twelve fresh frozen cadaver arms were randomized to fixation with a dorsal radiocarpal spanning plate using one of two techniques: (1) index finger metacarpal fixation (index group) or (2) middle finger metacarpal fixation (middle group). Cadaveric dissection and relevant anatomic relationships were assessed in relation to the plate.

Results

Superficial branches of the radial sensory nerve were in contact with the index group plate in all specimens, while no contact occurred in the middle group specimens. No extensor digitorum comminus (EDC) middle extensor tendons contacted the plate in the index group; an average of 10 cm of plate contact was seen in the middle group. The extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon contacted the plate in both the index and middle groups for an average distance of 12.4 and 25.5 mm, respectively. One complication [EPL and extensor indicis proprius (EIP) entrapment] was observed in the middle finger metacarpal group.

Conclusion

Mounting the dorsal bridge plate to the index finger metacarpal places the superficial branches of the radial sensory nerve at risk during dissection, while mounting the plate to the middle finger metacarpal leads to a greater degree of tendon-plate contact.     

Transfer of either index finger extensor tendon to the extensor pollicis longus tendon

BACKGROUND:

Extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon ruptures have been treated succesfully with the transfer of the extensor indicis proprius (EIP) tendon. Situations exist in which, due to intraoperative observations, another tendon transfer may be considered preferable to the standard EIP transfer method.

OBJECTIVES:

To determine whether transfer of the extensor digitorum communis II (EDC II) tendon from the index finger to the EPL tendon, leaving the EIP tendon to the index finger intact, would serve as an equally efficient transfer and not adversely affect the function of the hand.

METHODS:

Two patients who had the EDC II tendon transferred to the ruptured EPL tendon, and two patients who had the EIP tendon transferred, were retrospectively reviewed. In each transfer type, one patient had suffered an EPL tendon rupture after a Colles’ fracture, and the other had rheumatoid arthritis. The rupture occurred on the non-dominant side in one patient in each transfer type. Each patient was examined and subjected to range of motion and power testing at least one year following surgery.

RESULTS:

All four patients showed a minimal extension lag with the lift off test, but there was no noticeable difference in range of motion, pinch grip and hand grip strength between the transfer types. Both EDC II transfer patients demonstrated an 8° to 15° loss of thumb interphalangeal joint flexion compared with the unoperated side; EIP transfer patients demonstrated less than a 5° loss. Three patients demonstrated a minor extension lag in the index finger and middle finger. Extension power of the thumb and index finger in all patients varied with wrist flexion and extension and ranged from 50% to 150% of the unoperated side.

CONCLUSIONS:

These case reports suggest that either index finger tendon may be successfully transferred in EPL tendon ruptures.     

Rupture of extensor tendons due to osteoarthritis of the distal radio-ulnar joint

Extensor tendons ruptured in 12 patients as a result of osteoarthritis of the distal radio-ulnar joint. Rupture occurred without warning in ten cases and was sequential in five. Perforation of the dorsal capsule of the distal radio-ulnar joint, allowing contact between the roughened ulnar head and extensor tendons, was present in every case. The capsular performation was demonstrated by arthrography, which may be used to identify patients who are at risk of extensor tendon rupture. Loss of independent extension of the little finger is a valuable clinical sign because rupture of extensor digiti minimi may be masked by a powerful contribution from the extensor tendon of the ring finger.     

Traumatic closed index extensor tendon rupture at the musclotendinous junction: a report of two cases

This report describes two cases of traumatic closed index extensor tendon rupture at the musclotendinous junction. Both patients were injured when their work gloves were caught in the revolving parts of machines, and both were treated surgically. One of the patients completely ruptured the index extensor digitorum communis (EDC) and the extensor indicis proprius (EIP) tendons at the musclotendinous junction of dorsal forearm. In this patient, the distal stump of the index EDC tendon was sutured to the middle EDC tendon in an end-to-side juncture. The other patient completely ruptured the EIP tendon and partially ruptured the index EDC tendon at the musclotendinous junction. In this patient, tendon transfer of the extensor digiti minimi (EDM) to the EIP tendon and plication of the index EDC tendon were performed. In both cases, surgical intervention enabled the patients to extend their index fingers almost normally; however, the former complained of inability to extend his index finger independently. Tendon transfer of the EDM in cases of index extensor tendon rupture at the musclotendinous junction is a good method to restore ability to independently extend the index finger. However, consideration should be given to anatomical variation in the little finger. The EDC tendon is sometimes absent leaving the EDM tendon as the only extensor tendon to the little finger.     

拇长伸肌腱自发性断裂桡侧腕短伸肌腱替代术的临床应用

目的 探讨腕部拇长伸肌腱自发性断裂,采用桡侧腕短伸肌腱替代术的临床疗效.方法 1996年2月-2005年7月,对12例拇长伸肌腱自发性断裂的患者采用桡侧腕短伸肌腱移位替代术.其中桡骨远端骨折愈合后肌腱断裂6例,类风湿骨关节炎4例,不明原因2例.术后均不用石膏固定,术后2d开始练习伸手、伸腕、伸拇动作,2～3次/d;术后7d停止练习;术后4～5周可缓慢伸手持物.结果 12例术后随访均在1年以上,12个月后平均伸拇肌力已达4～5级,腕背肌腱滑动时无障碍.术后无肌腱再断裂者,伸腕、伸指时拇指末节过伸2°～5°,平均3°,拇对掌、对指功能正常.根据中华医学会手外科学会手部肌腱修复后功能评定标准评价,优良率达100%.全部患者对术后功能满意.结论 拇长伸肌腱自发性断裂,应用桡侧腕短伸肌腱移位替代术,对供区损伤小,操作方便,肌腱缝合牢固,有利早期功能恢复.     

Tendon ruptures in the rheumatoid hand: analysis of treatment and functional results in 60 patients

Seventy-six reconstructive procedures were performed to treat tendon rupture in 60 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Tendon rupture commonly occurred in the extensors to the ring and small fingers. However, ruptures of extensors and several flexor tendons were also encountered. Single or double tendon ruptures responded successfully to a variety of tendon transfers. Reconstruction for multiple tendon ruptures is a salvage procedure that is often associated with extensor lag and impairment of overall function. Early aggressive treatment of distal radioulnar joint derangements in the rheumatoid wrist is recommended to forestall many cases of tendon rupture.     

Extensor indicis proprius transfer for the abducted small finger

PURPOSE: Persistent abduction of the small finger has usually been treated by transfer of the extensor digiti minimi muscle. However, anatomic variations of the extensor system may limit the potential for a successful extensor digiti minimi transfer. Therefore, we evaluated the outcomes of an alternative reconstruction method for the abducted small finger using an extensor indicis proprius (EIP) transfer. METHODS: We performed 8 EIP transfers in 8 patients with persistent, flexible abduction posturing of the small finger. The primary etiology of the deformity was incomplete motor reinnervation after surgeries for ulnar neuropathy in 6 patients, rupture of the third palmar interosseous musculotendinous unit in 1 patient, and intrinsic muscle fibrosis in 1 patient. The EIP was elongated by splitting the tendinous portion and was transferred to the distal and radial part of the extensor hood. Surgical outcomes were assessed by comparing preoperative and postoperative active adduction and abduction motion of the 2 ulnar digits. RESULTS: At the mean follow-up of 23 months, the average adduction angle improved from 19 degrees to 1 degrees postoperatively. In terms of active finger motion, 6 patients showed excellent results, 1 good, and 1 fair, without loss of flexion and extension. No patient had an extension lag or complained of functional deficits of the donor index finger. There was not adverse change to digital function or range of motion for the middle and ring fingers that are crossed by the EIP. CONCLUSIONS: Extensor indicis proprius transfer can be a reliable option for correction of abduction deformity of the small finger, maintaining active abduction and full flexion and extension. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.     

改良法重建拇长伸肌腱功能的疗效观察

目的通过与传统示指固有伸肌腱转移术比较,探讨改良法重建拇长伸肌腱功能的疗效。方法 2009年1月-2011年12月,采用改良法重建拇长伸肌腱功能治疗11例拇长伸肌腱自发性断裂患者(改良组)。手术在传统术式基础上,增加对拇长伸肌腱近侧断端与示指固有伸肌腱加固缝合,以及示指固有伸肌腱远端环绕拇短伸肌腱反折缝合。术后采用SEEM(specific EI-EPL evaluation method)评价方法评定手术疗效,并与同期采用传统示指固有伸肌腱转移术治疗的18例患者(传统组)进行比较。两组患者性别、年龄、病程及致伤原因等一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。结果术后两组患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。传统组5例失访,其余患者均获随访,随访时间8个月～2年6个月,平均1年6个月。末次随访时根据SEEM评价方法,改良组拇指抬高丢失及屈曲丢失均显著小于传统组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);示指单独背伸丢失与传统组相似(P>0.05)。改良组获优9例,良2例,优良率100%;传统组获优5例,良6例,可2例,优良率为84.6%;两组优良率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=0.03,P=0.03)。结论与传统示指固有伸肌腱转移术相比,改良法重建拇长伸肌腱功能手术操作简便,增加了转移肌腱力量,近期疗效满意,但远期疗效需进一步随访。