高效液相色谱法测定氯麻滴鼻液中氯霉素和盐酸麻黄碱的含量

目的 :建立测定氯麻滴鼻液中氯霉素和盐酸麻黄碱含量的高效液相色谱法。方法 :采用反相 μ Bondpak色谱柱 ,甲醇- 0 .0 2mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾 (5 5∶45 ,磷酸调 pH值3.5 )为流动相 ,检测波长 2 5 4nm。结果 :氯霉素和盐酸麻黄碱的线性范围分别为 2 0～ 12 0 μg·ml-1(r =0 .9998) ,80～ 480 μg·ml-1(r =0 .9998) ;加样回收率分别为 10 1.4% ,RSD =0 .5 %及 10 0 .8% ,RSD =0 .9% (n =5 ) ,日内RSD分别为 0 .9%和 0 .4% (n =5 ) ,日间RSD分别为 1.0 %和 0 .8% (n =4)。结论 :HPLC法可用于本制剂的含量测定和质量控制 ,方法简便、灵敏、结果准确     

双波长薄层扫描法测定麻姜颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱的含量

目的　建立薄层扫描法测定麻姜颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱含量。方法　采用薄层扫描法 ,以氯仿 -甲醇 -浓氨溶液 (2 0∶ 5∶ 0 .6 )为展开剂 ,2 m L· L-1茚三酮乙醇溶液为显色剂 ,在λS=5 10 nm,λR=6 80 nm处测定盐酸麻黄碱含量。结果　盐酸麻黄碱在 0 .4 6～ 4 .14 μg范围内呈线性 (r =0 .992 9) ,平均回收率 97.3% (RSD =1.5 4% )。结论　方法简便 ,可靠     

HPLC法同时测定复方诺氟沙星滴鼻液中的诺氟沙星和盐酸麻黄碱

目的　建立一种快速、准确的高效液相色谱法同时测定诺氟沙星 ( NOR)和盐酸麻黄碱 ( EPH)的含量。 方法　使用 C1 8色谱柱 ,流动相为乙腈— 0 .1%磷酸 ( 15 :85 V/V) ,检测波长为 2 5 6nm。结果 　样品测定在 9min内完成。诺氟沙星在 10～ 60μg· ml- 1 浓度范围内 ,r=0 .9999,RSD= 0 .46% ,平均回收率为 99.91% ;盐酸麻黄碱在 2 5～ 12 5 μg· ml- 1浓度范围内 ,r=0 .9992 ,RSD=0 .5 1% ,平均回收率为 10 0 .0 3%。 结论 　方法可快速准确地检测复方诺氟沙星滴鼻液中的诺氟沙星和盐酸麻黄碱含量     

地麻滴鼻液含量测定方法探讨

目的: 建立测定地麻滴鼻液中盐酸丁卡因和盐酸麻黄碱含量的方法.方法: 采用分光光度法,在311 nm波长处测定盐酸丁卡因;在438 nm波长处测定盐酸麻黄碱.结果: 盐酸丁卡因在2～12 μg·ml-1、盐酸麻黄碱在10～50 μg·ml-1范围内,吸收度与浓度成良好的线性关系,盐酸丁卡因及盐酸麻黄碱平均回收率分别为 99.87%(RSD为 0.23%, n=5)和 99.83%(RSD为 0.38%, n=5).结论: 本法操作简便、专属性强、回收率高、结果准确.适用于该制剂的含量测定.     

高效液相色谱法测定利麻鼻用喷雾剂的含量

目的 :采用高效液相色谱法分离测定利麻鼻用喷雾剂中的利巴韦林及盐酸麻黄碱。方法 :色谱柱为KromasilC18(5 μm ,4 .9mm× 2 5 0mm) ;流动相为 0 .2 5mol·L-1磷酸二氢钠 (用磷酸调节 pH值至3.5 ) 甲醇 (70∶30 ) ;流速为 1.0mL·min-1,检测波长为 2 10nm。结果 :利巴韦林的平均回收率为 99.8% ,RSD为 0 .3% ,盐酸麻黄碱的平均回收率为99.9% ,RSD为 0 .4 %。结论 :该法简便 ,快速 ,灵敏 ,结果稳定 ,重现性好。     

反相高效液相梯度洗脱法同时测定鼻泰滴鼻液中的3组分

目的　建立鼻泰滴鼻液中盐酸麻黄碱、山莨菪碱及地塞米松磷酸钠的含量测定方法。方法　采用RP -HPLC法 ,以梯度洗脱 ,色谱柱为SymmetryC18柱 (2 5 0mm× 4 .6mm ,5 μm) ,流动相A为 0 0 2mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾缓冲液 (0 3%三乙胺磷酸调pH 3 0 ) ;流动相B为乙腈 ,梯度条件为 6→ 15min ,乙腈 12 %→ 5 5 % ;流速 1 2ml·min-1,检测波长为 2 2 0nm。结果　盐酸麻黄碱、山莨菪碱和地塞米松磷酸钠在此条件下实现基线分离 ,3组分线性范围分别为 3 1～ 0 0 2 5、0 8～ 0 0 0 5、1 2～ 0 0 0 3mg·ml-1(r=0 9999) ;平均回收率分别为 99 5 2 % (RSD =1 34% )、98 94 % (RSD =1 6 3% )、10 0 4 % (RSD =1 76 % )。结论　所用方法简便快速、结果准确可靠 ,适用于该复方制剂中 3组分的同时测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方氟罗沙星滴鼻液中氟罗沙星及盐酸麻黄碱的含量

目的　采用高效液相色谱法分离测定复方氟罗沙星滴鼻液中的氟罗沙星及盐酸麻黄碱。方法　固定相为KromasilC18( 5 μm ,4 .9mm× 2 5 0mm)HPLC柱 ;流动相为 0 .0 5mol/L枸橼酸 甲醇 ( 82∶18,用三乙胺调节 pH值至 4 .0 ) ;流速为 1.0mL/min ,检测波长为 2 5 6nm。结果　氟罗沙星的平均回收率为 10 0 .0 3% ,RSD =0 .2 2 % ,盐酸麻黄碱的平均回收率为 10 0 .12 % ,RSD=0 .39%。结论　该法简便、快速、灵敏 ;结果稳定 ,重现性好。     

HPLC法测定喘复康软胶囊中2组分含量

目的测定喘复康软胶囊中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸异丙嗪的含量。方法HPLC法 ,采用shim packVp ODS色谱柱 ,流动相分别为甲醇 0 0 5moL·L-1磷酸二氢钾 三乙胺 (V∶V∶V =2 0∶80∶0 0 2和V∶V∶V =5 5∶4 5∶0 0 2 ,用磷酸调节 pH =3 4 ) ,检测波长分别为 2 0 6nm和 2 5 1nm。结果盐酸麻黄碱在 0 0 18～ 0 10 7mmol·L-1、盐酸异丙嗪在 0 0 14～ 0 0 37mmol·L-1内峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系 ,其回归方程分别为Y =3 2 13× 10 4X +2 83× 10 2 (r =0 9999)、Y =8 72 9× 10 4X +3 16 2× 10 3 (r =0 9999) ;回收率分别为 99 3% (RSD =0 6 % )和 99 4 % (RSD =0 6 % )。结论该方法可用于喘复康软胶囊中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸异丙嗪 2种组分的含量测定     

高效液相色谱法测定银黄清肺胶囊中盐酸麻黄碱含量

［摘要］目的用高效液相色谱法测定银黄清肺胶囊中盐酸麻黄碱的含量。方法采用Aglient C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱;流动相：乙腈 0.1%磷酸溶液(5：95);流速：1.0 mL•min 1;柱温35 ℃;检测波长：210 nm。结果盐酸麻黄碱的质量浓度范围9.379 2～93.792 0 μg•mL 1,r=0.999 5(n=6),平均回收率98.11%,RSD=1.21%(n=9)。结论该方法灵敏度高,重复性好,适用于盐酸麻黄碱的含量测定。     

HPLC法同时测定百喘朋中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸苯海拉明的含量

目的 :建立HPLC法同时测定百喘朋中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸苯海拉明的含量。方法 :采用DiamonsilC18(5μ,4.6mm×150mm)色谱柱 ,流动相为乙腈 -水 -磷酸 (60∶40∶0 1 ,每1000ml含4 0g 十二烷基硫酸钠 ) ,检测波长为254nm ,采用外标法。结果 :盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸苯海拉明的线性范围分别为2 69μg～32.28μg、2 54μg～30.48μg ,回收率 (n=5)分别为100 4 % (RSD=1.1 % )和99 8 % (RSD=0.9 % )。结论 :本法可同时准确测定百喘朋中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸苯海拉明的含量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.