利培酮联合认知治疗对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能及社会功能的影响

目的探讨利培酮联合认知治疗对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响并观察出院后的社会功能,为首发精神分裂症的治疗提供参考。方法选取2015年1月-2017年6月在佛山市第三人民医院就诊的符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)诊断标准的首发精神分裂症患者100例,采用随机数字表法分为对照组(利培酮治疗)和研究组(利培酮联合认知治疗)各50例,两组均治疗8周。在治疗前及治疗8周后,采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、副反应量表(TESS)、韦氏成人智力量表中国修订版(WAIS-RC)及韦氏记忆量表(WMS)分别评定精神症状、不良反应和认知功能。对两组患者进行1年随访,于出院1月及1年后采用个体和社会功能量表(PSP)评定患者的社会功能并追踪出院1年后的复发情况。结果治疗8周后,两组PANSS总评分及各分量表评分均低于治疗前(P均0.01),但两组PANSS评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组WAIS-RC及WMS评分均高于治疗前,且研究组WAIS-RC及WMS各项评分均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或0.01)。出院1年后,研究组PSP评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组复发率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=11.415,P0.01)。结论利培酮联合认知治疗与单用利培酮对首发精神分裂症患者的精神症状改善效果无差异,但联合治疗对认知功能及社会功能的改善效果优于单用利培酮,且复发率更低。     

阿尼西坦改善慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能的临床研究

目的探讨阿尼西坦改善慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能的疗效。方法将64例慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组32例和治疗组32例,分别予以奎的平(350±50)mg/d治疗8周,研究组同时合并阿尼西坦100mg/d,并于治疗前及治疗后分别进行阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、简明精神状态量表(MMSE)、中国修订韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS-RC)、韦氏记忆量表(WMS)及威斯康星卡片分类测定(WCST)等评定,并与正常人组成的对照组进行比较。结果治疗前研究组和治疗组的MMSE、WMS及WAIS-RC均低于对照组,差异有显著性(P〈0.05),提示患者的认知功能有广泛性损害。治疗后研究组MMSE、WCST、WMS、WAIS-RC分数与治疗前比较差异有显著性(P〈0.05),而治疗后治疗组的WCST、WMS、WAIS-RC分数与治疗前比较无显著性差异(P〈0.05)。结论阿尼西坦改善慢性精神分裂症患者的认知功能疗效确切。     

坦度螺酮辅助治疗精神分裂症临床研究

目的探讨坦度螺酮辅助治疗精神分裂症患者的临床疗效及认知功能改善效果。方法 64例精神分裂症患者随机分为对照组32例和研究组32例,治疗12周。治疗前及治疗后第12周末分别进行阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS-RC)、韦氏记忆量表(WMS)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)及不良反应症状量表(TESS)测定以评定疗效及不良反应。结果治疗第12周末研究组WCST的总测验数、持续错误数、随机错误数评分显著低于对照组(P0.05),临床有效率、WAIS-RC的语言量表、操作量表、总智商量表、WMS总分评分显著高于对照组(P0.05)。2组TESS评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论坦度螺酮可明显改善精神分裂患者的精神症状及认知功能,且安全性较高。     

多元化治疗对首发精神分裂症患者疗效及认知功能改善的对照研究

目的探讨多元化治疗对首发精神分裂症患者疗效及认知功能改善的效果。方法将80例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组40例（接受多元化治疗）和对照组40例（仅接受药物治疗）,共干预12周。在基线及治疗后第12周末分别进行阳性和阴性综合征量表（PANSS）、韦氏成人智力量表（WAIS．RC）、韦氏记忆量表（WMS）、威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）及治疗中需处理的不良反应症状量表（TESS）测定以评定疗效及不良反应。结果治疗后第12周末研究组PANSS总分、WCST的总测验数、持续错误数、随机错误数评分显著低于对照组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,WAIS—RC的语言智商量表、操作智商量表、总智商量表、WMS总分评分显著高于对照组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。两组TESS评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论多元化治疗可明显改善首发精神分裂症患者的精神症状及认知功能,安全性较高。     

丙戊酸钠改善精神分裂症患者认知功能障碍的对照研究

目的 探讨丙戊酸钠改善精神分裂症患者认知功能障碍的疗效.方法 将80例精神分裂症患者随机分成研究组(40例)和对照组(40例),研究组患者使用新型抗精神病药合并丙戊酸钠系统治疗,对照组患者单用新型抗精神病药物系统治疗,共治疗8周.全部病例在治疗前后分别进行阳性和阴性综合征量表(PANSS)、韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS-RC)、韦氏记忆量表(WMS)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)进行疗效评定,应用治疗中需处理的不良反应症状量表(TESS)评定不良反应.结果 与基线时比较,两组在治疗后第4、8周末PANSS总分及各因子分均有明显降低(P＜0.05),研究组治疗后第8周末PANSS总分及各因子分均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).治疗后第8周末,两组WMS、WAIS-RC、WCST评分与基线时比较,除即刻记忆评分外其余各项评分差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),两组间比较,除即刻记忆评分外其余各项评分均有显著性差异(P ＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 丙戊酸钠对精神分裂症患者的认知功能障碍有明显改善效果.     

褪黑素治疗伴有迟发性运动障碍认知功能对照研究

目的:探讨褪黑素改善伴有迟发性运动障碍(TD)的精神分裂症患者的认知功能及安全性.方法:76例伴有TD的慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为治疗组39例和对照组37例.治疗组给予褪黑素9 ms/d,对照组只维持原药物治疗.疗程12周.采用韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS)、韦氏记忆量表(WMS)、重复性成套神经心理状态测验(RBANS)、词汇流畅性量表(VFT)及治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS),于治疗前和治疗12周分别评定疗效和不良反应. 结果:治疗组WAIS在操作、言语及全量表总分上,RBANS在语义流畅性及VFT在所有指标上均显著高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);两组WMS各指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).治疗组TESS评分较治疗前明显下降(P<0.05),两组间比较差异无统计学意义. 结论:褪黑素能改善伴有TD的慢性精神分裂症患者的认知功能,且较安全.     

氨磺必利联合奥氮平对首发精神分裂症患者的疗效

目的探讨氨磺必利联合奥氮平用于首发精神分裂症患者中疗效,并观察其对患者认知功能的影响。方法收集2014年1月~2016年3月本院78例诊断为首发精神分裂症患者,随机分为对照组(奥氮平)与治疗组(奥氮平联合氨磺必利),每组各39例。分别于治疗前、治疗8周后采用阳性症状与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)及韦氏记忆量表(WMS)评价患者其临床症状及认知功能改善情况;统计两组临床疗效及不良反应。结果治疗前两组患者的PANSS评分、WCST评分和WMS评分,组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗8周后,两组患者PANSS评分、WCST评分和WMS评分均较治疗前明显改善,且治疗组上述各项评分改善程度均优于对照组(P0.05)。治疗组治疗总有效率92.31%,明显高于对照组69.23%(P0.05);治疗期间两组患者均无严重性不良反应发生。结论氨磺必利联合奥氮平治疗首发精神分裂症可有效改善患者临床症状及认知功能,同时具有较好的安全性。     

奥氮平、利培酮对首发精神分裂症患者记忆功能及P300的影响

目的 比较奥氮平和利培酮对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响.方法 采用随机对照研究连续观察首发精神分裂症患者利培酮治疗组32例(1～7 mg/d)和奥氮平治疗组29例(5～25 mg/d)12周.进行阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、韦氏记忆量表(WMS)和事件相关电位P300的测评.结果治疗前,与对照组比较,患者组在长时记忆、短时记忆、瞬时记忆及记忆商数(MQ)受损较为明显,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);P300电位成分中P2、N2及P3潜伏期明显延长,P2及P3波幅明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).12周治疗后,奥氮平组的PANSS总分减分率与利培酮组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),说明两药的疗效相当.奥氮平及利培酮治疗组WMS的再认、联想、理解、背数及记忆商(MQ)均明显高于治疗前(P<0.05),治疗后两组患者WMS各项目的 差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗前、后两组P300各指标之间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 首发精神分裂症患者存在认知功能障碍,奥氮平与利培酮对改善首发精神分裂症认知功能的作用相当.     

CBT联合小剂量利培酮对精神分裂症患者认知功能影响的神经心理学评估

目的探讨认知行为治疗(CBT)联合小剂量利培酮对精神分裂症患者认知功能影响的神经心理学评估。方法采用随机数字表法将100例符合《中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准(第3版)》(CCMD-3)精神分裂症诊断标准的患者分为药物治疗组(对照组)与CBT干预组(研究组)各50例,对照组予以利培酮片治疗,研究组予以CBT干预的同时给予对照组药物剂量的1/3治疗,分别于入组时、治疗6个月及随访6个月采用Wisconsin卡片分类测验(WCST)、听觉注意测验(AAT)、临床记忆量表(CMS)进行认知功能的神经心理学评估。结果治疗6个月后及随访6个月除正确反应数外两组的WCST、AAT、CMS指标与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05或0.01);随访6个月时两组WCST总测验数、AAT测验比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 CBT联合小剂量利培酮对精神分裂症患者认知功能障碍改善的持续性和远期疗效可能优于单用利培酮治疗。     

氨磺必利和喹硫平对老年精神分裂症的疗效和认知功能的影响

目的探讨氨磺必利与喹硫平对老年精神分裂症患者临床疗效和认知功能的影响。方法采用双盲随机平行对照的方法,将98例老年精神分裂症患者分为研究组和对照组各49例,研究组接受氨磺必利治疗,对照组接受喹硫平治疗,疗程8周。治疗前后采用韦氏成人智力量表（WAIS）、威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）及临床记忆量表评价认知功能,采用阳性和阴性综合征量表（PANSS）和治疗中需处理的不良反应症状量表（TESS）评价临床疗效和药物不良反应。结果研究组和对照组有效率分别为89.36%和81.82%,两组有效率比较无显著性差异（χ2=1.06,P﹥0.05）;治疗后第2、4、8周末两组PANSS总分及各因子分与治疗前比较显著下降（P〈0.05）;研究组治疗后第4、8周末阴性症状、PANSS总分显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）;治疗后第8周末两组认知功能都有一定程度的改善,但研究组WAIS量表的操作智商,临床记忆量表的联想学习、图像自由回忆、记忆商数,以及WCST量表的正确百分数、随机错误数均较对照组改善更为明显（P〈0.05）;两组不良反应均较轻微,不良反应发生率比较无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。结论氨磺必利能明显改善老年精神分裂症患者的认知功能,不良反应轻,值得临床应用。     

Neuroimaging in epilepsy in tropics

Epilepsy is a major public health problem in many tropical countries. Also, some of the tropical diseases are major contributors to the higher prevalence of epilepsy in these countries. The etiologic factors responsible for epilepsy in these countries are quite different from those in the developed world. This article discusses the etiologic factors and neuroimaging of epilepsy in light of the conditions in these tropical countries.     

癫痫与抑郁关系的研究进展

抑郁是癫痫患者中常见的精神障碍,严重地影响了患者的生活质量。传统的观点认为癫痫患者因为存在着诸多社会学问题易出现抑郁倾向,癫痫和抑郁是单向的联系,但大量的研究已经证明癫痫和抑郁之间存在双向的联系,一种异常状态的存在可能易转化为另一种异常状态的发展。癫痫和抑郁存在着共同的发病机制。本文主要就癫痫和抑郁的双向联系以及抗抑郁药物在癫痫患者中的应用进行阐述。     

Sudanophilic lipid accumulation in astrocytes in periventricular leukomalacia in monkeys

Summary Sudanophilic lipid accumulation is a characteristic feature of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) of infants. At least two types of lipid-containing cells have been identified, one being the macrophage, the other the pre-myelin glial cell. A third type of lipid-containing cell has been seen in two monkeys with spontaneous PVL. Electron microscopically this cell appears to be an astrocyte. This probably represents a reaction of the astrocyte to hypoxia and may be the equivalent of the hypertrophic astrocytes found in human infants.Supported in part by NIH grant HDO 8633 and the Regional Primate Research Center Grant RR-00166     

Increase in cathepsin D activity in rat brain in aging

Cathepsin D-like activity in homogenates of five brain areas of 3-month-old and 24-month-old Fischer 344 rats was measured. With hemoglobin as substrate at pH 3.2, more than 90% of the activity was inhibited by pepstatin. In each area studied, activity was more than twice as high in the old rat brain: 140-160% higher in the cortex, cerebellum, pons-medulla, and striatum and 90-100% higher in the hippocampus and spinal cord. The greatly increased metabolic capacity in the absence of an increase in protein turnover may have a role in age-related pathological degeneration in the brain.     

Characteristics of nociceptors in the periodontium--an in vitro study in rats

Recent studies have indicated that nociceptors can be classified into various types according to their physiological properties. These studies have clarified that the frequency distribution of various nociceptor types is different among body sites and animal species. In the present study, we investigated the physiological properties of rat's periodontal nociceptors in an in vitro jaw-nerve preparation. Responses were recorded from functional single filaments in the inferior alveolar nerve. To determine the nociceptor type, calibrated von Frey filaments, heat, and bradykinin (BK) stimuli were used. We found five subtypes of nociceptors in the periodontal ligaments of the lower incisor: Adelta-high threshold mechanonociceptors (Adelta-HTM, n=28), Adelta-mechanoheat nociceptors (Adelta-MH, n=6), Adelta-polymodal nociceptors (Adelta-POLY, n=26), C-high threshold mechanonociceptors (C-HTM, n=3) and C-polymodal nociceptors (C-POLY, n=4). Most nociceptors were Adelta-innervated, while only a small number of C-innervated nociceptors were found. The present results suggest that periodontal nociceptors transmit mainly fast pain, and may thus play a role in rapid detection of injure-related stimuli during mastication.     

Gender in Voice Perception in Autism

Deficits in the perception of social stimuli may contribute to the characteristic impairments in social interaction in high functioning autism (HFA). Although the cortical processing of voice is abnormal in HFA, it is unclear whether this gives rise to impairments in the perception of voice gender. About 20 children with HFA and 20 matched controls were presented with voice fragments that were parametrically morphed in gender. No differences were found in the perception of gender between the two groups of participants, but response times differed significantly. The results suggest that the perception of voice gender is not impaired in HFA, which is consistent with behavioral findings of an unimpaired voice-based identification of age and identity by individuals with autism. The differences in response times suggest that individuals with HFA use different perceptual approaches from those used by typically developing individuals.     

Defects in Bioenergetic Coupling in Schizophrenia

Synaptic neurotransmission relies on maintenance of the synapse and meeting the energy demands of neurons. Defects in excitatory and inhibitory synapses have been implicated in schizophrenia, likely contributing to positive and negative symptoms as well as impaired cognition. Recently, accumulating evidence has suggested that bioenergetic systems, important in both synaptic function and cognition, are abnormal in psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia. Animal models of synaptic dysfunction demonstrated endophenotypes of schizophrenia as well as bioenergetic abnormalities. We report findings on the bioenergetic interplay of astrocytes and neurons and discuss how dysregulation of these pathways may contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, highlighting metabolic systems as important therapeutic targets.     

Ethnic disparities in problem behaviour in adolescence contribute to ethnic disparities in social class in adulthood

BACKGROUND: It is important for prevention of social class disparities to know how ethnic disparities in social class arise among migrant children. We contribute to this understanding by examining the role of problem behaviour in adolescence. METHODS: Prospective observational study with 753 Dutch native and 217 Turkish migrant adolescents (11-18 year) followed for 10 years. Internalising and externalising problems were assessed in adolescence and employment status and occupational level were assessed in adulthood. The difference in odds ratios (OR) before and after adjustment for internalising and externalising problems was an indication of the predictive value of disparities in internalising and externalising problems for the development of social class disparities. RESULTS: A total of 135 (62%) of the Turkish and 602 (80%) of the Dutch adults were employed. Internalising and externalising problems were not associated with employment status. Of the employed, 65 (48%) Turkish and 179 (30%) Dutch adults worked in low-level occupations (p < 0.0001). Internalising and externalising problems were associated with both ethnicity and occupation. The OR for low-level occupation for Turkish adults was 1.78 (1.19-2.65), indicating ethnic disparities. Adjustment for internalising problems lowered the OR with 36% to 1.50 (0.97-2.31), and adjustment for externalising problems lowered it with 8% to 1.72 (1.15-2.57). Findings were similar for men and women and did not vary by age. CONCLUSIONS: Ethnic disparities in occupational level in adulthood could partly be attributed to disparities in mental health between Turkish migrants and Dutch natives in adolescence. Prevention of ethnic disparities in mental health at young age may therefore also contribute to the prevention of occupational differences in adulthood.     

Progress in neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease

Slowing or aborting the progress of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains the most important unmet need of this disorder. There are several recent developments in trial design and also in drugs under investigation for possible neuroprotective effect. Emphasis has been placed on clinical as opposed to imaging end-points and these include change in a clinical rating scale, e.g. United Parkinson's disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), or time to additional therapy. The introduction of the delayed-start, or wash-in, trial design adds an additional dimension to drug evaluation for neuroprotection. Compounds that have been recently tested in clinical trial include the monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor rasagiline, the anti-apoptotic agents TCH346 and CEP1347, and the promitochondrial agent creatine. The dopamine agonists have been evaluated for a neuroprotective effect using imaging end-points. Perhaps the most important and simplest concept for neuroprotection has been the theory that early dopaminergic support for the degenerating dopaminergic system per se provides significant long-term clinical benefit for PD patients.     

Changes in parasympathetic system in medulla oblongata in male pigs in the course of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy

Background

Autonomic imbalance constituting a fundamental feature of heart failure (HF) has been assessed mainly at the periphery. Changes in the functioning of autonomic centers in the brain remain unclear. We investigated the molecular elements of parasympathetic system, i.e. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) and enzymes metabolizing acetylcholine (acetylcholinesterase, AChE, choline acetyltransferase, ChAT) in medulla oblongata (MO) of male pigs with chronic tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy.

Methods

The mRNA levels of AChE, ChAT, α7nAChR and X-box binding protein 1 (spliced form, XBP1s) in MO were analyzed using qPCR, AChE and ChAT activities using spectrophotometry, proteasome activity using fluorometry, and the protein level of α7nAChR using Western blotting.

Results

The development of systolic HF was accompanied by an increase in circulating catecholamines, a decrease in the AChE and α7nAChR mRNA in MO, an increase in AChE activity (all p < 0.05), and no change in either the mRNA or activity of ChAT. Both circulating catecholamine levels and AChE activity were inversely related to systolic function of left myocardial ventricle (p < 0.05). The level of α7nAChR protein in MO and its cytoplasmatic fraction were higher in pigs with moderate and severe HF as compared to the other animals (p < 0.01). There was no difference in proteasome activity in MO between diseased and healthy animals, whereas the XBP1s mRNA decreased during HF progression (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Molecular elements of parasympathetic system are changed within the medulla oblongata during the progression of systolic non-ischemic heart failure in male pigs, indicating a functional link between MO and heart in HF.