合并胸腰椎骨折多发骨折的手术治疗

[目的]评价手术治疗合并胸腰椎骨折的多发骨折的临床效果。[方法]2005年3月～2007年7月，手术治疗合并胸腰椎骨折的多发骨折12例，共41处骨折。其中合并胸腰椎骨折的有骨盆（髋臼）骨折3例，合并下肢骨折11例，合并上肢骨折6例。术中先行脊柱或骨盆损伤的处理，后行四肢骨折手术。记录手术时间、出血量、并发症情况；神经功能评价以Frankel标准判定。[结果]本组每例患者平均手术时间（202±52）min，平均输血量（500±325）ml，平均每部位手术时间59min，输血量146ml。术前Frankel评分平均为2．8分，术后3个月平均3．5分。8例获得1年随访时各部骨折全部愈（融）合，无内置物并发症。[结论]应用椎弓根螺钉固定胸腰椎骨折结合微创手术治疗骨盆及四肢骨折，能够明显减少手术创伤和缩短手术时间，有利于患者全身情况改善和术后功能恢复，降低并发症的发生率。     

合并胸腰段脊柱损伤的多发骨折的治疗

目的 探讨合并胸腰段脊柱损伤的多发骨折的治疗方法。方法 我院自1994年1月-2003年10月收治的多发骨折患者中合并胸腰段脊柱损伤，存在机械神经性不稳定而需要手术治疗患者33例，损伤严重程度采用ISS评分评定，根据损伤程度分别采用一期脊柱，四肢手术内固定；肢体，内脏一期手术，择期脊柱手术内固定；一期肢体手术，二期脊柱手术；先脊柱手术，二期肢体手术几种方法。对神经功能恢复结果采用ASIA运用功能评定标准进行术前，术后随访评定。结果除1例术后合并多器官功能衰竭死亡外，其余32例获0.5-8年随访，骨折均骨性愈合，神经功能恢复率为80.5%。结论合并胸腰段脊柱损伤的多发骨折治疗方案的确立应根据损伤程度，病情需要而定，不能一味界定先做四肢或脊柱手术。     

外固定支架在严重多发伤合并肢体骨折损伤控制中的应用

目的介绍应用外支架治疗严重多发伤合并肢体骨折的方法并评价疗效。方法2009年1月至2012年12月,作者应用外支架对28例严重多发伤合并肢体骨折进行早期临时固定,心肺复苏、ICU监护和Ⅱ期确定性手术治疗,患者中男19例,女9例;年龄25～61岁,平均40．5岁。骨折部位：骨盆骨折5例,骨盆合并四肢骨折3例,四肢骨折15例,脊柱骨折3例,脊柱合并四肢骨折2例。闭合性骨折16例,开放性骨折12例。28例患者均合并其他多部位损伤,创伤严重程度评分平均35分。结果本组患者治愈26例（92％）,死亡2例（8％）,其中1例死于多器官功能衰竭,1例死于颅脑外伤,ICU治疗平均5．6d。发生各种并发症共7例。25例患者获得随访,时间8—36个月,平均16个月。22例骨折正常愈合,平均愈合时间18．4周。2例发生骨折延迟愈合,1例发生骨不连,经二期手术并植骨后愈合。结论外支架可用于严重多发伤合并肢体骨折的早期损伤控制,具有操作简单、效果可靠、并发症少等优点,可有效提高严重多发伤合并肢体骨折的救治效果,值得临床推荐使用。     

多发伤合并胫腓骨骨折的急诊外固定器治疗

目的:探讨多发伤合并胫腓骨骨折急诊外固定器治疗对多发伤的影响。方法:多发伤合并胫腓骨骨折(ISS≥15分)患者113例,其中男76例,女37例;年龄11~65岁,平均32.6岁。合并颅脑损伤62例,血气胸36例,腹腔脏器损伤23例,泌尿系损伤6例,合并其他部位骨折21例。急诊外固定器手术58例,择期外固定器手术34例,保守治疗21例。通过死亡率、急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)和脂肪栓塞综合征(FES)发病率、平均ICU监护时间等4项近期指标及骨折情况等远期指标对比3种不同治疗方法对骨折本身和多发伤治疗的疗效。结果:113例患者除4例死亡外,109例全部获得5个月~1年随访,急诊手术ICU监护时间为(9.0±1.5)d,ARDS、FES发病率为0和3.2%,明显低于另外2种方法(P(0.05)。急诊外固定器手术死亡率及其他并发症与其他2种方法相比差异无显著性意义。结论:多发伤合并胫腓骨骨折急诊外固定器治疗,具有手术简单、创伤小等优点,可显著减少多发伤患者ICU监护时间及部分并发症发病率,具有较高的临床意义和社会意义。     

前后路一期手术治疗颈椎骨折脱位

目的探讨颈椎骨折脱位前后路一期手术治疗的疗效及风险。方法31例颈椎骨折脱位患者施行前后路一期手术复位内固定治疗。记录每例患者手术时间、术中出血量等指标,并于术后对患者神经恢复情况进行随访。结果31例随访时间5~68个月。平均手术时间(125±21)m in;平均出血量(82±28)m l;术后31例均获完全复位。无伤口感染、呼吸衰竭等并发症发生。15例患者神经功能有明显恢复。结论该术式使受压脊髓获得早期而彻底的减压,同时重建了脊柱稳定性,减少了术后并发症,是治疗颈椎骨折脱位积极有效的手术方法。     

脊柱脊髓损伤合并严重多发伤的诊断与治疗

目的 :探讨脊柱脊髓损伤合并严重多发伤的救治。方法 :回顾分析 6 7例脊柱脊髓损伤合并严重多发伤患者的诊治特点、救治程序及脊髓减压和围手术期处理。结果 :生存率 92 5 % (6 2 / 6 7) ,生存者损伤严重度评分 (injuryseverityscore,ISS)平均为 2 9;死亡率 7 5 % (5 / 6 7) ,死亡者ISS平均为 4 4 ,明显高于生存组 (P <0 0 1)。严重合并伤误诊率 10 4 % (7/ 6 7) ,脊髓损伤误诊率 7 5 % (5 / 6 7)。平均随访 18个月 ,36例FrankelA级患者中部分感觉恢复 9例 (2 5 % ) ,31例不全瘫者Frankel分级提高 1～ 3级 ,平均 1 6级。结论 :认识合并严重多发伤的脊柱脊髓损伤诊治特点 ,掌握正确救治程序 ,加强脊髓减压围手术期综合治疗 ,是挽救生命、恢复机能的关键。     

一期椎旁肌间隙入路治疗胸腰椎结核合并椎体压缩性骨折

目的探讨一期椎旁肌间隙入路治疗胸腰椎结核合并椎体压缩性骨折的可行性及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2014年1月解放军第四二一医院收治的26例采用一期经多裂肌与最长肌肌间隙行病灶清除+内固定植骨融合治疗胸腰椎结核合并椎体压缩性骨折患者的临床资料。记录手术时间、术中出血量,观察手术前后Cobb角、椎体高度和疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分变化,评估Frankel分级、植骨融合和并发症发生情况。结果术程顺利,平均手术时间(3.4±0.5)h(3.1~4.2 h),术中平均出血量(380±25)mL(350~620 mL),术后平均引流量(275±31)mL(220~340 mL)。26例患者均获随访,平均随访时间(16.4±2.2)个月(13~22个月)。术后7 d及末次随访时Cobb角、椎体高度和VAS评分均较术前明显改善(P0.05);Frankel分级亦有不同程度改善(P0.05);内固定牢固,植骨融合良好,无结核窦道或病情复发,后凸畸形无进展或加重。结论对于胸腰椎结核合并椎体压缩性骨折患者,一期椎旁肌间隙入路的手术时间和术中出血量与传统脊柱后路手术相仿,可明显恢复Cobb角和椎体高度,术后神经功能恢复良好,植骨区融合效果佳,具有可行性。     

下颈椎骨折脱位并脊髓损伤的治疗术式探讨

[目的]探讨不同入路手术方式治疗下颈椎骨折脱位合并脊髓损伤的临床疗效。[方法]2011年7月~2015年6月收治下颈椎骨折脱位合并脊髓损伤患者39例,术前Frankel分级A级5例,B级12例,C级14例,D级8例。根据骨折类型、脱位程度、脊髓受压评估情况、是否存在关节突骨折及交锁或者前后复合体损伤等因素选择手术方案。其中24例椎体骨折、椎间盘损伤、术前经颅骨牵引可复位者采用前路减压椎间植骨内固定术;7例颈椎脱位伴小关节骨折或脱位但不伴明显前中柱损伤者采用后路复位侧块螺钉内固定术;8例颈椎椎体骨折、椎间盘损伤、椎小关节脱位交锁、术前经大重量颅骨牵引不能复位者采用前后路联合复位减压固定融合术。比较三种手术方式的手术时间、术中出血量和平均固定节段数;术后定期复查,观察损伤节段的稳定性和融合率,测量Cobb角、椎体水平移位和Frankel评分表,评估脊髓功能恢复与脊柱损伤重建稳定性等情况。[结果]患者获得有效随访,随访时间6~30个月,平均18个月,术后4~6个月均获得良好的骨性融合,均未出现严重并发症。联合入路组手术时间、出血量和平均固定节段数均较单纯前路或后路组长,而后路手术的手术时间、出血量和平均固定节段数明显多于前路手术组(P<0.05);除2例术前Frankel分级A级无恢复外,其余患者均有不同程度恢复,脊髓功能平均提高1.2级。所有患者的术前JOA评分和颈椎复位参数较术后均有改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论]采用前路手术、后路手术或前后路联合手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位并脊髓损伤均能获得不错的治疗效果,但应根据颈椎损伤部位及类型采取适合的手术入路,根据病情制订个性化治疗方案。     

一期前后路联合手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位的疗效分析

目的 探讨一期前后路联合手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位的临床疗效.方法 本研究对象为2017年1月～2020年1月收治的36例下颈椎骨折脱位患者,男20例,女16例,年龄(38.98±6.02)岁;合并脊髓损伤28例;所有患者均接受一期前后路联合手术治疗.记录术中指标,围手术期及随访期并发症情况;术前、术后1个月、末次随访时评价JOA评分、VAS评分,术前、末次随访采用ASIA损伤分级评估脊髓功能.结果 36例患者均成功完成手术,手术用时(124.11±24.81)min,术中出血量(451.73±37.81)mL,住院时间(9.66±2.01)d,随访(20.45±4.07)个月;术后发生1例脑脊液漏,1例切口感染,1例声音嘶哑.术后1个月、末次随访时的VAS评分均显著低于术前,JOA评分显著高于术前(P<0.05);与术前比较,末次随访ASIA分级显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 一期前后路联合手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位能够有效降低疼痛症状,提升颈椎功能以及脊髓功能,能够进行柱重建以及环脊髓减压,是治疗损伤较严重下颈椎骨折脱位的有效手段.     

中上胸椎骨折脱位的临床特点及手术治疗

目的 总结分析中上胸椎骨折脱位的临床特点及手术治疗的效果。方法 对28例中上胸椎骨折脱位患者的临床资料进行了回顾性分析研究。陈旧骨折12例，新鲜骨折16例。21例合并多发创伤或多发骨折，24例为多节段骨折。根据A0骨折分类：B型12例，C型16例。手术治疗包括后路减压植骨融合加椎弓根内固定13例(新鲜)，前路减压植骨融合加内固定12例(陈旧10例，新鲜2例)，前后联合入路3例(陈旧2例，新鲜1例)。结果 20例获得随访，时间12～48个月，平均32．5个月。其中12例术前Frankel A级者无1例改善，非A级者4例有一级改善，4例无变化，无内固定失败。结论中上胸椎骨折脱位的临床特点为损伤外力强大，脊柱、脊髓损伤严重，多发伤合并率高。对不稳定骨折即使是合并完全性脊髓损伤者，应尽量考虑早期手术减压并稳定脊柱，以利患者的早期康复治疗。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.