不同原因左室肥厚与心电图QT离散度的相关性研究

目的探讨不同原因所致左室肥厚与QT离散度（QTd）之间的关系。方法选择原发性高血压所致的左室肥厚患者40例（A组）、运动诱导所致的左室肥厚患者35例（B组）及健康者40例（c组），三组均行同步12导联心电图及超声心动图检查，测定三组QTd及心室结构参数，计算左室质量（LVM）及左室质量指数（LVMI），并进行比较。结果A、B组舒张末期室间隔厚度（IVSTd）、舒张末期左室后壁厚度（LVPWTd）、左室舒张末期内径（LVEDd）、LVM及LVMI均高于C组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0．01），A组各指标虽然高于B组，但差异无统计学意义。A组QTd高于B、C组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0．01）。相关性分析结果显示，A组QTd与LVMI呈显著正相关（r=0．483，P＜0．01），B组QTd与LVMI无相关性（r=15，P＞0．05）：结论原发性高血压所致的左室肥厚程度与QTd呈正相关．而运动诱导所致的左室肥厚程度与QTd无相关性。     

慢性肾衰竭患者血浆神经肽Y及神经降压素与心脏结构和功能的关系

目的：探讨慢性肾衰竭（CRF）患者血浆神经肽Y（NPY）、神经降压素（NT）的变化与左室结构与功能的关系。方法：通过对70例CRF患者超声心动图检查及放免法检测血浆NPY、NT,了解CRF患者心脏结构与功能改变特征及与NPY、NT的关系。结果：（1）71．43％CRF患者有左室肥厚（LVH）,27．14％出现左室舒张功能异常,心脏结构异常早于功能受损,舒张功能受损早于收缩功能;（2）血浆NPY、左心室心肌重量（LVM）、左室心肌重量指数（LVMI）随CRF进展逐渐升高,NT逐渐降低,NPY、LVM、LVMI与GFR呈正相关,NT与GFR呈负相关;（3）CRF伴LVH组NPY显著高于不伴LVH组,NT显著低于不伴LVH组,NPY与LVM、LVMI呈显著正相关;（4）CRF合并高血压组NPY、LVM、LVMI均高于血压正常组,NT低于血压正常组,脚与NPY呈正相关,与NT呈负相关;血红蛋白、血浆NPY、MAP、GFR是影响心脏LVMI的重要因素。结论：CRF时交感神经活性升高,观察血浆NPY、NT水平的变化可作为评价CRF患者的病情及合并心血管结构和功能病变程度的指标之一。     

不同指标评估腹膜透析患者容量状态的有效性

目的：考察不同指标评估腹膜透析患者容量状态的有效性。方法：收集2009年6月～8月在我院进行腹膜透析的患者139例,以受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）分析原理得到身高和体重标化的细胞外液评价患者容量状态的临界值,并采用χ2检验分析体重标化的细胞外液（extracellular water normalized for weight,ECW/w）、身高标化的细胞外液（extracellularwater normalized for height,ECW/h）、收缩压（systolic blood pressure,SBP）、左室舒张末期直径（left ventricular end-diastolic di-mension,LVEDD）和OH（overhydration）等指标评价容量状态的有效性。结果：由ROC原理得ECW/h和ECW/w评价容量状态的临界值分别为9.04 L/m和0.254 8 L/kg,经χ2检验分析得ECW/h与OH值评价容量状态的有效性相似（P〉0.05）。结论：ECW/h可有效评价腹膜透析患者容量状态。     

腹透液总蛋白量是持续不卧床腹膜透析患者新发心血管事件的预测因子

目的 研究持续不卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）患者24 h腹透液总蛋白量与临床心血管疾病（CVD）的关系。 方法 选择我中心随访的CAPD患者178例,完成24 h腹透液总蛋白量检测及有关病史采集,完成颈动脉彩超和心脏彩超检测,并进行前瞻性随访≥12个月,观察新发临床CVD的发生。 结果 CAPD患者24 h腹透液总蛋白量平均为（5.0±1.8） g。CAPD患者有既往心血管疾病史或糖尿病史者或有颈动脉硬化者24 h腹透液总蛋白量均较无相应病史者多（分别是t = 2.082,P = 0.039;t = 2.601,P = 0.010;t = 2.217,P = 0.029）。CAPD患者24 h腹透液总蛋白量与舒张末期左室内径（LVDd,单位：mm）、舒张末期室间隔厚度（IVSd,单位：mm）、舒张末期左室后壁厚度（LVPWd,单位：mm）、左室心肌重量指数（LVMI,单位：g/m2）均呈正的直线相关关系（分别是r = 0.222,P＝0.040;r = 0.217,P＝0.043; r = 0.339,P ＝ 0.002;r = 0.305,P ＝ 0.007）,与左室射血分数（LVEF）呈负的直线相关关系（r = －0.221,P ＝ 0.040）。其中114例CAPD患者完成了前瞻性随访,平均随访（15.3±1.5）个月。以24 h腹透液总蛋白量的第50位数（P50）为界分为高腹透液蛋白组和低腹透液蛋白组,卡方检验显示,高腹透液蛋白组新发CVD发生率显著高于低腹透液蛋白组（40.4％比19.3％,χ2 = 6.035,P = 0.014）。多因素logistic回归分析显示,24 h腹透液总蛋白量与年龄、血清白蛋白、LVDd均为CAPD患者新发CVD的独立危险因素。 结论 CAPD患者24 h腹透液总蛋白量与既往心血管疾病史、糖尿病史、颈动脉硬化有关,且与左心室结构和功能障碍相关,是CAPD患者新发CVD的独立危险因素。     

容量超负荷状态对持续性非卧床腹膜透析患者血清白蛋白水平的影响

目的：探讨容量超负荷状态对持续性非卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）患者血清白蛋白（Alb）水平的影响。方法：对2009年6月在北京大学附属第三医院肾内科接受持续性非卧床腹膜透析患者进行横断面调查。采用BCM系统测定患者体成份,并以OH（overhydration）作为容量状态的评估指标;同时收集空腹血、24 h尿液及透析引流液用于透析充分性评估、Alb及其他生化检测。采用均数比较及多因素分析等统计学方法探讨容量状态与Alb之间的关系。结果：共有129例符合条件的患者入选本研究。根据总体Alb平均水平将患者分为两组,即Alb≥39 g/L和Alb〈39 g/L。结果显示前者OH及年龄平均水平均明显小于后者[OH,（1.75±1.60）vs（3.16±1.88）L,P〈0.05;年龄,（58.1±14.2）vs（67.8±12.3）岁,P〈0.05];多因素分析提示,在矫正性别、糖尿病后,OH与年龄是影响患者血清白蛋白水平的独立危险因素（R2=0.301,P〈0.05）。结论：本研究表明容量超负荷是影响腹膜透析患者低白蛋白血症发生的独立危险因素,并且OH也许是评估腹膜透析人群容量状况的良好指标。     

动静脉内瘘对维持性血液透析患者左心室结构及功能的影响

目的：探讨动静脉内瘘对维持性血液透析（血透）患者左心室结构及功能的影响。方法：观察44例血透患者治疗前及治疗后12个月、24个月时的血红蛋白水平、透析间期体重增长量、血压、内瘘吻合口直径、血流量、左心室结构及功能等指标。第24个月根据患者内瘘血流量的大小分为低血流量组（A组＜900ml/min)及高血流量组（B组≥900ml/min)。结论：随血透时间的延长，左心室舒张末内径（LVDd)、室间隔厚度（IVST）及左心室心肌重量指数（LVMI）逐渐增大，心胸比例提高，以血透治疗后24个月高血流量组（B组）显著，左心收缩及舒张功能以射血分数（EF）及舒张早期及晚期最大血流速度比（E／A）变化明显。A、B两组重度水钠潴留者的心胸比例、LVDd及LVMI高于同组的轻度水钠潴留者，E／A低于轻度水钠潴留者。相关分析提示，内瘘血流量与LVDd、LVMI呈明显正相关（均P＜0．05），与EF及E／A呈负相关（P＜0．05），而在左心室收缩末内径（LVDs)、短轴缩短率（FS）及等容舒张时间（IRF）无显著相关性。结论：较高的内瘘血流量与左心室结构及功能的变化有关，水钠潴留有协同作用。     

原发性高血压患者动态脉压与心脏损害的关系

目的观察原发性高血压患者动态脉压与心脏损害程度之间的关系,探究两者之间的相关性。方法选择原发性高血压患者170例,按照动态脉压范围分为轻度偏高（41～60mmHg）组、中度偏高（61～80mmHg）组、重度偏高（81mmHg及以上）,对3组患者舒张末期左心室内径及左室质量指数两项指标进行比较分析。结果 3组患者两两比较,舒张末期左心室内径及UCG左室质量指数两项指标组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论原发性高血压患者动态脉压水平与心脏损害关系密切,可直接反映心脏损害程度。     

高通量血液透析联合左卡尼汀对尿毒症心肌病的临床研究

目的 高通量血液透析联合左卡尼汀对尿毒症心肌病的影响.方法 选取81例于本院门诊和住院部透析的患者,随机分成两组:实验组41例,对照组40例,所有患者均每周3次血液透析,每次4h,实验组自2012年10月开始接受高通量血液透析联合左卡尼汀治疗,对照组进行单纯的高通量血液透析治疗,两组患者都观察8个月.治疗前后检测血红蛋白、血细胞比容,做常规超声心动图,观察左心室舒张期末内径(LVIDd)、左心室收缩末期内径(LVIDs)、室间隔舒张期末期厚度(IVSd)、左室心肌质量(LVM)、左室心肌质量指数(LVMI)、左室后壁厚度(PWTH)、射血分数(EF)、左心室的舒张功能(EPSS)等.结果 治疗8个月后,实验组患者的血红蛋白、血细胞比容与对照组比较明显升高(P＜0.05),超声心动图EF值明显升高,LVIDd、LVIDs、IVSd、PWTH、LVM、LVMI明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 高通量血液透析联合左卡尼汀在改善尿毒症心肌病患者心肌重构及心功能方面有较好的疗效.     

冠状动脉病变与左室功能变化的研究

目的 研究冠状动脉病变与左室收缩、舒张功能变化的关系。方法 216例冠状动脉造影，根据造影结果分为冠脉正常、单支病变和多支病变组。左室造影测左室射血分数(LVEF)，造影前行超声心动图(UCG)测LVEF、左室短铀缩短率(FS)、舒张早期充盈峰(E)、舒张晚期充盈峰(A)、E／A比值。结果 冠脉正常组收缩、舒张功能均正常，单支病变组舒张功能开始出现异常(P＜0．05)，多支病变组舒张、收缩功能均出现异常(P＜0．05)，且与病程和年龄有关。结论 左室功能随冠脉病变加重、病程及年龄的增长而降低，舒张功能障碍早于收缩功能障碍。UCG作为心功能诊断的基本方法，价值不容忽视。     

慢性肾脏病患者血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与左心室肥大的关系

目的探讨早期慢性肾脏病（CKD）血浆同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）水平及其与左心室肥大（LVH）的关系。方法64例早期CKD患者分为3组,即A组[eGFR≥90ml·min^-1·（1．73m^2）^-1]31例;B组[eGFR60～89ml·min^-1·（1．73m^2）^-1]22例;C组[eGFR30～60ml·min^-1（1．73m^2）^-1]11例。另设同期健康体检者25例为对照组（N组）。采用荧光偏振免疫分析法测定血浆Hcy浓度,心脏超声检测左室舒张末期内径（LVDd）、室间隔厚度（IVST）和左室后壁厚度（LVPWT）、左心室心肌质量指数（LVMI）。结果①A组血浆Hcy与N组比较无统计学差异（P〉0．05）;B组和C组血浆Hcy显著高于A组和N组（P〈0．01）;C组血浆Hcy显著高于B组（P〈0．01）。CKD组高Hcy（〉12μmol／L）比例为39．06％,是N组的3．26倍。②A组、B组和C组各期左室质量指数（LV—MI）、左室舒张末期内径（LVDd）、室间隔厚度（IVST）、左室后壁厚度（LVPWT）均较N组显著增加。③血浆Hcy与LVPWT显著正相关（r=0．400,P=0．000）,与LVMI、LVDd、IVST无相关性。结论早期CKD即出现高Hcy血症,随肾功能进展而加重;血浆Hcy与早期CKD的左心室肥厚有关。     

Prognostic impact of the indexation of left ventricular mass in patients undergoing dialysis.

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is exceedingly frequent in patients undergoing dialysis. Cardiac mass is proportional to body size, but the influence of various indexing methods has not been studied in patients with end-stage renal disease. The issue is important because malnutrition and volume expansion would both tend to distort the estimate of LV mass (LVM) in these patients. In a cohort of 254 patients, the prognostic impact on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular outcomes of LVH values, calculated according to two established methods of indexing, either body surface area (BSA) or height(2.7), was assessed prospectively. When LVM was analyzed as a categorical variable, the height(2.7)-based method identified a larger number of patients with LVH than the corresponding BSA-based method. One hundred and thirty-seven fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events occurred during the follow-up period. Overall, 90 patients died, 51 of cardiovascular causes. In separate Cox models, both the LVM/height(2.7) and the LVM/BSA index independently predicted total and cardiovascular mortality (P < 0.001). However, the height(2.7)-based method coherently produced a closer-fitting model (P < or = 0.02) than did the BSA-based method. The height(2.7) index was also important for the subcategorization of patients according to the presence of concentric or eccentric LVH because the prognostic value of such subcategorization was apparent only when the height(2.7)-based criterion was applied. In conclusion, LVM is a strong and independent predictor of survival and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing dialysis. The indexing of LVM by height(2.7) provides more powerful prediction of mortality and cardiovascular outcomes than the BSA-based method, and the use of this index appears to be appropriate in patients undergoing dialysis.     

Incidence and risk factors of left ventricular hypertrophy in peritoneal dialysis patients with different hydration statuses

Objective To investigate the incidence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients with different hydration statuses, and analyze the risk factors of LVH in PD patients. Methods PD patients in Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from September 2016 to January 2017 were enrolled. Demographic data of patients were collected and biochemical parameters were measured. Hydration status index overhydration (OH) was measured by bioimpedance spectroscopy, and LVH was diagnosed by echocardiography. Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of LVH. Results A total of 113 PD patients aged 58.98(48.89, 65.33) years with median PD duration 46.20(18.08, 72.75) months were enrolled in present study, among whom 60 patients (53.1%) had LVH. OH＞1.1 L was detected in 80 patients (70.8%), among whom 34 patients (42.5%) had subclinical overhydration (SCOH). LVH was however diagnosed in 33(71.7%) clinical overhydrated (COH) patients and 17(50.0%) SCOH patients (n=34). In the normal hydrated (OH≤1.1 L) patients (n=33), LVH was detected in 10 patients (30.3%). Multivariate logistic regression showed that high OH (OR=1.730, 95%CI 1.274-2.348, P＜0.001) and low hemoglobin (OR=0.965, 95%CI 0.940-0.991, P=0.008) were the independent risk factors of LVH. Conclusions LVH is common in PD patients, especially in overhydrated patients. High OH and low hemoglobin were the independent risk factors of LVH.     

Impacts of baseline peritoneal transport characteristics and their changes during follow up on the survival of peritoneal dialysis patients

Objective To evaluate the effects of baseline and changes of peritoneal transport characteristics on the prognosis of maintaining peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods Five hundred and eight-six PD patients who started PD from September 11, 2006 to October 30, 2014 in a single center were included and followed up until March 30, 2016. According to their baseline D/Pcr value in peritoneal equilibrium test (PET), the patients were divided into high transport (H) group (D/Pcr 0.82-1.03), high average transport (HA) group (D/Pcr 0.65-0.81), low average transport (LA) group (D/Pcr 0.50-0.64) and low transport (L) group (D/Pcr 0.34-0.49). According to the changes of follow-up D/Pcr comparing with baseline D/Pcr, the patients were also divided into ascending group, descending group and no-change group. The patient and technical survival rates were estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to analyze the risk factors for PD patient death and technical failure. Results There were 67 patients in L group, 229 patients in LA group, 252 patients in HA group, and 38 patients in H group. The patient survival rate in H group was significantly lower than those of L group (P=0.036), LA group (P=0.008) and HA group (P=0.041). There was no significant difference on technical survival rate among these 4 groups. According to the tendency of follow-up D/Pcr changes, there were 127 patients in ascending group, 101 patients in descending group and 179 patients in no-change group. There was no significant difference on patient survival among these 3 groups (P=0.064). However in patients with a high transport rate (D/Pcr≥0.65), the patient survival was lower in descending group than those in ascending group (P=0.033) and no-change group (P=0.049). Age over 65 years old (HR=2.499), malnutrition during follow-up (HR=3.144), ultrafiltration less than 400 ml/d during follow-up (HR=1.863) and high sensitive C reactive protein≥10 mg/L (HR=4.526) were the independent risk factors for patient death (all P＜0.05). Gender (HR= 1.609), age over 65 years old (HR=1.929), ultrafiltration less than 400 ml/d during follow-up (HR=1.708), high sensitive C reactive protein≥10 mg/L (HR=1.829), malnutrition (HR=1.876) and change of peritoneal transport function (HR=0.579) affect technical failure (all P＜0.05). Conclusions The survival rate of PD patients with basal high peritoneal transit is relatively low, especially for patients with descending transport rate during follow-up. The concern on the peritoneal transport status is constructive for the prognosis of PD patients.     

Effects of cyclooxygenase - 2 inhibitor on peritoneal function and angiogenesis in uremic peritoneal dialysis rats

Objective To investigate the effects of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor (celecoxib) on angiogenesis and peritoneal function of uremic peritoneal dialysis rats. Methods Forty - eight male SD rats were selected, and they were randomly divided into five groups: normal control group(n=8), sham operation group(n=8), uremia group(5/6 nephrectomy, n=8), PD group [4.25% PD solution, 2 weeks PD model(n=8) and 4 weeks PD model(n=8)], PD + celecoxib intervention group[treated by celecoxib(20 mg/kg) via oral gavage, n=8].The peritoneum of uremic peritoneal dialysis rats was observed in different dialysis time from peritoneal structures, functions, peritoneal tissue capillary density (microvessel density, MVD) and COX-2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression level, and the impacts of celecoxib on uremic peritoneal dialysis rats peritoneal angiogenesis and peritoneal function were study. Results With the conduct of the peritoneal dialysis, peritoneal thickness increased, the inflammatory cells infiltrated, peritoneal equilibration test (PET) showed that ultrafiltration volume decreased significantly (P＜0.05), the amount of glucose transport rate rised significantly (P＜0.05), but the celecoxib could improve net ultrafiltration volume (P＜0.05), and reduce the glucose transport rate (P＜0.05). The peritoneal tissue MVD and COX - 2, VEGF expression were significantly increased in uremia group and PD group compared with that in the normal control group (all P＜0.05), were significantly lower in PD + Celecoxib intervention group than that in uremia group (P＜0.05). The correlation analysis showed that the level of COX-2 protein expression with MVD, VEGF protein expression was positively correlated (both P＜0.05), the level of VEGF protein expression and MVD was positively correlated (P＜0.05). Conclusions In vivo high glucose dialysate and uremia environmental can stimulate the COX-2 and VEGF expression raised, and the capillaries production increased in peritoneal tissue. Celecoxib can alleviate the change of peritoneal tissue morphology and function in long-term peritoneal dialysis rats. Celecoxib inhibits the peritoneal neovascularization of uremic peritoneal dialysis rats, possibly through inhibition of COX-2 expression to reduce the production of VEGF.     

Randomized,prospective, single blind study comparing posterior versus complete chordal preservation during mitral valve replacement in rheumatics

Introduction The early and late hemodynamic benefit of preserving the annulo-papillary continuity during mitral valve replacement has been demonstrated retrospectively. However few prospective studies have been done in this regard. Methods Forty patients (mean age 28.9 yrs) with rheumatic mitral regurgitation were randomized to undergo either partial (PCP) or total (TCP) chordal preservation. The echocardiographically measured left atrial (LA) size, end diastolic volume (EDV), end systolic volume (ESV), ejection fraction (EF), left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS), left ventricular systolic internal diameter (LVID (s)), left ventricular diastolic internal diameter (LVID (d)) and left ventricular mass (LVM) values were recorded preoperatively, at discharge and at three months. Between group comparison was made using unpaired student t test. Within group comparison was made using repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s honestly significantly different (HSD) test. All tests were carried at 5% significance. Results Echocardiogram done at discharge showed decrease in the LA size, ESV, EDV, LVID (d/s) in both groups but it continued to fall at three months only in the TCP group. The EF and LVFS decreased at discharge with PCP and continued to be low at three months whereas in TCP group it fell initially following which there was a marginal improvement at three months. The reduction in the echocardiography parameters did not reach statistical significance at the end of three months in either group, except for the reduction in the LVM. The Left ventricle (LV) mass reduction was noted in both the groups at the time of discharge and at three months. The reduction was however much greater in the TCP group (P < 0.01). Conclusion TCP results in a greater reduction in the LV Mass and improved EF compared to PCP. However there is no statistically significant reduction in LA size, EDV, ESV, LVID (d), and LVID in both the groups at the end of three months.     

Complications and prognosis of urgent-start peritoneal dialysis and urgent-start hemodialysis in end-stage renal disease patients

Objective To compare the complications and outcomes of urgent-start peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD) in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, and explore the safety and effectiveness of PD which was as an urgent-start dialysis modality in ESRD patients. Methods All patients for urgent-start dialysis, who initiated dialysis without a long-term dialysis access or had the long-term dialysis access under 30 days in Renji Hospital from January 1st 2013 to December 31st 2014, were enrolled. According to the dialysis modalities, patients were divided into PD group and HD group. Participants were followed up until death, transferred to other centers, lost of follow up or January 1st 2016. Dialysis-related complications within 30 days of implantation, complications of reimplantation and the occurrence of bacteremia between two groups were compared, and their survival rates were tested by Kaplan-Meier curves. Results Among 178 patients in this study, there were 96 (53.9%) patients in PD group and 82 (46.1%) patients in HD group. Compared with those of HD group, patients of PD group presented more cardiovascular disease [21(21.9%) vs 8(9.8%), P=0.029], higher serum potassium [(4.5±0.8) mmol/L vs (4.3±0.8) mmol/L, P=0.038], but less heart failure (NYHA Ⅲ-Ⅳ) [26(30.2%) vs 40 (48.8%), P=0.014], lower brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) [328.5 (129.5, 776.8) ng/L vs 503.5(206.0, 1430.0) ng/L, P=0.008], higher hemoglobin [(81.5±17.7) g/L vs (75.3±22.5) g/L, P=0.039], higher serum albumin (33.5±5.7) g/L vs (31.3±6.7) g/L, P=0.022] and higher serum pre-albumin (304.5±78.0) mg/L vs (257.0±86.1) mg/L, P＜0.001]. PD group presented less dialysis-related complications [5(5.2%) vs 20(24.4%), P＜0.001], less dialysis-related complications requiring reimplantation [1(1.0%) vs 20(24.4%), P＜0.001] and less bacteraemia [3(3.1%) vs 11(13.4%), P=0.011]. The 3-, 6-and 12-month patient survival rates of PD and HD group were 97.9% vs 98.4%, 97.9% vs 98.4%, and 92.1% vs 93.0% respectively, and no significant difference was found (Log-rank=0.004, P=0.947). Conclusions Patients with urgent-start PD have less complications within 30 days of implantation and occurrence of bacteremia than patients with urgent-start HD, and the same survival rates. PD may be a feasible and safe urgent-start dialysis modality for ESRD patients.     

The abnormal expressions of tristetraprolin and vascular endothelial growth factor family which participate in ultrafiltration failure

Objective To observe the expression of tristetraprolin (TTP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family, to test and verify whether lymphangiogenesis was involved in the occurrence of ultrafiltration failure (UFF) as well as angiogenesis. Methods Forty male SD rats of clean grade were selected (180-200 g). These rats were divided into five groups randomly: normal group (n=8), sham operation group (n=8), uremia group (n=8), peritoneal dialysis (PD) 2-week group (n=8), PD 4-week group (n=8). The uremic rats model was established by 5/6 nephrectomy, and of which the PD rats model was established on the basis. The rats of PD2-week group and PD4-week group were given regular PD with 4.25% peritoneal dialysis fluid in dose of 3 ml/100 g body weight. PD2-week group received peritoneal dialysis for 2 weeks, PD4-week group for 4 weeks. Before the rats were sacrificed, peritoneal equilibration test (PET) was applied to calculate the mass transfer of glucose and peritoneal ultrafiltration volume. The protein expressions of VEGF, VEGF–C in each group of rats’ parietal peritoneum were detected by immunohistochemical staining. Microvessel density (MVD) and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) of peritoneal tissue were marked and quantified with anti-CD31 antibody, anti-LYVE-1 antibody. RT-PCR was applied to detect the mRNA expressions of VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, TTP. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of TTP. Results (1)PET revealed that, compared with normal group, the mass transport of glucose and the peritoneal ultrafiltration volume of both PD 2-week group and PD 4-week group elevated (P＜0.05); and compared with PD 2-week group, PD 4-week group’s elevated (P＜0.05). (2) Compared with normal group, the protein expression of CD31, LYVE-1, the count of MVD and LVD were increased in uremia group and PD4-week group (P＜0.05). Those of PD4-week groups likewise were increased compared to uremia group (P＜0.05). (3) Compared with normal group, the mRNA expressions of VEGF, VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D were significantly increased in uremia group (P＜0.05); Compared with uremia group, the expressions in PD4-week group were significantly increased (P＜0.05). Compared with normal group, the mRNA and protein expressions of VEGF, VEGF-C were increased in PD 2-week group (P＜0.05); Compared with PD 2-week group, the expressions were increased in PD 4-week group (P＜0.05). (4) Compared with normal group, the expressions of TTP protein was decreased in uremia group and PD 2-week group (P＜0.05). Compared with uremia and PD2-week group, the expressions of TTP protein was significantly decreased in PD4-week group (P＜0.05). Conclusions High glucose peritoneal dialysis fluid and uremic circumstance result in the expression changes of TTP and VEGF family in a PD time-dependent manner. High glucose peritoneal dialysis liquid gives rise to angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, both of which lead to UFF.     

Impaired left ventricular diastolic function in children with chronic renal failure

BACKGROUND: Diastolic dysfunction is frequent in adults with renal failure. However, in children with mild-to-moderate chronic renal insufficiency (CRI), it has not been evaluated. We compared diastolic function and assessed risk factors associated with diastolic dysfunction in children with CRI with those on dialysis. METHODS: Thirty-three children with CRI, 17 on chronic dialysis, and 33 control patients, had echocardiography performed. Early diastole was assessed using indices of left ventricular (LV) relaxation derived from transmitral and tissue Doppler, and reported as the peak E/A wave ratio, and septal mitral annular velocities (Em). Late diastole was determined using an index of LV compliance (E/Em ratio). Left atrial (LA) dimension was also determined. RESULTS: Children with CRI had worse diastolic function (lower Em, and higher E/Em ratio than control patients, P < 0.001). Dialysis patients had worse diastolic function (lower E/A ratio and Em, and higher E/Em ratio, P < 0.001) than CRI children. LA dimension was higher in renal patients when compared with control patients (P < 0.001). In children on dialysis, LV relaxation (Em) was significantly related to left ventricular mass (LVM) index (r=-0.58, P= 0.04), and LV compliance (E/Em) was significantly associated with LA index (r= 0.67, P= 0.01), LVM index (r= 0.75, P < 0.01), hemoglobin level (r=-0.65, P= 0.02), serum phosphorus (r= 0.56, P= 0.05), and calcium-phosphorus ion product (r= 0.59, P= 0.04). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that diastolic dysfunction is already present in children with mild-to-moderate CRI. Worse diastolic function in dialysis patients might be related to LV hypertrophy. The results suggest that children with advanced renal failure and diastolic dysfunction may be at risk for ultimate worsening of cardiac function over time.     

Reasons for the dropout of peritoneal dialysis patients

Objective To explore the reasons for withdrawal from peritoneal dialysis (PD) in our hospital. Methods This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study. Patients who started PD in the Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from November 1st, 2005 to February 28th, 2017, were enrolled, and followed up to May 31, 2017. Patients who continued PD after May 31, 2017 were as the control group. Patients who withdrew from PD were divided into 4 subgroups: death group, hemodialysis group, kidney transplantation group and loss of follow-up group. The clinical characters of 4 subgroups were compared with the control group. Results A total of 998 patients were enrolled with age of (49.36±14.94) when PD started and median dialysis duration of 27.13(12.84, 42.29) months, in whom 570 patients (57.11%) were male. Five hundred and seventeen dropout events were recorded, and the dropout rate was 51.80%. The main reason for withdrawal from PD was death (258 patients, 49.90%), followed by hemodialysis (166 patients, 32.11%), kidney transplantation (66 patients, 12.77%) and loss to follow-up (27 patients, 5.22%). The leading cause of death was cardio-cerebro-vascular diseases (136 cases, 52.71%), followed by infection (42 cases, 16.28%), dyscrasia (20 cases, 7.75%) and tumor (5 cases, 1.94%). The main reason for transfering to hemodialysis was insufficient dialysis (76 cases, 45.78%), followed by peritonitis (55 cases, 33.13%) and catheter dysfunction (24 cases, 14.46%). Compared with those in the control group, in the death group patients were older at PD commencement, and had higher proportions of hypertension, diabetes and cardio-cerebro-vascular diseases (all P＜0.05). The proportions of male and diabetes mellitus were higher in the hemodialysis group than those in the control group (both P＜0.05). Biochemical indicators showed that serum albumin and blood phosphorus were lower in the death group than those in the control group (both P＜0.05); blood albumin was significantly lower in the hemodialysis group than that in the control group (P＜0.05). Conclusions The main reasons for withdrawal from PD in our center are death and transfering to hemodialysis. The cardio-cerebro-vascular disease is the leading cause of death, and inadequate dialysis is the main reason for transfering to hemodialysis.     

Relationship between serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol deficiency and the risk of peritoneal dialysis associated peritonitis

Objective To investigate the relationship between serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol[25(OH)D3] deficiency and the risk of peritoneal dialysis associated peritonitis. Methods Baseline clinical data (before the peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion) of peritoneal dialysis patients treated with CAPD in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from May 1, 2013 to February 1, 2016 were retrospective analyzed. All the patients were followed-up until July 31, 2016. According to the baseline serum 25(OH)D3 levels, patients were divided into deficiency group (25(OH)D3＜15 ng/ml) and non deficiency group (25(OH)D3 ≥15 ng/ml), the baseline clinical data of the two groups were also analyzed. Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare the time-to-peritonitis of two groups. Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze the relationship between the 25(OH)D3 deficiency and the risk of peritonitis. ROC curve was used to analyze the predictive value of the baseline serum 25(OH)D3 for the risk of PDAP in peritoneal dialysis patients. Results Compared with the 25(OH)D3 non deficiency group, 25(OH)D3 deficiency group had a significant increase incidence of peritonitis, high diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure, but serum albumin, total serum protein decreased significantly (P＜0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that, compared with 25(OH)D3 non deficiency group, the time-to-peritonitis episode of patients with 25(OH)D3 deficiency were shorter (P＜0.05). Cox proportional hazard model showed that after adjusting for age, sex, hemoglobin, serum albumin, C-reactive protein, total Kt/V, eGFR, diabetes or not, 25(OH)D3 deficiency is the independent risk factor of peritoneal dialysis associated peritonitis (HR 5.247, 95%CI 1.180-23.340, P＜0.05). ROC curve showed the area under the curve that baseline serum 25(OH)D3 deficiency predict the occurrence of PDAP was 0.714, and the best cut-off point of baseline serum 25(OH)D3 was 11.35 ng/ml (sensitivity 75%, specificity 63%). Conclusions Peritoneal dialysis associated peritonitis occurred earlier in peritoneal dialysis patients whose baseline serum 25(OH)D3 deficiency. Baseline serum 25(OH)D3 deficiency is the independent risk factor of peritoneal dialysis associated peritonitis, which may predict the incidence of peritoneal dialysis associated peritonitis.