从我国人群中再次分离到H9N2亚型流感病毒

目的 了解分离流感病毒毒株表面抗原亚型和特性及其来源。方法 病毒通过ＭＤＣＫ细胞分离,用红细胞凝集抑制（ＨＩ）和神经氨酸酶抑制（ＮＩ）测定对病毒株表面抗原进行鉴定和特性分析,人血清中抗体测定采用ＨＩ和中和实验。对患者进行个」案调查。结果 分离物为甲型流感病毒Ｈ９Ｎ２亚型,属Ｇ９类似毒株,它的ＨＡ抗原特性与已经从人、鸡和鸽分离到的Ｈ９Ｎ２亚型毒株均有差异。患者恢复期血清对分离物的ＨＩ抗体滴度为４００     

用MDCK细胞分离出禽H9N2亚型流感病毒

对患儿咽试子用MDCK细胞病毒分离、患儿及其母亲血清H1测定以确定广州市是否有禽流感（H9N2）感染。咽试子分离出禽流感H9N2及出现自身H9N2抗体，H1滴度160，母亲H9N2抗体1：20。可确定广州市有H9N2感染，并提示H9N2可通过人传播人而感染。     

1994～1997年深圳地区流感病毒活动及H3N2亚型毒 …

目的 了解几年流感病毒在深圳地区活动的特点及甲３（Ｈ３Ｎ２）亚型毒株ＨＡ１基因演变概况。方法 病毒分离采用常规的鸡胚双腔接种,毒株检和常量半加敏ＨＩ测定。新鲜收获含病毒粒的鸡胚尿囊液用来提取ＲＮＡ,经逆转录合成ｃＤＮＡ,经聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）扩增,产物纯化采用双脱氧链末端终止法进行核苷酸序列测定。结果 近几年来深圳地区流感活动概况与全国情况相一致;在人群中仍同时流行Ｈ３Ｎ２,Ｈ１Ｎ１ 型和乙型毒     

人与猪群中H3N2亚型流感病毒间关系的研究

通过血清流行病学调查、毒粒ＨＡ１基因核苷酸序列分析和ＨＡ１蛋白氨基酸序列比较，证实了人与猪Ｈ３Ｎ２亚型毒株间存在着极为密切的关系，即Ｈ３Ｎ２亚型毒株新变种在人群中出现后，很快在猪群中就能找到它存在的依据。同时猪群中Ｈ３Ｎ２亚型毒株抗体阳性率高低反映出了人群中Ｈ３Ｎ２病毒活动程度的强弱。这些结果说明，猪可能在人流感疾病发生、流行和大流行株起源中起着重要的作用。同时猪群中流感病毒抗体阳性率可做为判断人群中流感活动程度的一个指标。     

一起学校H3N2亚型流感暴发疫情的调查分析

目的通过对南宁市二中凤岭校区的H3N2亚型流感暴发疫情进行分析,从而追踪疫情溯源,找到有效措施进行控制。方法采用分子流行病学研究方法、流行病学调查方法、实验室标本检测、统计学分析对学校中流感暴发的原因进行分析,并为医院治疗提供理论性依据。结果该校患病学生共有123例,其中121例为学生,在10例患者咽拭子检测结果中,呈现A（H3N2亚型）型流感病毒核酸阳性的7例,阴性3例。结论首例患者的不及时就医引发了续发流感疫情,因此应该在流感暴发前阻断其传播途径,并对学生进行科学宣教,采取有效措施预防与控制流感。     

不同抗原性甲3 (H3N2) 亚型流感病毒的鉴定及分子生物学研究

目的：对不能用当年标准血清进行鉴定的甲3（H3N2）亚型流感病毒进行抗原性分析及分子生物学研究。方法：用交互血凝抑制试验对毒株进行抗原性分析,提取病毒RNA,用一步法逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT－PCR）扩增HA1（血凝素重链区）基因片段,产物纯化后测序并分析结果。结果：发现两株从鸡胚分离到的甲3（H3N2）亚型“D”相毒株与2株从MDCK细胞分离到的“0”相毒株抗原性已明显不同;其中1999年分离的“D”相与“0”相2毒株的抗原比大于256,氨基酸序列同源性为93％,抗原决定簇A区和B区氨基酸位点相差分别为50％及35％;受体结合部位（RBS）有6个氨基酸位点发生变异（左侧壁1个、前壁3个、右壁2个）。结论：人群中存在没有发生“0”相变异的甲（H3N2）亚型“D”相毒株,其抗原性与当前流行的“O”相变异株已明显不同,提示今后在鉴定甲3（H3N2）亚型毒株时,需根据毒株的来源和相特性选择适合的标准血清进行鉴定。     

用MDCK细胞分离出禽H9N2亚型流感病毒

对患儿咽拭子用MDCK细胞病毒分离、患儿及其母亲血清H1测定以确定广州市是否有禽流感(H9N2)感染.咽拭子分离出禽流感H9N2及出现自身H9N2抗体,H1滴度160,母亲H9N2抗体1:20.可确定广州市有H9N2感染,并提示H9N2可通过人传播人而感染.     

一起由3C.2a1分支甲型H3N2亚型流感病毒引起的医院暴发疫情分析

目的 通过对某医院一起甲型H3N2亚型流感暴发疫情进行调查和分析,为有效防控医院内发生的流感暴发疫情提供科学依据和经验借鉴.方法 采用现场流行病学调查方法,对某医院流感暴发疫情中病例进行个案调查,采集发热病例咽拭子标本,采用实时荧光PCR方法检测流感病毒核酸,应用MDCK细胞分离流感病毒,并采用全基因组测序方法对分离到的流感病毒进行序列分析.结果 2017年8月1日至7日,某医院呼吸科病区共报告发热病例30例,罹患率为28.58%.现场采集15例发热病例的咽拭子标本,经检测14例(94.3%)病例的标本为甲型H3N2亚型流感病毒核酸阳性;其中3例成功分离到甲型H3N2亚型流感病毒;对分离到的3株毒株进行基因测序分析,HA序列均属于3C.2a1分支,存在N171K、N121K突变.结论 此次疫情为北京市首起由3C.2a1分支甲型H3N2亚型流感病毒引起的医院内流感暴发疫情,提示医院也是流感疫情发生的重点场所.     

禽H9N2亚型流感病毒能感染人的发现

目的了解禽（Ｈ９Ｎ２）亚型流感病毒是否能感染人。方法对人、鸡和猪进行Ｈ９亚型毒株血清流行病学调查。对流感样患者和鸡咽喉部采样,用常规鸡胚双腔法分离流感病毒并进行毒株鉴定。对分离出Ｈ９Ｎ２亚型毒株的患者进行个案调查。结果约１９％的人含有对Ｈ９Ｎ２毒株的抗体,其ＨＩ滴度为≥２０,从流感样患者中分离到５株Ｈ９Ｎ２病毒。结论Ｈ９Ｎ２亚型毒株能自然感染人。     

从人分离出两株甲型流感H9N2亚型毒株内部基因特性的研究

目的 了解2株从人分离出的H9N2亚型毒株内部基因特性，并弄清其来源。方法 用RT-PCR扩增目的基因，用P^CEM-T Vector(美国Promega公司)，4℃过夜连接，重组质粒转入dH5a细菌，筛选阳性菌落，酶切鉴定，送六合通公司自动测序。然后进行进化树分析。结果 2株测定毒株内部基因均为G9基因系，它们相互间除PA基因有差异外，其余5个基因均相同。结论 2株测定毒株的基因组均为G9基因系，它们是由携带不同基因特性H9N2毒株的禽群分别直接感染人，而不是来自同一禽的H9N2亚型流感病毒。     

甲3(H3N2)亚型流感病毒相变异分子生物学基础的研究

目的弄清甲３（Ｈ３Ｎ２）亚型流感病毒相变异的分子生物学基础。方法病毒粒ＲＮＡ经逆转录合成ｃＤＮＡ,经聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）扩增,产物纯化,采用双脱氧链末端终止法进行核苷酸序列测定。结果３５株甲３（Ｈ３Ｎ２）亚型流感病毒的ＨＡ１区基因长度均为９８４个核苷酸,它们间无发生任何核苷酸丢失或插入并发现ＨＡ１蛋白分子上氨基酸序列多变点主要在ＨＡ蛋白的顶部,尤其抗原决定簇Ｂ区和受体结合部位（ＲＢＳ）,这进一步证实了,ＨＡ蛋白分子上氨基酸替换主要是人群免疫压力所造成。同时还发现了半胱氨酸和脯氨酸具有高保守性及糖基化位点主要集中在ＨＡ１区的Ｎ和Ｃ端,尤其Ｎ端。糖基化位点如此分布在病毒基因进化和流行病学上意义至今不清楚。结论Ｈ３Ｎ２亚型病毒“Ｏ”相毒株的出现与其蛋白分子上第２２６位氨基酸发生替换密切相关并推测“Ｏ”相毒株ＨＡ蛋白三维结构与“Ｄ”相的不同。     

猪在禽H9N2亚型流感病毒感染人中的作用

目的　了解猪在禽H9N2亚型流感病毒感染人中的作用。方法　用RT PCR扩增目的基因,用PGEM T Vector(美国Promega公司) 4℃过夜连接,重组质粒转入dH5α细菌,筛选阳性菌落,酶切鉴定,送六合通公司自动测序,然后进行进化树分析。结果　两株山东猪H9N2毒株基因组与人及禽分离出的H9N2病毒均有差异,中国内地从人分离出的H9N2毒株的基因组接近鸡的毒株,而香港特区从人分离出的接近鹌鹑的毒株;禽H9N2毒株不仅宿主范围广,同时其基因组具有多样性。结论　禽H9N2亚型毒株是直接感染人,而不是通过所谓的中间宿主猪,然后再感染人。     

Two genotypes of H1N2 swine influenza viruses appeared among pigs in China

BackgroundH1N2 is one of the main subtypes of influenza, which circulates in swine all over the world.ObjectivesTo investigate the prevalence and genetic of H1N2 in swine of China.Study designTwo H1N2 swine influenza viruses were isolated from Tianjin and Guangdong province of China in 2004 and 2006, respectively. The molecular evolution of eight gene segments was analyzed.ResultA/Swine/Tianjin/1/2004 has low identity with A/Swine/Guangdong/2006; in the phylogenetic tree of PA gene, A/Swine/Guangdong/1/2006 and A/Swine/Guangxi/1/2006 along with the H1N2 swine isolates of North America formed a cluster; and A/Swine/Tianjin/2004 and A/Swine/Zhejiang/2004, along with the classical H1N1 swine isolates formed another cluster; except that NA gene of A/Swine/Tianjin/1/2004 fell into the cluster of the H3N2 human influenza virus, indicating the reassortment between H3N2 human and H1N1 swine influenza viruses.ConclusionTwo different genotypes of H1N2 appeared among pigs in China. A/swine/Guangdong/1/06 was probably from H1N2 swine influenza viruses of North America; while A/swine/Tianjin/1/04 maybe come from reassortments of classical H1N1 swine and H3N2 human viruses prevalent in North America.     

Genetic analysis of human H2N2 and early H3N2 influenza viruses, 1957-1972: evidence for genetic divergence and multiple reassortment events

Phylogenic analysis of all gene segments of human H2N2 viruses isolated from 1957 to 1968 was undertaken to better understand the evolution of this virus subtype. Human H3N2 viruses isolated from 1968 to 1972 were also examined to investigate genetic events associated with their emergence in humans and to identify the putative H2N2 ancestral virus. All gene segments of human H2N2 viruses demonstrated divergent evolution into two distinct clades (I and II) among late H2N2 isolates. All gene segments of 1968 H3N2 viruses that were retained from human H2N2 viruses were most similar to clade I H2N2 genes. However, genes of both clades were found among H3N2 isolates of 1969-1971. Unique phylogenic topologies reflected multiple reassortment events among late H2N2 or H3N2 viruses that resulted in a variety of different genome constellations. These results suggest that H2N2 viruses continued to circulate after 1968 and that establishment of H3N2 viruses in humans was associated with multiple reassortment events that contributed to their genetic diversity.     

河北省2010—2020年甲型H3N2流感病毒HA基因抗原漂移分析

目的:分析河北省甲型H3N2流感病毒HA基因进化分支分布及抗原位点变异特征。方法:依据不同流行年度不同地区分布选取46株河北省H3N2毒株,MEGA建立HA基因进化树,BioEdit比对核苷酸和氨基酸序列在抗原决定簇及潜在糖基化位点变异情况,对2019—2020年流行3C.2a1b+T135K和3C.2a1b+T131...     

广州地区禽H9N2亚型流感病毒的发现及感染人调查

目的 了解广州地区禽流感病毒在家禽中的流行及感染人的情况，防止香港H5N1禽流感在广州地区流行。方法 对广州地区的主要鸡场和农贸市场的家禽和密切接触家禽的职业人群进行病原学和血清学的检测。病毒分离同时采用MDCK细胞和鸡胚双腔接种法；采用微量血凝抑制半致敏法进行血清学检测。结果 从54份鸡咽拭液中分离到1株H9N2亚型流感病毒；鸡及职业人群血对分离的H9N2毒株的血抑抗体阳性率分别为12．8％和15．1％。结论 广州地区鸡群中有H9N2，亚型流感病毒存在，禽H9N2亚型流感病毒能感染人。     

Natural co-infection of influenza A/H3N2 and A/H1N1pdm09 viruses resulting in a reassortant A/H3N2 virus

BackgroundDespite annual co-circulation of different subtypes of seasonal influenza, co-infections between different viruses are rarely detected. These co-infections can result in the emergence of reassortant progeny.Study designWe document the detection of an influenza co-infection, between influenza A/H3N2 with A/H1N1pdm09 viruses, which occurred in a 3 year old male in Cambodia during April 2014. Both viruses were detected in the patient at relatively high viral loads (as determined by real-time RT-PCR CT values), which is unusual for influenza co-infections. As reassortment can occur between co-infected influenza A strains we isolated plaque purified clonal viral populations from the clinical material of the patient infected with A/H3N2 and A/H1N1pdm09.ResultsComplete genome sequences were completed for 7 clonal viruses to determine if any reassorted viruses were generated during the influenza virus co-infection. Although most of the viral sequences were consistent with wild-type A/H3N2 or A/H1N1pdm09, one reassortant A/H3N2 virus was isolated which contained an A/H1N1pdm09 NS1 gene fragment. The reassortant virus was viable and able to infect cells, as judged by successful passage in MDCK cells, achieving a TCID₅₀ of 10⁴/ml at passage number two. There is no evidence that the reassortant virus was transmitted further. The co-infection occurred during a period when co-circulation of A/H3N2 and A/H1N1pdm09 was detected in Cambodia.ConclusionsIt is unclear how often influenza co-infections occur, but laboratories should consider influenza co-infections during routine surveillance activities.     

Molecular and phylogenetic analysis and vaccine strain match of human influenza A(H3N2) viruses isolated in Northern Greece between 2004 and 2008

Influenza A viruses are characterized by a unique genome structure, causing genetic instability, especially to the genes of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The objectives of this research was molecular and phylogenetic analysis of influenza A(H3N2) strains that circulated in Northern Greece since 2004, particularly the identification of sequence variations and the comparison of circulating viruses with vaccine strains. Since 2004 in Northern Greece, a total of 216 clinical samples were positive for influenza virus infections, of which 83 (38.4%) were attributed to influenza A(H3N2). Molecular analysis of the HA genes of 23 isolates showed that all circulating strains had variations at antigenic sites. Receptor binding sites were conserved in 2004–2005 and 2005–2006 strains whereas a variation was observed in all 2006–2007 strains (H195Y). Furthermore, alternative amino acids for sialic acid receptor binding sites were observed in most of the 2004–2006 isolates. Some amino acid substitutions were also observed at the neuraminidase sequences, which however had no effect on the antigenicity of the viruses. Phylogenetic analysis of each year's circulating strains revealed a relatively low match with the vaccine strains A/Fujian/411/02 and A/California/7/04 for 2004–2005 and 2005–2006, respectively, whereas most 2006–2007 isolates match with the vaccine strain, A/Wisconsin/67/05. This year, unique variations were observed at antigenic and glycosylation sites of A/Serres/77/07-like stains. Constant surveillance of yearly variations is of great importance, so that vaccine strains can be evaluated.