伤寒肠穿孔200例报告

1958～1980年收治伤寒肠穿孔共200例,其中188例作了手术,12例保守治疗。手术组死亡43例,死亡率为22.8％,非手术组12例死亡11例。总死亡率为27％。临床资料本组病例年龄与性别和其他作者报告相近。穿孔发生时间:本组病例全部在院外穿孔,时间在伤寒病后2～4周,部份(逍遥型)     

结肠穿孔18例病因及诊治分析

目的 :针对结肠穿孔的原因、部位、临床症状、诊断及处理作以分析。方法 :回顾性分析 18例结肠穿孔临床资料。结果 :本病常见于老年患者 ,多以急腹症就诊 ,本组死亡 7例。结论 :老年患者大多伴有便秘 ,同时结肠动脉硬化 ,血循环差 ,癌变率高是结肠穿孔的主要原因 ,早期诊断和手术治疗是降低结肠穿孔死亡率的关键。     

老年人急性上消化道穿孔46例治疗体会

报告我院1990年1月至1996年5月手术治疗60岁以上的急性上消化道穿孔46例。手术治疗主要采用穿孔修补术及胃大部切除术。手术死亡3例。本组资料显示，老年急性上消化道穿孔病例以男性多见；病因则以胃溃疡穿孔最为常见。我们认为老年人急性上消化道穿孔，只要病情允许，应早期手术治疗。     

新生儿肠穿孔20例治疗探讨

新生儿肠穿孔在以往死亡率高达60％,虽然近年来治疗水平有所提高,但死亡率仍较高。从新生儿自身特点及其影响因素方面,我们对新生儿肠穿孔治疗作了分析探讨,望有助于今后提高新生儿肠穿孔治疗的生存率。现根据我院的资料进行分析讨论如下。 资料与方法 一、一般资料 我院自1980～1997年共收治肠穿孔186例,其中新生儿肠穿孔20例,占同期肠穿孔病例的10.8％。20例新生儿肠穿孔中,男性12例,女性8例。年龄在3～28天之间。小肠穿孔12例,结肠穿孔7例,盲肠穿孔1例。体重低于2500克8例,早产儿3例,并发硬肿症5例,并发败血症4例,并发肺炎3例。 二、肠穿孔的原发疾病 小肠闭锁肠穿孔4例,坏死     

结肠穿孔的手术治疗：附18例报告

为探讨急诊手术治疗不同病因致结肠穿孔的手术方式及治疗方法。笔者对18例不同原因的结肠穿孔手术病人的临床资料进行回顾分析。18例中2例自发性升结肠穿孔，全身情况差，全腹弥漫性腹膜炎，腹腔污染严重，行冲洗腹腔，修补穿孔，穿孔近端造瘘。术后均出现不可逆性休克，治疗无效死亡。２例纤维结肠镜检致乙状结肠穿孔，行肠破裂修补术；13例癌性结肠穿孔，1例乙状结肠扭转肠坏死穿孔，腹腔污染严重，病情严重，分期手术，治愈出院。 提示结肠穿孔的手术方式是决定预后的关健，治疗应当个体化，根据患者全身情况，腹腔污染程度，致穿孔病因来决定手术方式：纤维肠镜检查所致结肠穿孔，可实施一期修补手术。癌性溃疡致结肠穿孔宜采取分期手术的方式；自发性结肠穿孔应根据情况采用一期或分期手术。手术治疗应与综合治疗并重。     

非创伤性乙状结肠穿孔的病因及诊治分析

目的探讨非创伤性乙状结肠穿孔的原因、诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析我院于1999年~2005年间收治的非创伤性乙状结肠穿孔15例的临床资料。本组15例均急诊行剖腹探查术。其中,粪性穿孔6例,结肠癌性穿孔4例,乙状结肠扭转坏死穿孔2例,乙状结肠憩室穿孔、甲鱼骨致乙状结肠穿孔、炎性肠病穿孔各1例。行病灶Ⅰ期吻合8例,Hartmann术5例,穿孔修补、乙状结肠襻式造瘘2例。结果本组术后死亡3例。发生切口感染、切口裂开、肺部感染等并发症5例。结论粪性结肠穿孔和癌性穿孔是乙状结肠穿孔的主要原因。手术方式应根据不同病因、穿孔时间、腹腔污染情况及全身情况而定。早期诊断和手术治疗是降低死亡率的关键。     

急性胆道穿孔31例临床分析

急性胆道穿孔在临床上并不多见,表现为肝外胆管穿孔更为少见。一旦发生,其症状凶险,若不予以及时、合理的治疗,死亡率可达３３．３％。本院１９８７年至２００１年行急诊胆道手术５４２例中,３１例为胆道穿孔。现结合文献,对其病因、诊断和处理进行讨论。临床资料１．一般资料：本组３１例病人,胆囊穿孔２４例,均为胆囊颈部结石嵌顿引起另外肝外胆管穿孔７例;男１９例,女１２例;年龄分布：＜１５岁１例,＞６０岁１２例。２．手术方法及结果：所有病人均因急性腹膜炎而行急诊手术治疗。胆囊穿孔者行胆囊切除术,肝外胆管穿孔者根…     

胃肠道穿孔的CT诊断

目的通过对胃肠道穿孔的CT表现特点分析,探讨其CT诊断价值及临床价值。方法回顾分析近年来经手术证实的30例胃肠穿孔患者的CT资料,观察隔下游离性液、气体分布及量的多少,邻近腹膜及器官轮廓的改变。结果30例中,外伤性穿孔10例(其中7例闭合伤均为小肠穿孔,穿通伤3例为胃和横结肠穿孔)、消化道溃疡穿孔8例、阑尾炎穿孔6例、胃窦癌穿孔2例、腹股沟嵌顿疝穿孔2例、先天性巨结肠穿孔1例、乙状结肠癌穿孔1例。CT检查可见隔下不同量的游离液、气体,邻近穿孔周围的系膜脂肪混浊、密度云絮状增高,邻近器官轮廓模糊。结论CT检查能够明确诊断消化道穿孔,对部分患者的穿孔部位及病因有提示性诊断价值,对手术治疗有指导意义,而且可以判断愈合。     

结肠粪性穿孔的临床探讨（附9例报告）

目的探讨结肠粪性穿孔的病因、诊断标准和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析9例结肠粪性穿孔患者的临床资料。结果 9例均经手术探查证实结肠粪性穿孔,常伴有便秘、糖尿病、高血压等疾病。本组均根据手术及病理报告而明确诊断,术前误诊率达88.9%。本组死亡5例,死亡率为46.9%。结论结肠粪性穿孔的误诊率高,及时而合理的手术治疗是降低结肠粪性穿孔死亡率的关键。     

小肠穿孔

小肠穿孔后腹膜炎是热带地区常见的一种外科疾病,文献复习表明,尽管治疗上有所进展,但死亡率仍相当高。本文报道作者在最近3年间用外科治疗32例小肠穿孔的经验,发病的平均年龄27岁,起病至就诊时间平均2.82天,其中23例(72%)是在急腹症发作后超过24小时才就诊。所有病人均有腹膜     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.