封闭负压引流结合穿支蒂皮神经营养血管皮瓣治疗足踝部创面

目的探讨封闭负压引流技术结合3种小腿穿支蒂皮神经营养血管皮瓣治疗足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果。方法回顾性分析自2010-08—2013-06诊治的38例足踝部皮肤软组织缺损,创面彻底清创并应用封闭负压引流5~7 d后根据创面情况选择皮瓣修复,17例应用腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复,8例应用外踝上穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣修复,13例应用胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养血管皮瓣修复。结果术后皮瓣全部成活。随访5~12个月,无感染、骨坏死和慢性骨髓炎等并发症发生;皮瓣质地柔软,有弹性,供区愈合良好,足踝外形与功能恢复满意。结论应用封闭负压引流技术处理足踝部皮肤软组织缺损创面后,合理个体化选择小腿穿支蒂皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复,可减少感染机会及肉芽瘢痕,利于功能恢复。     

腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的探讨腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣修复足踝部大面积软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法采用腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣治疗16例足踝部大面积软组织缺损患者,缺损范围17 cm×7 cm^20 cm×13 cm。切取皮瓣面积为18 cm×8 cm^21 cm×14 cm。结果术后14例皮瓣完全成活;2例皮瓣远端边缘坏死,经清创换药后愈合。患者均获得随访,时间3~12个月。皮瓣色泽、质地、血运良好,无破溃。结论腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣不破坏小腿主干血管,同时切取皮瓣面积更大,供血可靠,是修复足踝软组织缺损的较好方法。     

不同平面的腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的应用

目的 探讨外踝尖后上4～7 cm和9～ 11 cm两种不同平面的腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复下肢软组织缺损的效果. 方法 2005年7月至2010年12月,对15例下肢软组织缺损的患者,根据缺损部位应用两种不同平面的腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣进行修复,外踝尖后上4.0～7.0 cm处腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足、踝部软组织缺损8例,切取皮瓣面积:4.5 cm×3.0 cm ～ 25.0 cm×10.0 cm,穿支血管蒂长:1.1 ～2.8 cm,血管外径:0.9～1.4 cm;外踝尖后上9.0～11.0 cm处腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复小腿下段软组织缺损7例,切取皮瓣面积:3.8 cm×3.0 cm～ 15.0 cm ×9.5 cm,穿支血管蒂长:1.3 ～3.2 cm,血管外径:1.0 ～ 1.6 mm. 结果 15例皮瓣术后均未发生血管危象及切口感染,皮瓣均顺利成活,切口均一期愈合.13例患者获得6～ 24个月的随访,皮瓣及蒂部色泽、质地良好,厚薄适中,无烫伤及溃疡发生,皮瓣外形及功能恢复满意. 结论 外踝尖后上4.0 ～7.0 cm和9.0 ～11.0 cm两种不同平面腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣是修复小腿下段、足踝部软组织缺损的理想选择.     

以远端穿支血管为蒂的皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复小腿和足踝部软组织缺损

目的 探讨以远端穿支血管为蒂的皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复小腿和足踝部软组织缺损的皮瓣选择,技术要点和临床疗效.方法 采用以腓动脉穿支为远端蒂的腓肠神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复小腿下端、足跟负重部与足踝前侧或外侧创面16例,以胫后动脉穿支为远端蒂的隐神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复足跟内侧创面6例,以胫前动脉穿支为远端蒂的腓浅神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复足踝前侧或内侧创面3例.创面面积3.0 cm×3.5 cm～8.5cm×9.0cm.结果 所有皮瓣均存活,2例远端静脉回流障碍,经换药后痊愈.1例皮瓣远端伤口裂开,重新缝合后痊愈.25例获随访8个月至5年,发现皮瓣外形满意,具有保护性感觉,无磨损破溃,患者穿鞋行走正常.结论 以腓动脉、胫前动脉或胫后动脉穿支为远端蒂的神经营养血管皮瓣血供可靠,方法简单,不牺牲主干血管,是修复小腿和足踝部软组织缺损的良好方法.避免皮瓣张力是保证皮瓣成活的关键.     

腓动脉穿支供养的远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的临床应用

目的：总结腓动脉穿支供养的远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损的临床效果。方法：自2004年2月至2007年12月对27例各种原因造成的小腿远端及足踝部软组织缺损采用腓动脉穿支供养的远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣进行修复。其中男21例,女6例;年龄7个月-64岁,平均31．5岁。缺损部位：外踝部7例,内踝部5例,足背部8例,足跟及足底7例。皮肤软组织缺损面积2．5cm×3．5cm-10cm×24cm,切取皮瓣面积3cm×4cm～12cm×26．5cm。结果：7例术后3—7d皮瓣轻度肿胀,7d后肿胀逐渐消退,所有皮瓣全部成活。术后随访3-12个月,平均5个月,皮瓣不臃肿,外形良好,供区功能无障碍。结论：应用腓动脉穿支供养的远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣,具有血供丰富,血管解剖恒定,皮瓣近端可达胭窝区,逆转距离长,修复范围大,操作简单,皮瓣较薄的优点,是修复小腿远段及足踝部软组织缺损的较好方法。     

腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨应用改进腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复小腿下段及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法及临床效果。方法1999年1月~2004年11月,在腓动脉肌间隔支与腓肠神经血供的解剖基础上临床应用22例。其中男14例,女8例。年龄5~54岁。根据缺损部位及大小设计以腓动脉小腿下段穿支为血管蒂及转轴点,沿腓肠神经营养血管轴线切取皮瓣,逆行移位修复小腿下段及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损。应用腓动脉终末穿支蒂皮瓣13例,腓动脉第2穿支蒂皮瓣8例,第3穿支蒂皮瓣1例。切取皮瓣范围13 cm×12 cm~30 cm×20 cm,穿支血管蒂长1.7~3.0 cm,穿支血管蒂发出部位位于外踝上4.5~8.0 cm,血管外径1.0~1.2 mm。结果术后22例皮瓣全部成活,随访6~18个月,皮瓣外形及功能恢复满意。其中4例腓肠神经与受区感觉神经吻合,术后1年感觉恢复好,两点辨别觉为10~13 mm。结论腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣手术操作简便,血供可靠,切取面积大,适用于修复小腿下段及足踝部大面积皮肤软组织缺损。     

腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损

目的 探讨腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损及骨髓炎创面的临床疗效。方法采用腓动脉穿支远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损及骨髓炎创面18例。其中,足后跟软组织缺损伴骨感染4例,跟腱部缺损3例,内踝部缺损3例,外踝缺损伴死腔8例,皮肤缺损范围9 cm×4 cm～16 cm×9cm。皮瓣切取面积10 cm×6 cm～18 cm×10 cm,携带的深层腓肠肌肉面积4cm×3 cm～9cm ×6cm。供区直接拉拢缝合7例,游离植皮11例。 结果 术后18例肌皮瓣完全成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合。随访5～14个月,无并发症,皮瓣质地优良,外观满意,行走正常,术后皮瓣感觉恢复欠佳。 结论 腓动脉穿支远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣,血供可靠,转移方便,是修复足踝部软组织缺损及骨髓炎创面的好方法。     

腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部皮肤缺损

目的 探讨改进腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的方法及效果.方法　2003年1月至2011年1月,在腓动脉穿支与腓肠神经营养血供的解剖基础上,根据足踝部皮肤缺损大小,设计腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣,逆行移位修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损13例.切取皮瓣而积9 cm×8.5 cm～ 28 cm×13 cm,穿支血管蒂长1.7～3.3 cm.结果　本组中11例皮瓣全部存活,2例皮瓣远端边缘坏死,经换药治愈.全部患者随访6～12个月,皮瓣外形及功能满意.结论　腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣手术操作简便,血供可靠,切取面积大,适用于修复足踝部大面积皮肤软组织缺损.     

腓动脉终末穿支降支蒂逆行腓浅神经营养岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的 报道改进腓浅神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣的手术方法和临床应用效果. 方法 利用腓动脉终末穿支的降支在外踝与源自胫前动脉的外踝前动脉及踝周血管网的逆向吻合,将转轴点下移,设计切取逆行腓浅神经营养血管岛状皮瓣转位修复足踝部软组织缺损创面. 结果 临床应用23例,皮瓣面积最大12 cm x 13 cm,最小5 cm×4 cm,逆行穿支血管蒂长5～10 cm.皮瓣完全成活21例,大部分成活2例.随访6～21个月,皮瓣质地优良,外形与功能恢复满意.结论 以腓动脉终末穿支降支为血管蒂的腓浅神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣血供可靠,转位更灵活方便,是修复足踝部软组织缺损的较好方法.     

逆行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的观察腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣逆行转移修复足踝部及小腿软组织缺损的效果。方法设计带筋膜蒂的腓肠神经营养血管岛状皮瓣,逆行修复足踝部及小腿软组织缺损5例。同时,观察皮瓣的可切取范围、血液供应及静脉回流情况,营养血管在外踝与腓动脉穿通支的位置,以及血管蒂隧道的处理方案。结果足跟软组织缺损2例,外踝缺损1例,小腿内下端1例,跟腱外露1例,皮瓣最大面积16cm×12cm,全部成活。结论腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣血液循环丰富,成活率高,手术简单,是修复足踝部及小腿软组织缺损的理想皮瓣。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.