上海汽轮机厂铸铁车间粉尘危害及防尘效果情况调查

上海汽轮机厂铸铁车间分成铸铁、有色、精铸三条生产线。调查结果该车间共有扬尘点33处。60年代初车间平均粉尘浓度最高达160．0mg／m^3，经过30多年来粉尘综合治理，总投资费用118．23万元，建成和改造粉尘治理设施37项，粉尘浓度明显下降，粉尘平均浓度从60年代的86．5mg/m^3下降到90年代初2．5mg／m^3．粉尘合格率从0上升到77．8％，五大工种配料．清理、冶炼，造型、辅助粉尘浓度分别从90年代前535mg／m^3．38．0mg／m^3,30．0mg／m^3，17，0mg／m^3、13．2mg／m^3下降到90年代初的1.8mg／m^3,2．7mg／m^3,4．9mg／m^3、0．8mg／m^3和1．5mg／m^3，达到国家卫生标准。矽肺发病基本得到控制，该车间24例矽肺病人均为1969年前的作业工人，矽肺发病工龄从60年代的11年延缓至90年代的27年。减轻经济损失15．68万元，显示铸铁车间防尘工作成效卓著。但防尘工作必须不断巩固完善，如冲天炉修炉工作业环境二次扬尘问题尚待探讨解决。因而继续执行防尘工作，加强科学研究和管理，为控制粉尘危害、延后矽肺病的发生作出更大贡献。     

冶金铸造作业工人肺癌流行病学研究

本研究通过对武钢机总厂铸钢，铸铁和金工车间以及初轧厂１２９５厂进行了１０年的队列调查，结果表明铸造作业工人肺癌高发（ＳＭＲ＝２．９１，Ｐ〈０．０５）。通过历年环境中粉尘浓度及二氧化硅含量的监测，６０，７０年代铸造作业环境粉尘浓度严重超标，游离二氧化硅含量最高可达８０％，以上，铸造作业工人肺癌高发可能与矽尘致癌有关。     

天气对南京禄口国际机场航站楼环境质量影响研究

[目的]探讨不同天气状况对南京禄口国际机场航站楼环境质量的影响规律，为更好保护旅客和现场工作人员健康及进一步开展候机楼卫生监督工作提供帮助。[方法]选择6个指标，通过1年内航站楼环境质量研究过程中遇到的天气情况，对不同天气条件下的环境质量进行统计比较。[结果]阴天粉尘、一氧化碳、二氧化碳浓度明显高于晴天；晴天甲醛高于阴天；雾天粉尘、一氧化碳、二氧化碳浓度明显高于雨天，3个指标随雾、小雨、中雨变化而呈逐渐降低趋势，小雨天甲醛浓度最高。[结论]阴天环境质量可能差于晴天，雾天差于雨天。     

铸造作业粉尘的不同连续采样方法检测结果若干关系探讨

[目的]探讨铸造行业作业场所粉尘连续性采样中，个体采样和区域采样两种测定结果间的相关关系和相关程度，以及季节因素和不同作业场所对采样结果的影响。[方法]选择3家工厂的铸造车间作为采样现场，分别在各工种选取36、23、14人进行个体全工作班随身采样，并同时进行工作区域定点采样。冬、夏两季每季重复进行3次。以重量法测定粉尘总量并计算出粉尘浓度。对各工厂夏冬两季各工种以及各工作区域的空气粉尘平均浓度，进行工种浓度和区域浓度、季节和工厂之间的比较分析。[结果]工种浓度各厂都有从造型各工种到开箱各工种浓度渐高的趋势排列，其中两个厂的浓度排列趋势有极显著性的统计学意义，F值分别为9．30和16．36，P〈0．01。区域采样所得的区域浓度与相应的工人个体采样所得的工种浓度或缺乏显著性相关，或未见显著性差别。冬季各工种的个体样品和区域样品所测得的粉尘平均浓度普遍高于夏季时的相应样品，其中造型（t=4．56）、制芯（t=4．34）、开箱冷却（t=5．88）、开箱打磨（t=3．49）、以及铸造车间行车（t=2．97）工种和制芯间（t=2．79）区域的季节差异表现出统计上的显著性。3个厂之间，某些类似工种个体接触和类似工作区域的空气粉尘平均浓度的差异有极显著性，有色金属铸造厂的浓度都是最低。[结论]在大中型的黑色金属铸造生产场所，区域采样不能很好地代表或替代个体采样以反映作业者实际的粉尘接触浓度。在有色金属铸造中，如考虑到含二氧化硅砂的国家卫生标准值，区域采样还是不能代表作业者实际的粉尘接触浓度是否在国家标准以下。季节因素（实际上是工作场所的自然通风因素）在决定实际接触粉尘浓度方面，具有至关重要的作用。在中等规模生产标准产品的铸铁工艺过程在造型工段的粉尘对工人危害最大；大规模的铸钢工艺生产在熔炼和开箱清砂工段的粉尘对工人危害最大。     

地质勘探行业工人粉尘暴露水平的调查

目的　确定地质勘探行业粉尘危害程度。方法　对地质勘探行业接触粉尘工种 ,采用国产个体呼吸性粉尘采样器采集、测定呼吸性粉尘浓度、总粉尘浓度和粉尘中游离二氧化硅 (FSiO2 )含量 ,并与历年接尘点的呼吸性粉尘浓度测定结果进行比较。结果　 9个省 (自治区 )地质勘探行业的765个接触矽尘作业点中 ,呼吸性粉尘浓度超标率为 47.95 % ;呼吸性粉尘浓度最高的作业和工种是从事地质勘探作业的刻槽取样工种 ,1 996～ 2 0 0 0年其呼吸性粉尘浓度为 (6 .1 5± 3 .2 1 )mg/m3;地质勘探行业工人接触的呼吸性粉尘占总粉尘的比例高 ,粉尘中FSiO2 含量高。结论　地质勘探行业某些工种呼吸性粉尘暴露水平明显高于国家卫生标准 ,尤其是刻槽取样工和凿岩工。     

黄麻纺织工人肺疾患及其剂量—反应关系

在对３５３名黄麻纺织工人肺疾患的流行病学调查中发现，慢性支气管炎和不规则性胸紧患病率和发生率分别为１３８８％和２１．２５％，明显高于对照组，但未发现典型棉尘病患者。慢性支气管炎患病率随麻纺工人接尘时间延长和车间粉尘浓度增高而升高。对接触黄麻粉尘的剂量水平与慢性支气管炎患病率之间关系进行了分析。     

现代化露天采煤作业的粉尘危害调查

现代化露天煤矿，虽然机械化程度很高，但粉尘的危害不容忽视。平朔露天煤矿的粉尘危害调查表明：作业点的粉尘浓度在２．２～５４ｍｇ／ｍ~２之间，小于５μｍ的粉尘粒子占７８．１％，游离ＳｉＯ_２含量是２．４％～４３．６％。粉尘浓度达标率仅１０．６８％．污染严重的作业点是维修、爆破、运输和洗煤站，粉尘危害以岩尘为主，煤尘次之；体检结果：接尘人员的肺功能异常率已明显高于对照组，且胸部Ｘ线已显示出有意义的改变，并检出０~＋１例，不良的生产环境已对工人的健康造成损害。应加强卫生监督，进一步搞好综合防尘和劳动卫生的监测、监护工作。     

车间空气中岩棉粉尘卫生标准的研究

为制订车间空气中岩粉尘卫生标准，对岩棉制品厂进行了劳动卫生学调查及岩棉粉尘对大鼠肺致纤维化作用实验。调查结果显示了工人作业场所空气中粉尘污染明显，时间加权平均浓度为２．０４－１２．５３ｍｇ／ｍ＾３。实验结果表明了岩棉粉尘对大鼠轻度致纤维作用。长期接触高浓度，岩棉粉尘对人呼吸器官可能靠成影响，有引起肺纤维化的可能。根据本研究结果和参考国外卫生标准，建议车间空气中岩棉粉尘卫生标准（时间加权平均浓度）为     

青海省水泥行业职业危害调查

本文对青海省部分水泥行业进行了职业危害调查,通过调查发现,原料车间粉尘平均浓度为55.96mg/m~3,烧成车间粉尘平均浓度为168.02mg/m~3,制成车间粉尘平均浓度为67.1mg/m~3,成品车间粉尘平均浓度为12.6mg/m~3。均超过国家卫生标准,各项体征的阳性检出率均明显高于对照组,研究表明,我省水泥行业职业危害严重,建议:加强监督和管理制度。     

作业场所空气中碳纤维粉尘卫生标准的研究

本文在广泛收集已有资料的基础上，进行了必要的现场调查和实验研究，经综合分析提出了碳纤维粉尘的卫生标准。实验研究结果证实，碳纤维及其复合材料粉尘的毒性和致纤维化作用轻。现场调查结果表明，碳纤维粉尘对皮肤和眼有刺激作用．但受检查者胸片无尘肺样改变，对肺功能也无明显影响。基于我国作业场所空气中有害物质卫生标准的研制经验，参比类同污染物的最高容许浓度数值，建议作业场所空气中碳纤维粉尘的最高容许浓度为6mg／m3，时间加权平均容许浓度为3mg／m3。根据已获资料，本建议标准可考虑适用于碳纤维复合材料粉尘。可行性研究表明，碳纤维生产和复合材料加工过程中的粉尘浓度不高，通过加强防尘措施，不难达到本建议标准的要求。     

A respiratory epidemiological survey of workers in a small South African foundry

A cross-sectional study to assess prevalence of respiratory abnormality was conducted among 107 South African foundry workers. The prevalence of pneumoconiosis was 10.3% overall, increasing to 38% for workers with more than 15 years of service. Dyspnea was present in 38% of workers, chronic simple bronchitis in 15.9%, and asthmatic symptoms in 27%. Pneumoconiosis was not associated with higher prevalence rates of other respiratory abnormalities. The high overall prevalence of respiratory symptoms might be explained by exposure to environmental pollutants other than dust.     

Respiratory abnormalities among workers in an iron and steel foundry

A study of the health of 78 workers in an iron and steel foundry in Vancouver, British Columbia, was carried out and the results compared with those found in 372 railway repair yard workers who were not significantly exposed to air contaminants at work. The foundry workers were exposed to PepSet, which consists of diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI) and phenol formaldehyde and their decomposition products as well as to silica containing particulates. A questionnaire was administered by trained interviewers, and chest radiography, allergy skin tests, pulmonary function tests, and methacholine inhalation tests were carried out as well as measurement levels of dust and MDI. Compared with the controls, the foundry workers had more respiratory symptoms and a significantly lower mean FEV1 and FEF25-75% after adjustments had been made for differences in age, height, and smoking habit. Three workers (4.8%) had radiographic evidence of pneumoconiosis and 12 (18.2%) had asthma defined as presence of bronchial hyperreactivity, cough, and additional respiratory symptoms such as wheeze, chest tightness, or breathlessness. Sensitisation to MDI is probably the cause of asthma in these workers.     

Respiratory abnormalities among workers in an iron and steel foundry.

A study of the health of 78 workers in an iron and steel foundry in Vancouver, British Columbia, was carried out and the results compared with those found in 372 railway repair yard workers who were not significantly exposed to air contaminants at work. The foundry workers were exposed to PepSet, which consists of diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI) and phenol formaldehyde and their decomposition products as well as to silica containing particulates. A questionnaire was administered by trained interviewers, and chest radiography, allergy skin tests, pulmonary function tests, and methacholine inhalation tests were carried out as well as measurement levels of dust and MDI. Compared with the controls, the foundry workers had more respiratory symptoms and a significantly lower mean FEV1 and FEF25-75% after adjustments had been made for differences in age, height, and smoking habit. Three workers (4.8%) had radiographic evidence of pneumoconiosis and 12 (18.2%) had asthma defined as presence of bronchial hyperreactivity, cough, and additional respiratory symptoms such as wheeze, chest tightness, or breathlessness. Sensitisation to MDI is probably the cause of asthma in these workers.     

Respiratory abnormalities among male foundry workers in central Taiwan

The objectives of this study were to determine the relationship between exposure levels and respiratory abnormalities, to measure FVC and FEV1(1) changes per year based on work duties and to investigate the prevalence of and factors related to pneumoconiosis. A total of 583 male workers from 50 iron foundries in central Taiwan were investigated. First, workers' respiratory symptoms were categorized using a modified American Thoracic Society (ATS) questionnaire and then were verified by physician's examination. Next, pulmonary function tests were performed including: forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced expiratory flow rate. A chest radiograph was used to diagnose pneumoconiosis according to ILO criteria. Furnace workers were found to have the highest prevalence of chronic phlegm, thoracic disorders and chronic bronchitis. In general, smokers had a higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms as compared with non-smokers. Pulmonary function abnormalities and pneumoconiosis were closely linked to smoking and work duration. After adjusting for age, height and smoking there was a significant decrease based on work duration in FVC and FEV1 for furnace and moulding workers compared with after-processing and administrative workers. The overall prevalence of pneumoconiosis was 8.8%, highest among furnace (16.3%) and after-processing workers (11.4%) and lowest among administrative workers (2.5%). Using multiple logistic regression, the risk of developing pneumoconiosis (as compared with the administrative workers) for furnace workers was highest (8.98 times greater risk), followed by after-processing workers (6.77 times greater risk) and moulding workers (5.41 times greater risk). Prolonged exposure to free silica, and smoking habits, can result in respiratory abnormalities among foundry workers.     

A study of the prevalence of respiratory morbidity among agate workers

Summary A random sample of 342 workers engaged in chipping and grinding of agate stones were surveyed in a cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence of respiratory morbidity in the agate industry. The findings were compared with those obtained in controls. The study showed a significantly higher prevalence of lung diseases among agate workers than among controls (63.4% vs 35.5%, P < 0.001). The respiratory morbidity in agate workers and controls was maximal in the group aged 31+ years (83.3% and 42.2%, respectively). The prevalence of pneumoconiosis in agate workers (18.4%) was highly significant as compared with controls, in whom not a single case was found (P < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the prevalence of pneumoconiosis in men and women of the exposed group (17.9% vs 19.6%). Among the cases of pulmonary diseases in agate workers, pneumoconiosis formed the largest group (18.4%), whereas among controls it was tuberculosis (12.1%). The prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis was very high in both agate workers and controls (15.5% and 12.1%, respectively), probably because of poor socio-economic and unhygienic living conditions. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis was found to be higher among the control population as compared with the exposed group (6.7% vs 2.6%). It therefore appeared that agate dust had no role in precipitating chronic bronchitis. However, bronchial asthma appeared to have been aggravated due to agate dust, as the risk among agate workers was 7-fold that found among the controls. The prevalence of pneumoconiosis showed a dose-response relationship in both male and female agate workers. Pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchial asthma did not show any significant trend in relation to the duration of exposure. Other lung diseases were also independent of exposure. As far as occupations are concerned, grinders were found to suffer more from pneumoconiosis (21.9%) than did chippers (7.3%, P < 0.05); this was because the respirable dust concentration at the workplace of grinders was 6-fold that at the workplace of chippers. Acute bronchitis was also more prevalent in grinders (P < 0.05). However, tuberculosis and asthma did not vary significantly between the two occupational groups.     

Lung disorders of workers exposed to rush smear dust in China

The aim of this study was to evaluate the lung disorders of the workers exposed to rush smear dust. A cross sectional study was carried out on 1,709 current workers (788 male, 921 female) in 80 factories. All subjects were asked by questionnaire, and health examination including chest X-ray was conducted for 661 workers in 35 factories. Lung function test was also examined for 119 non-smoking males among 661 subjects. Dust samplings were collected and total and respirable dust concentrations at 127 spots in 35 factories were measured. The geometric mean dust concentration in the workshops was up to 20.00 mg/m(3), and the geometric mean respirable dust concentration reached 8.22 mg/m(3). The mean quartz concentration of accumulated dust was 29.2%. The prevalence of radiographic small opacities profusion category > or = 1/0, according to the ILO 1980 Classification System, was 2.6% among 661 employees. One worker was found to have pneumoconiotic findings of 2/2 profusion accompanied with large opacity. The prevalence of pneumoconiosis (1/0 or more) correlated with cumulative dust exposure (r=0.192, p<0.0001). The similar relationship was found between the prevalence rate of cough or sputa and worksite dust concentration. In non-smokers, a positive association was found between the prevalence of cough and occupational exposure duration (r=0.080, p=0.004). Approximately 19.3% and 34.5% of employees suffered from respiratory impairment for FVC and FEV1.0, respectively. This is the first report of "rush" pneumoconiosis in China. Rush mat workers were found to be at high risk for pneumoconiosis, a preventable disease. Our results showed a dose-response relationship between rush-mat dust level and the prevalence of pneumoconiosis. Similar relationship between the prevalence of cough and sputum and the work duration was found for non-smoking workers but not for smoking workers.     

火山石加工人员尘肺病发病情况调查

目的 了解火山石加工行业尘肺病发病情况,分析火山石加工与尘肺病发病关系,为制定火山石加工行业尘肺病防控策略提供依据。 方法 对腾冲县所有工商注册登记石材加工户开展火山石加工作业场所的流行病学调查,对接尘劳动者进行职业健康检查,对加工场所空气中粉尘浓度及游离二氧化硅含量进行测定,采用描述性流行病学方法对调查资料进行分析。 结果 共调查工商注册石材加工户228户,生产工人958名,粉尘作业场所游离二氧化硅含量1.14%~7.67%;石材切割岗位4个点空气中粉尘时间加权平均浓度0.01~3.10 mg/m3,平均浓度0.80 mg/m3。完成职业健康体检209户,857人,体检率89.5%,其中男性占85.65%(734/857),女性占14.35%(123/857);年龄最大74岁,最小16岁,平均37.8岁;从事石材加工最长31年,最短7 d,平均4.46年;检出尘肺壹期2人,患病率0.23%(2/857)。 结论 长期接触火山石粉尘可引发尘肺病,应加强石材加工人员尘肺病的防控。     

铁矿工人尘肺发病及影响因素分析

目的 分析铁矿接尘工人尘肺的发病规律及影响因素,为铁矿工人尘肺防制提供依据.方法 以某铁矿1960年至1974年在册且工作1年以上的所有接尘工人建立队列,随访至2003年底.尘肺诊断由职业病诊断小组确定.采用Cox比例风险模型分析危险因素.结果 队列接尘工人3647名,累积接尘132 574.4人年.诊断尘肺316例,人年发病率为0.24％.1960年前开始接尘者中发现尘肺274例(86.7％),人年发病率为0.40％,明显高于1960年后开始接尘工人尘肺人年发病率(43例,0.07‰).尘肺发病平均潜伏期是(26.0±7.3)年.尘肺晋级年限分别为0+晋Ⅰ期(5.3士3.2)年,Ⅰ晋Ⅱ期为(6.6±5.2)年,Ⅱ晋Ⅲ期为(1 1.3±5.0)年,随诊断年代的推后,各期晋级年限均有延长趋势.164例尘肺为脱尘后诊断,平均脱尘8.3年.铁矿工尘肺发病危险度随累积接尘量增加而上升,呈明显的接触剂量-反应关系.尘肺患者年平均累积接尘量为(173.7±91.6)mg/m3,远高于非尘肺接尘工人(112.1±64.8)mg/m3.除累积接尘量外,影响尘肺发病风险因素包括肺结核(HR=5.9,P＜0.01)、吸烟(HR=1.7,P＜0.01).结论 累积接尘量与尘肺发病之间存在明显的剂量-反应关系,并发结核、吸烟是影响尘肺发病的危险因素.     

2014年上海市矽尘接尘工人呼吸系统健康监测

目的 评估2014年上海市矽尘接尘工人的呼吸系统健康状况。 方法 选择2014年上海市所有涉及矽尘作业的181家企业中从事矽尘作业1年以上的2 196名劳动者为研究对象,进行肺功能、X线胸片等医学检查。运用问卷调查获得研究对象的人口学特征、吸烟状态、职业史等信息。采用分层随机抽样,对其中169家企业的619名矽尘接尘工人进行矽尘总尘个体采样,计算矽尘总尘的8 h时间加权平均浓度并进行评价。 结果 矽尘总尘的几何均数和几何标准差分别为1.4 mg/m3和3.3 mg/m3。矽尘总尘的总体超标率为66.4%。矽尘接尘工人X线胸片中可疑尘肺病或观察对象检出率为0.4%;FVC、FEV₁和FEV₁/FVC的异常检出率分别为21.3%、13.4%和0.1%。限制性通气功能障碍总体检出率为19.6%,随接触矽尘接尘工龄的增加而增加(趋势χ2=9.2143,P<0.05)。不同行业、不同工种间限制性通气功能障碍、X线胸片异常检出率差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01),其中通用设备制造业、黑色金属冶炼和压延加工业等行业以及造型、型砂、清理、熔化、铸造、抛(磨)光等工种的异常检出率较高。 结论 上海市目前作业场所矽尘危害基本保持在历史的低水平,但整体普遍超标,矽尘接尘工人肺功能损伤明显,尤其表现为限制性通气功能障碍,建议加强对高危行业和工种的监管。     

1817名铸造厂工人缺血性心脏病的队列研究

目的研究铸造作业工人缺血性心脏病发病风险及其与铸造作业、矽尘累积接触量之间的剂量-反应关系,并对缺血性心脏病的发病风险进行预测。方法采用队列研究方法,选择某铸造厂1980年1月1日-1996年12月31日在册一年以上的铸造作业工人建立研究队列,观察终止日期为2009年12月31日。以浇注、配砂、清理、熔炼、天车、造型和制芯等工种工人作为铸造组,电工、钳工和检查工等辅助工作为对照组。使用SPSS软件Cox回归模型分析缺血性心脏病发病风险及其与铸造作业、矽尘累积接触量之间的剂量-反应关系,并使用logistic回归建立缺血性心脏病发病风险的预测模型。结果本研究共随访30年,1817人,45 553.05人年,缺血性心脏病156例,人-年发病率为342.46/10万,平均发病年龄51.46岁,发病工龄21.61年。男性、吸烟、饮酒、年龄和工龄分别都是缺血性心脏病发病的危险因素。缺血性心脏病发病风险与矽尘累积接触量呈正相关,调整吸烟的影响后,工人矽尘年累积接触量每增加1mg/m3,缺血性心脏病发病风险增加75.8%(RR=1.758,95%CI1.221～2.532)。铸造组工人缺血性心脏病发病风险显著增加,调整吸烟的影响后,与对照组工人相比,配砂工、清理工、熔炼工、造型工、制芯工分别增加1.048倍、1.395倍、70.4%、97.0%和1.270倍。根据预测模型,工人缺血性心脏病发病概率随日接触矽尘浓度的增加、接尘工龄的延长而增加。结论铸造作业工人面临较大的缺血性心脏病发病风险。不同工种工人缺血性心脏病发病风险不同,其中,配砂、清理、熔炼、造型、制芯工人较高。铸造作业、矽尘累积接触量是缺血性心脏病的独立危险因素。缺血性心脏病预测模型表明,发病概率与日接触矽尘浓度和接尘工龄呈明显的剂量-反应关系。