石油沥青对作业工人健康的影响

目的研究石油沥青对作业工人健康的影响。方法以沥青供应站接触石油沥青者为接触组，以既不接触石油沥青又不接触其他毒物者为对照组，进行环境监测和两组人群的遗传学效应、免疫功能、肺功能的检测。结果工作场所苯并（ａ）芘和苯溶物平均浓度接触组分别是０．２７μｇ／ｍ３和０．１５ｍｇ／ｍ３，对照组分别是０．００３５μｇ／ｍ３和０．０５４ｍｇ／ｍ３；接触组生活环境则分别为０．００８８μｇ／ｍ３和０．０２６ｍｇ／ｍ３。接触组外周血淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体互换（ＳＣＥ）率和微核率（ＬＭＮ）明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；淋巴细胞数和Ｔ、Ｂ细胞数，ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＭ含量以及接触组男性的ＦＥＶ１．０、ＦＥＶ１．０％、ＭＭＦＲ、ＰＥＦＲ、Ｖ７５、Ｖ５０、Ｖ２５均显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论石油沥青可引起接触者ＤＮＡ、染色体和大、小气道的损伤以及细胞免疫、体液免疫水平降低。     

石油加工作业人员染色体畸变和微核形成？…

对某石油化工厂沥青岗位工人４３人，催化常减压岗位工人１６６人和对照组１３４人，进行了外周血淋巴细胞染色体，淋巴细胞微核，口腔粘膜微核观察。其结果为：沥青组外周血淋巴细胞染色畸变的细胞率（为０．５３％）染色体畸变率（为０．７７％），均高于对照组（０．０７％，０．０７％）（Ｐ均〈０．０１）和催化常减压组（０．０８，０．１１％（Ｐ均〈０．０１）；沥青组外周血淋巴细胞微核人员出现率（７０．４５％）和平均微     

29例慢性低浓度萘接触者的细胞遗传学观察

对２９名慢性萘接触工人的外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变和微核进行的分析结果表明：观察组淋巴细胞染色体畸变和微核的阳性检出率显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．００１）；两组间染色体型的畸变率亦有非常显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．００１），观察组染色体结构畸变类型以染色体断片为主，其次是染色体裂隙。建议将淋巴细胞染色体畸变和微核分析作为萘作业工人的早期生物监测指标和亚临床观察指标。     

石油加工作业人员染色体畸变和微核形成的观察

对某石油化工厂沥青岗位工人４３人、催化常减压岗位工人１６６人和对照组１３４人，进行了外周血淋巴细胞染色体、淋巴细胞微核、口腔粘膜微核观察。其结果为：沥青组外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变细胞率（为０．５３％），染色体畸变率（为０．７７％），均高于对照组（０．０７％，０．０７％）（Ｐ均＜０．０１）和催化常减压组（０．０８％，０．１１％）（Ｐ均＜０．０１）；沥青组外周血淋巴细胞微核人员出现率（７０．４５％）和平均微核细胞率（１．２‰）高于对照组（４．５％，０．０４‰）（Ｐ均＜０．０１）和催化常减压组（２５．７０％，０．３２‰）（Ｐ均＜０．０１），且催化常减压组亦显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；沥青组口腔粘膜细胞微核人员出现率（２９．５４％）和平均微核细胞率（０．２７‰）显著高于对照组（５．２％，０．０４‰）（Ｐ均＜０．０１）和催化常减压组（１０．２４％，０．０７％）（Ｐ均＜０．０１）。可见，从事石油加工作业人员，无论是沥青还是催化常减压组，其细胞遗传物质在不同程度上均受到损伤。     

职业性三苯接触对人外周血淋巴细胞染色体结构的影响

[目的]探讨长期接触混苯对人外周血淋巴细胞染色体结构的影响。[方法]用细胞遗传学方法对78名混苯作业工人（接触组）和78名食品加工厂工人（对照组）进行外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变、姊妹染色单体互换、微核率进行测定。[结果]接触组染色体畸变、总畸变率及细胞畸变率均高于对照组（P〈0．01），畸变类型以染色体裂隙和断裂为主，而两组的非整倍体检出率、姊妹染色体单体互换差别均无显著性（P〉0.05）。接触组无论是微核率和微核细胞率均高于对照组（P〈0．001）。同时发现，饮酒可能增加混苯的吸收，进而增加对混苯接触者的遗传毒性。[结论]职业性混苯接触可引起人外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变。     

天然钍对作业工人健康影响的研究

为研究包钢的原料中所含天然钍对作业工人健康的影响，对５９８５人的暴露队列进行了１７年的流行病学调查。结果发现，作业工人外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变率随年附加有效剂量的增加而升高（与对照组比较Ｐ＜０．０１）。工龄为５～１４年者增加较快，１５年后增加缓慢，趋于平衡。尘肺分析结果提示，天然钍可能增强ＳｉＯ２的致肺纤维化作用。肿瘤死亡率除胃癌外，其余ＲＲ均大于１，但无统计学意义。相距一年的两次植物血球凝集素（ＰＨＡ）皮试反应均有增强，但外周血淋巴细胞离体照射后，染色体畸变未见适应性。女工妊娠期从事钍作业，其所生子女的智力发育无明显异常。     

不同工龄丙烯腈接触工人外周血双核淋巴细胞微核研究

采用胞质分裂阻滞微核测试法（ＣＢ微核测试法）对７６名丙烯腈（ＡＮ）专业工龄为４～２０年的作业工人外周血双核淋巴细胞微核进行研究。按接触工龄分为５组。结果：外周血双核淋巴细胞微核率随工龄增长而上升，且呈线性正相关（ｒ＝０．９８６５），有显著的统计学意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。工龄超过２０年的ＡＮ接触工人中，双核细胞微核率与１５～２０年工龄组相近，呈稳定趋势。ＡＮ接触工龄在５年以下，双核细胞微核率上升不明显，接触工龄在５年以上，双核细胞微核明显上升；在接触工龄超过１０年的工人中，双核细胞微核率上升非常明显。ＡＮ接触工龄小于１０年和大于１０年的两组比较，双核细胞微核率有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）     

环境铅污染对儿童淋巴细胞染色体及 SCE 的影响

为探讨环境铅污染对人体血铅负荷和遗传物质的影响，采用流行病学调查方法，调查了某蓄电池厂周围铅污染情况及该地区３９名儿童和对照组２０名儿童的血铅含量、淋巴细胞染色体畸变率和ＳＣＥ率。检测结果环境铅明显超标，污染组儿童血铅平均含量４３．１±１４．８μｇ／ｄｌ，染色体畸变率（１．８７％±１．０１％）与对照组比明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＳＣＥ率两组未见明显差别（Ｐ＞０．０５）。这提示：环境铅污染对儿童血铅水平和遗传物质产生了一定影响。     

不同接触甲醛人群外周血淋巴细胞亚群的探讨

通过ＡＰＡＡＰ桥联酶标技术检测接触不同浓度甲醛人群外周血淋巴细胞亚群（Ｂ细胞、ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４、ＣＤ８）。对照组、学生组和工人组、服务员组接触甲醛的浓度分别为：０．０１１ｍｇ／ｍ３、０．５０８ｍｇ／ｍ３、０．７４ｍｇ／ｍ３、０．１０７ｍｇ／ｍ３。结果发现；学生与工人组中除工人组的ＣＤ４外的其它亚群与对照组相比其差异均有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）．Ｂ细胞和ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值升高．ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４、ＣＤ８下降；男性ＣＤ３下降明显高于女性．服务员组和对照组的各亚群差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示：甲醛可以对人免疫细胞产生多种毒性，短期接触者和男性尤为明显。     

四氯乙烯对洗衣工人血清EB抗体含量影响的观察

本文对某洗衣厂１１０接触干洗剂四氯乙烯（Ｃ２Ｃｌ４）工人进行血清ＥＢ病毒抗体（ＩｇＡ／ＶＣ）测定。结果发现：Ｃ２Ｃｌ４接触组工人血清ＩｇＡ／ＶＣ平均滴度是１∶１３．１，对照组血清ＩｇＡ／ＶＣ平均滴度是１∶５．２，经比较两者具有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。接触组检出滴度１∶１０～１∶８０者６９例，占６２．７％，其中滴度１∶８０者２例，占１．８％。ＩｇＡ／ＶＣ平均滴度具有随着接触Ｃ２Ｃｌ４工龄增加而升高的趋势，但无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。性别、年龄间血清ＩｇＡ／ＶＣ水平均无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。Ｃ２Ｃｌ４不仅可直接损害人体的肝、肾、神经系统及鼻咽部粘膜，还可能会激发人体鼻咽部内潜伏、封闭状态的ＥＢ病毒引起ＩｇＡ／ＶＣ水平的升高。     

p53蛋白在联苯胺接触人群和膀胱癌患者血清中的表达

目的研究职业性联苯胺接触者和膀胱癌患者突变型p53蛋白的表达。方法用免疫PCR法测定职业性联苯胺接触人群和膀胱癌患者血中突变型p53蛋白,用巴氏分级法对尿脱落细胞进行分级。结果随着联苯胺接触强度指数的增高,人群突变型p53蛋白的阳性率不断增加,膀胱癌患者组突变型p53蛋白的阳性率(83.3%)高于接触强度指数1组(33.3%)。PCR扩增条带经扫描积分后,膀胱癌患者组和接触强度指数2组的平均扫描积分(24016.11±2979.99、12960.79±903.27)高于1组(9231.58±1140.74),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.05)。在联苯胺接触人群的各组中以巴氏分级作为组内分层因素,接触强度指数2组中,巴氏2、3级层PCR扩增条带平均扫描积分(12960.79±903.27、13612.78±1697.38)高于1级层(9231.58±1140.74),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。接触强度指数3组中,巴氏3级层的突变型p53蛋白的阳性率(46.9%)高于1级层(33.3%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在联苯胺接触强度较低的范围内,随着接触强度的增加,接触工人血清中p53突变蛋白的阳性表达不但更频繁,而且更加强烈;但接触强度超过了这个范围,工人血中p53突变蛋白的阳性率以及表达量将不再随着接触强度的上升而增高,而尿脱落细胞病变程度在联苯胺接触强度较高的情况下与p53基因突变率     

Cancer mortality and incidence among a cohort of benzidine and dichlorobenzidine dye manufacturing workers

BACKGROUND: Benzidine is classified as a definite human carcinogen and dichlorobenzidine as a probable human carcinogen. METHODS: A cohort study of 538 workers potentially exposed to benzidine and/or dichlorobenzidine from a single chemical manufacturing facility was conducted. Social Security records were used to identify all employees who worked at the facility from 1960 to 1977. Vital status was determined through 2001 and cancer incidence through 2002. RESULTS: A total of 22 bladder cancer cases were identified. For three individuals, bladder cancer was the underlying cause of death. Increased standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were found for all cancer 1.54 (95% CI 1.04-2.19), bladder cancer 8.34 (95% CI 1.72-24.78), and lymphohematopoietic cancer 2.84 (95% CI 1.04-6.18). The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for bladder cancer was 6.85 (95% CI 4.30-10.4). Only one case of bladder cancer was identified among the workers who were exposed to dichlorobenzidine only. However, an increased risk for lymphohematopoietic cancer was found among these dichlorobenzidine only workers (SMR 6.62 (95% CI 1.37-19.36)). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the high risk of bladder cancer among benzidine exposed workers even years after exposure has ceased, and raises suggestive evidence of increased risk to lymphohematopoietic cancer from exposure to benzidine or dichlorobenzidine.     

小功率脉冲微波接触者外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变及微核率观察

对某研究所接触脉冲微波作业的高功率组42人、低功率组(元件组)60人和无微波接触的对照组51人的外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变及微核进行观察。结果显示,两接触组外周血淋巴细胞微核率异常率、高功率组微核率均显著高于对照组(P<0.01);高功率组染色体畸变率异常者检出率、畸变细胞率、染色体型畸变率均显著高于对照组及元件组(P<0.01);而染色单体型畸变率两接触组与对照组差别均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在偏相关分析控制年龄因素后,两接触组微核率、染色体型畸变率与工龄无相关性(P=0.451,P=0.270)。说明小功率脉冲微波辐射对人体外周血淋巴细胞染色体及微核形成具有一定不良影响。     

放射线工作者外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变与血象变化的关系

[目的]探讨放射线工作者外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变与血象变化的关系,为研究辐射损伤机制提供线索。[方法]在对唐山市放射线工作人员全面体检的基础上,选择从事放射线工作且工龄>1年的染色体异常者(凡出现环状染色体、双着丝粒染色体、无着丝粒断片和微小体,且细胞畸变率≥0.5%者均视为染色体异常)240名作为异常组;参加体检人员中所有未出现染色体异常的放射线工作者937人为对照组;比较两组人群的血象检测结果。血象[白细胞(WBC)、单核细胞(WSC)、红细胞(RBC)、血小板(Pt)和血红蛋白(Hb)]检查采用常规法(以健康成人正常值为依据,确定研究对象的血象是否异常,计算异常率),染色体分析采用微量全血培养法。采用SAS8.2软件包进行统计学分析。[结果]异常组WBC均值(5.525×10~9/L)低于对照组(6.059×10~9/L),而WSC均值(0.367×10~9/L)高于对照组(0.340×109/L),均P<0.05;异常组WBC异常率(6.7%)高于对照组(2.5%),差异有显著性(P<0.05)。染色体畸变率与WSC计数值呈正相关(P<0.05)。[结论]发生染色体畸变的放射线工作人员,WBC异常率增加,造血系统损伤更严重;染色体畸变率与外周血象指标有一定关联。     

Studies on the relation between bladder cancer and benzidine or its derived dyes in Shanghai

Shanghai is the largest industrial centre in China and has a history of about 50 years in producing and applying benzidine derived dyes. A series of epidemiological studies on the carcinogenicity of benzidine and its derived dyes have been performed since 1979. This report describes three such studies. A case-control study was carried out on 344 cases of bladder cancer, each matched for age and sex, with a person without bladder cancer. Factors studied were occupational exposure, smoking, drinking, medical histories, and family history of bladder cancer and other carcinomas. The correlation between bladder cancer and occupational exposures (relative risk (RR) 5.71) was greater than that between bladder cancer and smoking (RR 1.53). A retrospective cohort study was conducted in seven dyestuffs factories where benzidine had served as an intermediate in the manufacture of dyes before 1976. The cohort was made up of 550 men and 186 women. The men were divided into two groups according to job; 354 were assigned to a presynthesis group and 196 to a postsynthesis group. Those in the presynthesis group were thought to have been exposed to benzidine and the subjects in the postsynthesis group were exposed mainly to its derived dyes. The 15 cases of bladder cancer diagnosed were all in the presynthesis group, although an excess of bladder cancer was also seen in the whole cohort. The standardised incidence ratio (SIR) of bladder cancer was 1918 in the whole cohort and 3500 in the presynthesis group. Moreover, the SIR of bladder cancer in a subgroup working directly with the assignment, transport, and mixing of benzidine was as high as 7500. A further retrospective cohort study was made on incidence of cancer among 1420 workers who used benzidine derived dyes in 43 textile printing and dyeing factories. No excess carcinoma was found. These results suggest that, in Shanghai, the main cause of bladder cancer is occupational exposure, especially to benzidine. The risk of bladder cancer, however, existed only in the presynthesis stage of dye manufacture.     

Studies on the relation between bladder cancer and benzidine or its derived dyes in Shanghai.

Shanghai is the largest industrial centre in China and has a history of about 50 years in producing and applying benzidine derived dyes. A series of epidemiological studies on the carcinogenicity of benzidine and its derived dyes have been performed since 1979. This report describes three such studies. A case-control study was carried out on 344 cases of bladder cancer, each matched for age and sex, with a person without bladder cancer. Factors studied were occupational exposure, smoking, drinking, medical histories, and family history of bladder cancer and other carcinomas. The correlation between bladder cancer and occupational exposures (relative risk (RR) 5.71) was greater than that between bladder cancer and smoking (RR 1.53). A retrospective cohort study was conducted in seven dyestuffs factories where benzidine had served as an intermediate in the manufacture of dyes before 1976. The cohort was made up of 550 men and 186 women. The men were divided into two groups according to job; 354 were assigned to a presynthesis group and 196 to a postsynthesis group. Those in the presynthesis group were thought to have been exposed to benzidine and the subjects in the postsynthesis group were exposed mainly to its derived dyes. The 15 cases of bladder cancer diagnosed were all in the presynthesis group, although an excess of bladder cancer was also seen in the whole cohort. The standardised incidence ratio (SIR) of bladder cancer was 1918 in the whole cohort and 3500 in the presynthesis group. Moreover, the SIR of bladder cancer in a subgroup working directly with the assignment, transport, and mixing of benzidine was as high as 7500. A further retrospective cohort study was made on incidence of cancer among 1420 workers who used benzidine derived dyes in 43 textile printing and dyeing factories. No excess carcinoma was found. These results suggest that, in Shanghai, the main cause of bladder cancer is occupational exposure, especially to benzidine. The risk of bladder cancer, however, existed only in the presynthesis stage of dye manufacture.     

2010年常熟市放射工作人员健康状况调查

目的对接触放射线作业工人进行职业性健康检查,保护放射线作业工人健康。方法检查项目按照国家卫生部统一规定的《放射工作人员职业健康管理办法》的项目进行。结果接触放射线人719人员,其中发生白细胞减少27人,晶状体浑浊48人,染色体畸变率0.40‰,淋巴细胞微核率0.49‰。结论接触放射线的工作人员发生染色体畸变以及晶状体浑浊的概率高于不接触者。     

Mortality and incidence of bladder cancer in benzidine-exposed workers in China.

We examined bladder cancer mortality and incidence to 1981 in 1,972 workers employed in benzidine-exposed jobs in Tianjin, Shanghai, and Jilin, China, between 1972 and 1977, and in 1,974 unexposed workers employed during the same time period. In comparison to general population rates, in the benzidine-exposed group the ratio of observed to expected deaths (SMR) was 17.5 (95% C.I.: 7.5-34.5) and the ratio of observed to expected incident cases (SIR) was 25.0 (95% C.I.: 16.9-35.7). No excess was noted in the unexposed group. The 25-fold increase in bladder cancer incidence in the exposed group was related to level of exposure, with the SIR rising from 4.8 for low exposure to 36.2 for medium exposure, and 158.4 for high exposure. Risks were elevated both for producers of benzidine (SIR = 45.7; 95% C.I.: 20.9-86.8) and for users (SIR = 20.9; 95% C.I.: 12.9-32.0) of benzidine dyes. Benzidine-exposed workers who smoked tobacco had a 31-fold risk (95% C.I.: 20.4-46.4), while non-smoking workers had an 11-fold risk (95% C.I.: 3.6-25.8), suggestive of a multiplicative relationship between these two carcinogens.     

Lymphocyte reactivity of workers exposed to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chemicals.

Immunological studies have shown an increased lymphocyte reactivity in patients with early stage bladder cancer and individuals with pre-stage T1 exposed to bladder carcinogens (2-naphthylamine and industrial 1-naphthylamine containing 4-8% 2-naphthylamine) before 1952-that is, those at high risk of developing bladder cancer. Because of the close chemical similarity of Tobias acid (2-naphthylamine-1 sulphonic acid) to 2-naphthylamine, the lymphocytotoxicity of workers exposed to this chemical was investigated. The results show that the workers using Tobias acid unlike those exposed to 2-naphthylamine have lymphocytes with a normal range of reactivity towards bladder cancer cells, which is in keeping with the suggestion that Tobias acid is non-carcinogenic. The probable reason for its non-carcinogenicity is that the relatively very large size and hydropholic properties of the sulphonic acid group prevents enzymic action on the amino group by steric hindrance. The present lymphocytotoxicity results strengthens our earlier conclusion that the observed increased lymphocyte reactivity in workers exposed to bladder carcinogens is specific.     

职业接触灭蚁药物对人体淋巴细胞染色体损伤的影响

目的 探讨职业性接触灭蚁药物作业人员外周血淋巴细胞染色体损伤效应的影响。方法对作业人员进行了外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变率和姐妹染色单体互换（SCE）水平的检测。并对工龄、吸烟、饮酒和体内毒物的浓度对血淋巴细胞染色体畸变率和SCE水平的影响进行统计学分析。结果随工龄的增长血淋巴细胞染色体畸变率和SCE水平增高；吸烟、饮酒能加重含砷和氯丹类灭蚁药物对血淋巴细胞染色体的损伤，使畸变率和SCE水平显著增高；体内血清氯丹含量和与染色体畸变率、SCE水平呈正相关，而尿砷含量与染色体、SCE水平无相关关系。结论职业性接触灭蚁药物对作业人员外周血淋巴细胞遗传学效应存在着不同程度的损伤。