三硝基甲苯与大鼠肝细胞大分子的共价结合及其阻断的研究

以＾１４Ｃ－ＴＮＴ与新分离的大鼠肝细胞体外连志孵育２ｈ，观察ＴＮＴ与肝细胞大分子的共价结合，并与其他肝损害指标比较。发现ＴＮＴ与肝细胞大分子共价结合随着剂量和孵育时间的增加而增加，并分别与细胞死经和ＧＳＨ含量呈正相关和负相关。     

三硝基甲苯及其代谢产物与脱氧核糖核酸的结合作用

运用吸收光谱移动法观察了三硝基甲苯（ＴＮＴ）及其代谢产物与脱氧核糖核酸（ＤＮＡ）的结合作用。结果表明：在ＴＮＴ及其代谢产物浓度一定的条件下，改变ＤＮＡ浓度，结果随着ＤＮＡ浓度的降低，ＴＮＴ及其代谢产物的最大吸收峰λｍａｘ出现短移，且吸收强度也随之增大。当ＤＮＡ浓度固定时，改变ＴＮＴ及其代谢产物浓度时，发现ＴＮＴ（１００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）、４－Ａ（５０，２５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）使ＤＮＡλｍａｘ２２８ｎｍ峰消失。提示：ＴＮＴ及其代谢产物与ＤＮＡ有不同程度的结合作用。     

三硝基甲苯及其代谢产物对大鼠肝细胞的毒性

目的观察和比较ＴＮＴ及其代谢产物（２Ａ,４Ａ,４ＨＡ,２,４－ＤＡ,２,６－ＤＡ）的细胞毒性。方法采用大鼠肝细胞原代培养的实验模型,观察和比较在不同浓度和不同作用时间下各种化合物的毒性,毒性指标以细胞中所释放的ＡＬＴ,ＡＳＴ和ＬＤＨ来表示。结果在各代谢产物中,ＴＮＴ和４ＨＡ使细胞释放ＡＬＴ,ＬＤＨ的量明显高于其他代谢产物。结论ＴＮＴ细胞毒性最大,４ＨＡ次之,两者有明显的剂量－效应和时间－效应关系,     

TNT及其代谢产物的Ames试验研究

ＴＮＴ及其代谢产物的Ａｍｅｓ试验研究李斌，吴琼，鲁明华（西安兵器工业卫生研究所，西安７１００６１）实验采用预培养平板掺入法，将ＴＮＴ、４ＨＡ（４－羟氨基－２，６．二硝基甲苯）、４－Ａ（４－氨基２，６二硝基甲苯）、２－Ａ（２－氨基－４，６二硝基甲苯）和...     

三硝基甲苯中毒性肝病的血清透明质酸,结合甘胆酸含量分析

本文对慢性病毒性肝炎、ＴＮＴ中毒性肝病患者进行了血清ＨＡ、ＣＧ的实验研究，发现中毒性肝病组ＨＡ、ＣＧ含量分别为２６７．４２μｇ／Ｌ和１６．２３μｍｏｌ／Ｌ；慢性病毒性肝炎组为７００．６２μｇ／Ｌ和３６．９７μｍｏｌ／Ｌ；正常对照组仅为８９．４７μｇ／Ｌ和３．７０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ。ＨＡ、ＣＧ诊断ＴＮＴ中毒的敏感度分别为６２．５％和７５．０％，特异变为８８．３％和７５．５％；二者结合使用可使敏感度与特异度     

矽尘接触者血脂质过氧化与微量元素铜、锌的相关分析

作者测试了１１６名矽尘接触者和８９名对照者血中脂质过氧化作用指标［丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）、过氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）］和血清铜、锌含量。结果显示，ＭＤＡ、ＳＯＤ、ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ矽尘组分别为（５．５３１±１．８７２）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ、（２３９６±４１３）μｍｏｌ／（ｍｉｎ·ｇ）、（３５．０６±８．９４）μｍｏｌ／（ｍｉｎ·ｇ），均显著高于对照组。血清铜、锌、铜／锌比值矽尘组分别为（２４．８０±６．５６）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ、（１３．１１±４．６６）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ、２．２１±０．８７，血清铜、铜／锌比值明显高于对照组，而血清锌两组无显著差异。各指标间相关分析表明，ＭＤＡ与Ｃｕ、ＭＤＡ与Ｃｕ／Ｚｎ；ＳＯＤ与Ｃｕ、ＳＯＤ与Ｃｕ／Ｚｎ以及Ｃｕ与Ｃｕ／Ｚｎ呈正相关。其他指标之间无相关关系。作者认为生物膜的脂质过氧化和铜代谢在ＳｉＯ２所致的肺纤维化的病理机制中起重要作用，是肺纤维化有意义的指标，对判断肺损伤可能具有一定的价值。     

4-氧和4-羟-四甲基哌啶氮氧自由基及衍生物对体外鼠肝谷胱甘肽影响及铁离子的络合作用

ＰＯＨ、ＨＴＭＰＯＨ。５,５－对硝基苯甲酸（ＤＴＮＢ）,谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）,碘基水杨酸（ＳＳＡ）,硫酸亚铁（ＦｅＳＯ４）均为国产分析纯。１．２方法１．２．１４－ＴＥＭＰＯ对大鼠组织匀浆ＧＳＨ含量的影响（１）大鼠组织匀浆的制备［３,４］：取大鼠肝组织用...     

三硝基甲苯对大鼠睾丸某生化功能的影响

本研究采用急性染毒方式，观察三硝基甲苯（ＴＮＴ）对大鼠睾丸某些生化功能的影响。结果表明，２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ ＴＮＴ染毒组睾丸葡萄糖－６－磷酸脱氢酶（Ｇ－６－ＰＤ），乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ），山梨醇脱氢酶（ＳＤＨ）和酸性磷酸酶（ＡＣＰ）活性下降，睾尺锌含量下降，而血清锌含量上升。１０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ ＴＮＴ染毒组睾丸Ｇ－６－ＰＤ和ＡＣＰ活性也下降，而血清锌含量升高。表明丸中Ｇ－６－ＰＤ和ＡＣＰ活性以及血清锌     

农药丙溴磷对人红细胞的毒性效应

目的：探讨农药丙溴磷对正常人红细胞的毒性效应。方法：采用Ｂｉａｌｓｃｈｅ试剂法检测红细胞膜唾液酸（ＲＢＣｍ－ＳＡ）,化学比色法测定红细胞膜Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶和全血中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）。结果：丙溴磷浓度在２×１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ时,可明显降低ＲＢＣｍ－ＳＡ含量,并呈剂量－反应关系。丙溴磷浓度在２×１０－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ时,红细胞膜Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶和全血ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ明显受抑制,其受抑制程度基本同ＲＢＣｍ－ＳＡ降低呈平行关系。结论：丙溴磷对红细胞的毒性效应与ＲＢＣｍ－ＳＡ的代谢障碍有关。     

血中DNAT作为TNT接触工人生物监测指标的初步探讨

本文主要通过测定ＴＮＴ染毒大鼠血和肝中ＴＮＴ的主要代谢产物，２，６－二硝基－４－氨基甲苯含量，血清游离胆红素水平及肝中谷胱甘肽－Ｓ－转移酶活性，分析了血中ＤＮＡＴ与外剂量及相应的效应指标之间的相关关系，并在现场作了初步验证。结果表明，血中ＤＮＡＴ含量可作为ＴＮＴ接触工人生物监测指标，本文尚时如何研究生物监测指标方法学作了初步探讨。     

Ames试验检测三硝基甲苯及其还原代谢产物的诱变性

应用Ａｍｅｓ试验检测系统观察了三硝基甲苯及其还原代谢产物４－羟氨基－２，６－二硝基甲苯（４－ＨＡ），４－氨基－２，６－二硝基甲苯（４－Ａ），２－氨基－４，６－二硝基甲苯（２－Ａ）和２，４－二氨基－６－硝基甲苯（２，４－ＤＡ）的诱变活性，实验结果显示，三硝基甲苯及其代谢产物具有明显的致突变作用，４－Ａ的直接诱变活性最强，而且移码型诱变性更为显著，在微粒体酶系统的参与下，ＴＮＴ的诱变活性增强，其代谢产     

工人尿中三硝基甲苯及五种代谢物的质谱鉴定和高效液相色谱测定

为阐明TNT对肝脏损伤的机理,搞清尿中代谢物的种类,结构及含量有着十分重要的意义。将工人尿样加酸水解使代谢物游离,用苯提取液做色谱/质谱分析。鉴定出两个-氨基二硝基甲苯(4-A,2-A);两个二氨基-硝基甲苯(2,4-DA,2,6-DA)。又用化学电离源质谱/质谱法鉴定出易分解的羟氨基二硝基甲苯(4-HA)。用高效液相色谱法测定了某化工厂9名工人尿样。其含量顺序为4-A,4-HA,2-A,2,4-DA,2,6-DA。大多数尿样未检出TNT原形。4-A浓度最大值7.7mg/L,仍低于ILO规定的生物阈限值。     

高效液相色谱法测定工人尿中三硝基甲苯及五种代谢物(二)分析方法的建立及应用

本文建立了高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定工人尿中TNT及五种代谢物的方法.TNT、4-A、2-A、2,6-DA和2,4-DA的平均回收率66.6～95.0%,变异系数在2.1～10.6%之间,最小检测限为3.0～8.1μg/L尿.本方法已用于35个接触TNT工人尿样的分析.     

Cytotoxicity and Mutagenicity of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene and Its Metabolites

Composting has been advocated and is being used as an economical method for remediating 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)-contaminated soils. However, evidence suggests that TNT is transformed into products of unknown toxicity during the process. This study was undertaken to examine thein vitrocytotoxicity and mutagenicity of TNT and several of its degradation products/metabolites. TNT was equally cytotoxic to H4IIE cells and Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO) cells (LC₅₀of 4 g/ml vs 24 μg/ml, with overlapping 95% prediction intervals), indicating that TNT does not need to be metabolized to exhibit cytotoxicity. Four metabolites studied, 4-hydroxylamino-2,6-dinitrotoluene; 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene; 4,4′,6,6′-tetranitro-2,2′-azoxytoluene; and 2,2′,6,6′-tetranitro-4,4′-azoxytoluene, were equally cytotoxic to both H4IIE and CHO cells. The LC₅₀s were in the 3- to 18-μg/ml range and were not significantly different from TNT cytotoxicity in both cell lines. 4-Amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-A) was moderately less cytotoxic than TNT to H4IIE cells, but was noncytotoxic to CHO cells. This result indicates that 4-A is metabolized to a cytotoxic compound. Both TNT and its metabolites exhibited only slight mutagenicity at high doses in one or both of the mutagenicity assays. While composting may reduce the levels of TNT in composted material, the hazard associated with TNT-contaminated soils is probably lower, but still uncertain.     

Acute toxicity of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and 2,6-dinitrotoluene in the adult bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeiana)

2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is one of the most prevalent high explosives in the environment. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT) are the most common isoforms of dinitrotoluene. The goal of this study was to determine the acute toxic effects of TNT, 2,4-DNT, and 2,6-DNT in adult male bullfrogs. The LD(50) for TNT was 1,060 mg/kg BW while the LD(50 )for 2,4-DNT and 2,6-DNT was 1,098 mg/kg BW. All three compounds elicited similar symptoms of toxicity including changes of skin color, body weight, development of seizures, liver and kidney necrosis, and lung cyanosis. Relative organ weights did not show significant change.     

Effects of chronic 2,4,6,-trinitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and 2,6-dinitrotoluene exposure on developing bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles

Chronic aqueous exposures were conducted using bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles (8 d old) exposed to TNT (0-4 mg/L), 2,4-DNT (0-4 mg/L), and 2,6-DNT (0-8 mg/L) for 90 d. Survival of tadpoles examined using Cox proportional hazard models was reduced at all concentrations tested. Percent of abnormal swimming and other morphological abnormalities after sublethal exposure to TNT, 2,4-DNT, and 2,6-DNT at 2 mg/L were also evaluated. The effects of TNT, 2,4-DNT, and 2,6-DNT on wet body mass, snout vent length (SVL), and developmental stage of surviving tadpoles were examined. Only 2,4-DNT did not have a significant effect on body mass or SVL, but all three compounds tested had significant effects on survival. Long-term continuous exposure to these compounds at concentrations of 0.25 mg/L could lead to significant changes in growth and survival of larval amphibians.     

Exposure to nitroaromatic explosives and health effects during disposal of military waste

Aims: To investigate the exposure to dinitrotoluene (DNT) and trinitrotoluene (TNT) and the resulting effects in workers which occur during the disposal of military waste.

Methods: Eighty two employees from a mechanical plant in Germany were studied, of whom 51 were regularly exposed to ammunition containing TNT and DNT, 19 occasionally, and 12 not at all.

Results: Air analyses yielded maximum concentrations of 20 µg/m³ for 2,4-DNT and 3250 µg/m³ for 2,4,6-TNT, respectively. The maximum concentrations in the urine of workers regularly exposed amounted to 5.0 µg/l of 2,4,6-TNT, 1464.0 µg/l of 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene, 6693.0 of µg/l 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene, 2.1 µg/l of 2,4-DNT, 95.0 µg/l of 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid, and 3.6 µg/l of 2,6-DNT. There was a highly significant linear correlation between the urinary concentrations of the two main metabolites of TNT, 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene. In 63 persons TNT or DNT or metabolite concentrations above the analytical detection limit were found in urine. These persons reported more frequently symptoms like bitter taste, burning eyes, and discoloration of the skin and hair than persons (n = 19) without detectable TNT and/or DNT exposure.

Conclusion: During the disposal of military waste containing relevant TNT and DNT, exposure can occur of occupational-medical relevance. Biological monitoring is suitable for the early detection of possible adverse effects at workplaces exposed to TNT. Protective measures should be improved, together with adequate occupational-medical surveillance of persons exposed to nitroaromatic explosives. Further studies are necessary to exclude possible long term effects.

     

Toxicity of explosives and related compounds to the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri NRRL-B-11177

Aqueous samples containing various explosives, their reduced metabolites, as well as related compounds were subjected to the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri NRRL-B-11177 to determine their ecotoxicological potential. As the most important parameter, the EC₅₀ values of 24 test compounds were calculated. The EC₅₀ value means the concentration of a chemical compound that is needed to reduce bacterial luminescence by 50%. According to the widely accepted classification scheme of Strupp et al. (1990) and in consideration of an incubation period of 30 min (Deutsche Einheits verfahren zur Wasser-, Abwasser-, und Schlammuntersuchung-Testverfahren mit Wasserorganismen; Gruppe L; DIN 38412, L34; DEV 1991) TNT, 26DNT, 2A6NT, 4A2NT, 34DNT, TNB, TNBA, TETRYL and HEXYL must be classified in the category very toxic to aquatic organisms; 2A46DNT, 4A26DNT, 24DA6NT, 24DNT, 2A4NT, RDX, HMX and PETN must be classified in the category toxic to aquatic organisms; and 26DA4NT, TAT, TNPh, 26DAT, 24DAT, HMT and NQ can be classified in the category less toxic to aquatic organisms. EC₅₀ values after 30, 60, and 90 min of incubation of the test compounds are presented and discussed. For many of the compounds tested in this study, there are no, or only a few, toxicological data in the literature available.Abbreviations TNT 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene - 2A46DNT 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene - 4A26DNT 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene - 24DA6NT 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene - 26DA4NT 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene - TAT 2,4,6-triaminotoluene - TNBA 2,4,6-trinitrobenzoic acid - TNPh 2,4,6-trinitrophenol; picric acid - TNB 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene - 26DNT 2,6-dinitrotoluene - 2A6NT 2-amino-6-nitrotoluene - 26DAT 2,6-diaminotoluene - 24DNT 2,4-dinitrotoluene - 2A4NT 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene - 4A2NT 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene - 24DAT 2,4-diaminotoluene - 34DNT 3,4-dinitrotoluene - RDX hexogen; cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitramine - HMX octogen;cyclo-1,3,5,7-tetramethylene-2,4,6,8-tetranitramine - HMT hexamethylenetetramine - PETN pentaerythritol tetranitrate - NQ nitroguanidine - TETRYL 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-N-methylnitramine - HEXYL 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexanitrodiphenylamine     

Potential of activated carbon to decrease 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene toxicity and accelerate soil decontamination

Activated carbon can be used to decrease 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) toxicity and promote bioremediation of highly contaminated soil. Adding activated carbon at 0.25, 0.75, and 1.0% (w/w) to Sharpsburg soil contaminated with 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg TNT/kg decreased concentrations of TNT and its transformation products in soil solution to 5 mg/L or less, resulting in low toxicity to corn plants (Zea mays L.) and soil microorganisms. As much as 50% of the added TNT was rapidly bound to the soil-activated carbon matrix. Simultaneous accumulation of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzaldehyde (TNBAld) indicated that the activated carbon promoted oxidation of TNT. Some of the TNBAld was further oxidized to 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, followed by reduction to 3,5-dinitroaniline. Reversibly bound TNT was gradually transformed to 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene, and both were bound to the soil-activated carbon matrix. The transformation and binding of TNT to soil were further promoted by incorporating shredded corn plants after growing for 52 d in the activated carbon-amended soil. After 120 d, these amendments reduced extractable TNT and transformation products by 91% in soil containing 2,000 mg TNT/kg, compared to 55% in unamended soil. These results demonstrate the potential use of activated carbon in combination with plants to promote in situ bioremediation of soils highly contaminated with explosives.