应变率成像评价不同左心室构型原发性高血压患者右心室局部功能

目的 探讨应变率成像技术检测不同左室构型原发性高血压(HBP)患者右室收缩、舒张功能的应用价值.方法 HBP患者38例,根据左室质量指数(LVMI)和相对室壁厚度(RWT)值分为左室正常构型(LVN)组和左室重构(LVR)组,对照组23例.获取各受试者心尖四腔观清晰组织速度成像(TVI)图存盘供脱机分析.测量三尖瓣环处心肌收缩期峰值运动速度(Vs)、舒张早期峰值运动速度(Ve)、舒张晚期峰值运动速度(Va),计算Ve/Va;右室游离壁中部心内膜下心肌收缩期峰值应变(Ss)、收缩期峰值应变率(SRs)、舒张早期峰值应变率(SRe)、舒张晚期峰值应变率(SRa),计算SRe/SRa.结果 与对照组比较,高血压LVN组患者三尖瓣环Vs和Ve差异无统计学意义,Ve/Va减低;与对照组及高血压LVN组比较,高血压LVR组患者Vs差异无统计学意义,Ve、Ve/Va均显著减低;与对照组比较,高血压LVN组、LVR组患者右室游离壁中部心内膜下心肌SRs差异无统计学意义,Ss、SRe、SRe/SRa均显著减低;与高血压LVN组比较,高血压LVR组患者SRs差异无统计学意义,Ss、SRe、SRe/SRa均显著减低.结论 HBP患者无论左室构型有无变化,其右室局部收缩、舒张功能已受损,应变率成像技术能准确评价其右室局部功能.     

应变率成像评价2型糖尿病患者左室局部功能早期损害的临床研究

目的探讨应变率成像技术评价2型糖尿病患者左室局部功能早期损害的临床价值。方法选取左室构型正常的2型糖尿病患者（糖尿病组）20例,健康者20例为对照组。应用常规超声心动图测量二尖瓣口舒张期血流E峰、A峰,计算E／A,应变率成像技术测量左室长轴方向18节段的心肌收缩期峰值应变率（SRs）、舒张早期峰值应变率（SRe）和舒张晚期峰值应变率（SRa）,并计算SRe／SRa,比较两组各参数的差异。结果糖尿病组E峰、E／A低于对照组,A峰高于对照组,糖尿病组各节段室壁运动收缩期SRs低于对照组,糖尿病组舒张期SRe、SRa和SRe／SRa均低于对照组（均P〈0．05）。结论应变率成像技术可以定量评价糖尿病患者的左室局部心肌应变率异常,SRs可以作为评价左室局部收缩功能的有效指标,SRe、SRa和SRe／SRa可以作为评价左室局部舒张功能的有效指标。     

应变率成像对不同左室构型高血压患者左房收缩功能的研究

目的探讨应变率成像评价不同左室构型的原发性高血压患者左房收缩功能的价值。方法获取25例正常人和45例高血压患者（包括左室构型正常组25例和左室肥厚组20例）四腔观、三腔观和二腔观应变率显像,测量左房前壁、下壁、后壁、侧壁和房间隔的心房收缩期左房应变率（SRa）,采用M-型、二维超声和多普勒技术测量高血压患者左室几何构型,测量二尖瓣频谱A峰流速（VA）、A峰速度时间积分（A-VTI）、左房射血力（AEF）及左房缩短分数（LAFS）。结果高血压各组LAFS、AEF及左房SRa均高于正常组,而A、E/A和A-VTI仅在正常组与左室肥厚组间有显著性差异,在正常组与左室构型正常组间无显著性差异;左房SRa与LAFS及AEF相关性良好（相关系数分别为0.83和0.78,P〈0.05）。结论应变率成像能早期准确、无创评价原发性高血压左房收缩功能。     

应变率成像评价糖尿病患者右室舒缩功能

目的 探讨应变率成像评价亚临床状态的糖尿病患者右室功能的价值.方法 糖尿病患者30例、糖尿病合并高血压患者30例、健康对照组30例,应用应变率成像技术及二维超声心动图检测其右室功能.结果 糖尿病组及糖尿病合并高血压病组右室游离壁基底段、心尖段收缩期峰值应变率（SRs）、舒张早期应变率（SRe）、舒张早期应变率/舒张晚期应变率（SRe/SRa）较对照组减低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.糖尿病组右室游离壁基底段、心尖段SRs、SRe、SRe/SRa与糖尿病合并高血压病组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.各组之间右室射血分数、三尖瓣血流舒张早期峰值速度/舒张晚期峰值速度差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.结论 应变率成像可无创性定量评估糖尿病患者右室舒缩功能,为亚临床状态的糖尿病患者右室功能的评估提供了一种可靠方法.     

超声评价原发性高血压患者右室舒缩功能

目的观察组织速度成像（QTVI）与应变率成像（SRI）技术在监测原发性高血压患者右室功能中的价值。方法原发性高血压患者98例,分为正常构型组（Ⅰ组）、向心性重构组（Ⅱ组）、向心性肥厚组（Ⅲ组）、离心性肥厚组（Ⅳ组）;对照组33例。测量各组三尖瓣环收缩期峰值运动速度（Vs）、舒张早期峰值运动速度（Ve）、舒张晚期峰值运动速度（Va）及Ve／Va;测量右室游离壁中部收缩期峰值应变率（SRs）、舒张早期峰值应变率（SRe）、舒张晚期峰值应变率（SRa）及SRe／SRa。结果与对照组比较,高血压Ⅰ组患者Ve／Va显著减低;与对照组及高血压Ⅰ组比较,高血压Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组Ve、Ve／Va均显著减低;与Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组比较,Ⅳ组患者Ve、Ve／Va均显著减低。与对照组比较,高血压各组SRe、SRe／SRa均显著减低;与高血压Ⅰ组比较,高血压Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组患者SRe、SRe／SRa均显著减低;与Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组比较,Ⅳ组患者SRe、SRe／SRa均显著减低。结论高血压患者右室收缩功能受损不明显,无论有无左室构型变化其右室舒张功能已受损,尤以高血压第Ⅳ组舒张功能受损最为严重。     

应变率成像评价高通量血液透析对尿毒症患者左室局部功能的影响

目的探讨高通量血液透析（HFHD）对尿毒症患者左室局部舒缩功能的影响。方法选取30例尿毒症患者,分别于HFHD治疗前及治疗后6个月应变率成像测量其左室局部应变率参数：室间隔、侧壁、下壁、前壁的基底段及中间段的收缩期峰值应变率（SRs）、舒张早期应变率（SRe）、舒张晚期应变率（SRa）,计算SRe／SRa。结果治疗后各室壁节段的SRs、SRe及SRe／SRa均较HFHD治疗前增高,SRa较治疗前减低,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论HFHD能够改善尿毒症患者左室局部舒缩功能,应变率成像可敏感反映HFHD治疗前后左室局部舒缩功能的变化。     

应变率成像技术评价胸部放疗部位与心脏早期损伤的关系

目的采用应变率成像技术（SRI）分析胸部放疗部位与心脏早期损伤的关系,评价其在心脏损伤方面的临床应用价值。方法60例接受胸部放疗的肿瘤患者分为A组（经前胸照射）和B组（经前胸、后背对穿照射）。放疗前后对两组分别进行常规超声心动图测量和SRI参数测定。结果放疗后与放疗前比较,A组左心室前壁、前间隔的收缩期最大应变率（SRs）、舒张早期最大应变率（SRe）明显减低（P〈0．01）;B组左心室前壁、前间隔、后壁的SRs、SRe减低（P〈0．05）;A组、B组左室舒张功能（E／A）减低（P〈0．01）;放疗后A组左心室前壁、前间隔的SRs、SRe较B组减低（P〈0．05）,B组后壁的SRs、SRe较A组明显减低（P〈0．01）。结论放射线直接照射部位心肌功能较易受到损伤,应变率成像技术可定量分析胸部放疗患者心脏的早期损伤。     

二维斑点追踪成像评价蒽环类抗肿瘤药对乳腺癌患者左房功能的影响

目的探讨二维斑点追踪成像(STI)评价蒽环类抗肿瘤药(ATC)对乳腺癌左房功能的影响。方法 40例乳腺癌患者术后行化疗为化疗组,30例乳腺癌患者术后未化疗为对照组。应用Simpson法在心尖双平面测量左房最小容积(LAVmin)、最大容积(LAVmax)及P容积(LAVp),计算左房总排空分数(LATEF)、被动射血分数(LAPEF)及主动射血分数(LAAEF)。应用STI于心尖四腔心切面测量左房收缩期峰值应变率(SRs)、舒张早期峰值应变率(SRe)、舒张晚期峰值应变率(SRa),并计算其平均峰值(m SRs、m SRe、m SRa)。结果化疗组LATEF、LAPEF、LAAEF、m SRs、m SRe、m SRa较对照组均减低(均P0.05)。两组LATEF与m SRs、LAPEF与m SRe、LAAEF与m SRa均呈正相关(r分别为0.859、0.866、0.882,P0.001)。结论使用ATC乳腺癌患者左房功能发生改变,表现为储备功能、管道功能及泵功能减低。STI与左房容积指标有良好的相关性,能够准确评价左房功能。     

应变率成像与定量组织速度成像技术评价高血压病左室舒张功能

目的探讨应变率成像与定量组织速度成像技术评价高血压病左室舒张功能的临床价值。方法采用脉冲多普勒、应变率成像与定量组织速度成像技术检测了30例高血压病患者和30例正常人的二尖瓣口舒张期血流频谱、左室基底部和中部(左室前壁、下壁、前间隔、后壁、后间隔和侧壁)心内膜下心肌层的应变率曲线以及二尖瓣环间隔、侧壁、前壁、下壁四个位置的舒张早期运动峰值速度Ea波与舒张晚期运动峰值速度Aa波。结果高血压病组的E/A与正常对照组比较降低(P<0.05),而左室舒张早期与舒张晚期峰值应变率比值(SRe/SRa)及Ea/Aa与正常对照组比较显著降低(P<0.01)。两组的Ea/Aa与E/A呈显著正相关(高血压病组:r=0.712,P<0.01;正常对照组:r=0.748,P<0.01);两组的SRe/SRa与E/A也呈显著正相关(高血压病组:r=0.805,P<0.01;正常对照组:r=0.769,P<0.01)。结论Ea/Aa、SRe/SRa比E/A能更敏感反映高血压病患者的左室舒张功能状况。     

应变率成像评价表阿霉素复合药物心脏毒性对左室心肌局部心功能影响的研究

目的探讨应变率成像技术评价乳腺癌术后患者表阿霉素复合药物心脏毒性对左室心肌局部收缩及舒张功能影响价值。 方法133例乳腺癌患者分为3组：A组45例，给予表阿霉素总剂量180～240mg／m^2；B组48例，给予表阿霉素总剂量≥360mg／m^2；C组为对照组，40例，未给予化疗。对3组患者心脏进行常规超声测量及心肌各节段SR参数测定，包括：收缩期峰值（SRs）、舒张早期峰值（SRe）、舒张晚期峰值（SRa）等。 结果A组与C组间各参数无显著性差异（P〉0．05）；B组与C组间常规超声参数（E／A除外）、收缩期SR（SRs）无显著性差异（P〉0．05），B组参数E／A、舒张早期SR（SRe）、舒张晚期SR（SRa）显著减低，与C组有显著性差异（P〈0．01）；A组的SRe、SRa与B组有显著性差异（P〈0．01），余参数无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。 结论应变率成像可以准确评价乳腺癌术后患者表阿霉素复合药物心脏毒性对左室心肌局部收缩及舒张功能变化。     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

经颅黑质超声诊断帕金森病的临床评价

目的 通过对帕金森病患者及正常对照组进行经颅超声(transcranial sonography,TCS)检查,结合帕金森病患者的Hoehn Yahr（H Y）分级及帕金森病统一评分量表评分结果,了解我国大陆地区帕金森病患者有无黑质(substantia nigra, SN)回声增强表现。方法 对入选对象进行TCS检查,并对检查结果进行评价。结果 帕金森病患者 SN阳性率明显高于正常对照者（P＜0.05）。帕金森病SN异常组 H Y 分期明显高于帕金森病SN正常组(P＜0.05),表明帕金森病患者SN高回声面积与H Y分期相关。TCS检查对帕金森病的敏感性为80.5%,特异性为79.9%。结论 我国帕金森病患者SN强回声检出率显著高于对照组,说明我国帕金森病患者也存在SN回声增强这一现象,与国内外报道相一致。TCS检查对帕金森病的诊断具有一定的意义,敏感性及特异性较高。