ROLE OF COLPOSCOPY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF HUMAN PAPI- LLOMAVIRUS INFECTION OF THE UTERINE CERVIX

Among 6706 women screened by cytology, only 9 (0.13%) showed evidence of human pppillomavirus infection (HPVI). In 133 women examined by colposcopy for abnormal cytology or/ and suspected lestions on the cervix, 41.(30. 8%) showed subclinical papillomavirus infection (SPI), while 17. 4% and 5. 3% showed HPVI by histopathology and cytology, respectively. The conformation rate between colposcopy and pathology was 69. 6%. Sixty-nine specimens out of 133 colposcopy piled biopaies were assayed by HPV-DNA dot hybridization with 6B/11, 16, 18 probes to detect the presence of HPV-DNA In the cervical specimens. Thirty-nine (56.5%) gave a positive result. The colposcopic predictive value of positive result for HPVI was 76.7%. The difference between colposcopy (59%) and pathology (20. 5%) is statistically significant (P<0. 01). These results suggest that colposcopy is superior to cytology and hjstopathology for the detection of SPI in the cervix. In colposcopy HPV-DNA positive women, aceto while epithelium was mos     

CAMPYLOBACTER-PYLORIDIS INFECTION OF GASTRIC MUCOSA IN THE HIGH AND LOW RISK AREAS OF STOMACH CANCER IN CHINA

Gastric biopsies in 690 subjects from the high and low risk areas of gastric cancer were examined for identification of Cp in the gastric mucosa by Warthin-Starry, Gimenez and Gram' s stains. The result showed that the positive rate was 60-62% in the high risk area whereas it was only 12. 6% in the low risk area in Liaoning province. 80-92% of the positive subjects had active chronic gastritis including chronic superficial and atrophic gastritis. The result Indicates a close correlation between the active chronic gastritis and Cp infection. Therefore, control of the Cp Infection in the gastric mucosa is very important for lowering the incidence of chronic gastritis, a well known precursor of gastric cancer.     

Relationship between Microsatellite Alterations of RASSF1A Gene and Development of Cervical Carcinoma

Objective： To explore the relationship between microsatellite alterations of RASSFIA gene and the development of cervical carcinoma, and its relationship with HPV16 infection. Methods： Two sites of microsatellite polymorphism of RASSFIA gene were selected. Polymerase chain reaction （PCR） technique was used to detect LOH and MSI in 50 cases of cervical carcinoma and 40 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia （CIN）, and to detect the infection state of HPV16. Results： At D3S1478 and D3S4604, the LOH rates of cervical carcinomas were 32.6% （14/43） and 48.9% （23/47）, the MSI rates were 14% （6/43） and 19.1% （9/47）, respectively. The LOH rates of CINs were 31.4% （11/35） and 39.5% （15/38）, the MSI rates were 11.4% （4/35） and 15.8% （6/38）, respectively. There were no significant differences between cervical carcinomas and CINs in respect to their positive rates of LOH and MSI at D3S1478 and D3S4604 （P〉0.05）. There were significant differences in LOH rates at D3S1478 and D3S4604 between the stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ and Ⅲ-Ⅳ cervical carcinomas and between the well/moderately differentiated cervical carcinomas and the poorly differentiated cervical carcinomas （P〈0.05）. The positive rates of LOH and MSI for CIN Ⅲ and noninvasive cervical carcinomas were higher than those in CIN Ⅰ-Ⅱ. The rates of infection of HPV16 in cervical cancer was obviously higher than that in CIN and in normal cervical tissues （P〈0.05）, and the incidence of LOH of RASSFIA gene was higher in HPV16（＋） than that in HPV16（-） （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： The RASSFIA gene change is a relatively late event in cervical carcinomas. The detection of LOH and MSI of RASSFIA gene might be helpful to the early diagnosis and the screening of cervical carcinoma. It might also be useful for predicting the prognosis of cervical carcinoma.     

64DP IN THE NUCLEUS OF HUMAN HEPATOCYTE

It is reported that 64DP is a tumor-related human serum DNA binding protein. The significance of its existence in serum and the mechanism of its level changing during malignant and other diseases remain unknown. 64DP in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatitis B, and normal livers was studied with immuno- histochemistry technique (PAP). While 12/20 HCC were positive for 64DP in the cytoplasm, the positive staining were only showed in the nuclei of most of the hepatitis B and normal livers. Auto-radiography of immobilized human chromatin with 125I-antibody against 64DP proved the existence of 64DP in chromatin. Incorporation of 3H- TdR in cultivated mouse fibroblasts showed that 64DP could inhibit cellular DNA synthesis with the inhibition rate over 30%. These results suggested that 64DP might be an inhibitory DNA binding protein, playing its physiological function in the nucleus.     

THE HBx PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN LIVER CANCER

The expression of HBx protein in liver tissues from 48 cases of different liver diseases, Including 32 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 10 of chronic hepatitis (CH), 2 of angioma and 4 cases of normal liver was studied. These samples were tested for HBx protein, HBsAg by modified ABC method. Positive rates of HBx in cancer and adjacent Uver tissue were 75. 0% and 62. 5%, and positive rates of HBsAg were 37.5% and 78.1% respectively. The occurence of HBx in the absence of HBsAg was more frequently observed in tissues from HCC (46.9%) man CH (0%). The results showed mat expression of HBx was more active than that of HBsAg, and it Is suggested that HBx might be a useful marker for the diagnosis of liver cancer.     

DETECTION OF HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS L1 -16 AND -18 DNA AND EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS DNA IN LARYNGEAL CARCINOMA

Objective: To look for the further evidence for HPV LI HPVI6 E6, HPV 18 E6 and EBV as carcinogenic factors in laryngeal carcinoma. Method: we examined representative numbers of specimens from laryngeal cancer with highly sensitive PCR technique for the presence ofHPV LI and high-risk types HPV16 E6, HPV18 E6 and EBV LMPI. Results: Using PCRdetection, 7.3% samples were HPV LI positive, 52.03% were HPV16 E6 positive, 30.89% were HPV18 E6 positive and 9.13% were EBV LMPI positive. The low incidence of HPV L1 and high incidence of HPV-16 E6 and HPVI8 E6 genes suggest that HPV might be integrated into tumor cells. Our results support a role of HPV-16 and HPV-18 infection in the pathogenesis of laryngeal carcinoma in China. Conclusion: Integration of E6 into host genome and stable expression of these genes may be associated with the carcinogenesis of laryngeal carcinoma. HPV-16 and HPV-18 may synergistically function on the pathogenesis of laryngeal carcinoma. Our results suggest an association of laryngeal carcinogenesis and infection with the high-risk HPV types 16, HPV 18 and EBV.     

ASSAY OF S100 LANGERHANS' CELLS IN CERVICAL CARCINOMA

Langerhans cells (LCs) in the normal cervix (control, 19 cases), cervical carcinoma in situ( CIS, 19 cases) and invasive cervical carcinoma (30 cases), interdigitatlng cells (IDCs) and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in obturator lymph node draining Invasive cervical carcinoma were quantitatively assessed by ABC immunohistochemical staining using anti-S100 protein antibody. The results indicated that S100 LCs in sltu, S100 IDCs and S100 FDCs In obturator lymph node showed dendritic features with a specific distribution. Number of LCs in situ in Invasive carcinoma increased significantly when compared with CIS and control groups. There was no change in LCs number between grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ of squemous cell carcinoma. Number of IDCs was significantly less in stage Ⅱ than in stage Ⅰ . FDCs number In different Invasive depthes and clinical stages showed no obvious change. The results suggest that progression of cervical carcinoma is closely related to decrease of LCs hi situ and IDCs in regional lymph n     

DETECTION OF CANCER-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN IN FECES USING MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF COLON CARCINOMA

Monoclonal antibodies against colon and pancreatic cancer, CL-2, CL-3, PS-9, PS-10, were used to detect the associated antigens in feces of patients with gastrointestinal carcinoma and non-cancer diseases. Binding inhibition test by SABC-ELISA method were performed for the measurement of the antigen level. Results showed that the associated antigen detected in feces of patients with colon cancer were significantly higher than that of non-cancer disease or normal subjects. The positive rates were 61.1% as detected with CL-2; 53.4% with CL-3; 55.0%, PS-9; and 53.3% PS-10 in cancer patients while that in normal subjects were 7%; 9%; 8%; and 8% respectively. When 'cocktail' of CL-2, PS-9 and PS-10 were used, the positive rates were 92.5% in colon cancer and 14% in normal subjects. In seven out of the sixty patients with colon cancer studied who were graded as Dukes A, the results were all positive. The results seem superior to the serologic detection and may provide a promising new approach in the early dia     

IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF ENTEROCHROMAFFIN CELLS IN CARCINOMAS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE

In a series of 130 cases of adenocarcinomas of the large intestine, enterochromaffin (EC) cells were detected in 54 cases (41.3%) by limmunocytochemistry with anti-chromogranin monoclonal antibody. Among the 54 cases, 30 were found positive for serotonin, 14 for somatostatin, 11 for glucagon, 5 for pancreatic polypeptide, and only one for gastrin. The cases with EC cell ( ) or polypeptide positive cells exhibited higher grade of differentiation, earlier stage of tumor extension and higher survival rate than those without EC cells. A significant difference of the EC cell population pattern among different histological grades of the tumors and non-neoplastic mucosa was found. The proportion of hormone, especially polypeptied positive cells was the highest in the mucosa and lowest in the moderately or poorly-differentiated carcinomas. The incidence, methodology and clinicopathological significance of EC cells found in the tumors are discussed.     

The Preliminary Study on Relationship between HPV－associated Cervical Cancer and p53 Codon 72 Polymorphism in Sichuan Province

Objective: To study the relationship between HPV-associated cervical cancer and p53 codon 72 polymorphism in Sichuan Province. Methods: Three groups of women were studied: 30 women for normal control; 30 women with ovarian cancer; 50 women with cervical cancer. DNA from peripheral blood samples and from pathologic tissue sections was examined by PCR with allele-specific primers. Results:The proportions of individuals homozygons for the arginine allele, homozygous for the proline allele and heterozygous for the two alleles were 33.3%, 6.7% and 60% respectively among normal women; 40%, 6.7% and 53.3% in women with ovarian cancer respectively; 80%, 6% and 14% in women with cervical cancer respectively. X2 analysis showed significant differences in the proportions. Conclusion: In this population,individuals homozygons for the arginine variant of codon 72 of the p53 gene were at increased risk of cervical cancer.     

Aberrant Expression of Notch1 in Cervical Cancer

OBJECTIVE To investigate the putative role of the Notch1 receptor in cervical cancer carcinogenesis and progression. METHODS The expression of the Notch1 protein was analyzed by a Western-blotting approach in 40 cervical cancer and 30 normal cervical tissues. Some tissues were examined using RT-PCR to determine mRNA levels. Celluar localization of the Notch1 protein in the paraffin-embedded cervical tissues was also analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The Notch1 protein was detected in all 30 normal cervical tissues. In contrast, only 6 samples of 40 cervical cancer tissues showed Notch1 expression. The level of the Notch1 protein expression was significantly lower in cervical cancer tissues than that in normal tissue samples. In agreement with these observations, levels of Notch1 mRNA were found to be substantially down-regulated in cervical cancer tissues. In the immunohistochemistry staining assay, the Notch1 protein was shown to localize predominantly in the cytoplasm and nucleoli of the normal cervical squamous epithelium of the cervix, but no staining was observed in the cervical cancer cells. Notch1 expression was observed to correlate with the clinical disease stage, but there were no correlations with age, tumor size, grade or lymph node metastasis （P〉0.05）. The levels of Notch1 protein expression were significantly higher in early stages （Ⅰ-Ⅱa, 66.7%） compared to those in the advanced stages （Ⅱb～Ⅳ,12.6%）（P=0.001）. CONCLUSION Notch1 may play a role as a tumor suppressor in cervical tumorigenesis. Determination of Notch1 expression may be helpful for preoperative diagnosis and accuracy of staging. But its clinical use for cervical cancer requires further investigation.     

NF-rBp50、p53、Bcl-2在宫颈癌组织中的表达及其与人乳头瘤病毒感染的关系

Objective： To explore the relationship between expressions of NF-κBp50, p53 and Bcl-2 in tissue of cervical cancer and human papillomavirus （HPV） infection. Methods： The expressions of NF-κBp50, p53 and Bcl-2 were detected using immuohistochemical staining in 46 specimens of cervical cancer and 26 specimens of normal cervical tissue. The infection of HPV DNA were determined by PCR. Results： The expressions of NF-κBp50, p53 and Bcl-2 in tissue of cervical cancer were significantly higher than that in normal cervical tissue （P〈0.01）, and the expressions of NF-κBp50 and p53 or Bcl-2 were closely related （P〈0.05）. The expression of NF-κBp50 in HPV DNA positive group was significantly higher than that in HPV negative group （P〈0.05）, but there were no significantly differences in the expressions of p53 and Bcl-2 between HPV DNA positive group and HPV negative group （P〉0.05）. Conclusion： The expressions of NF-κBp50, p53 and Bcl-2 were significantly correlated with cervical carcinogenesis. NF-κBp50 may be activated by HPV infection.     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INVASION OF PARAPHARYNGEAL SPACES AND THE INVOLVEMENT OF CERVICAL NODES AND POSTERIOR GROUP CRANIAL NERVES IN NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA

Two hundred cates of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) admitted to this department from Feb. 1985 to May. 1988 were analysed according to the CT scanning and clinical findings of the primary lesions prior to radiotherapy. The results showed that involvement of parapharyngeal space was very common in NPC, about 80% (160/200 cases) ; particularly unilateral or bilateral retro-styloid spaces, about 69.5% (139/200 cases). It was proposed that patients with NPC had a high Incidence of ipsilateral cervical node metastasis. Contralateral cervical node metastasis was rare. The development of cervical node metastasto in NPC has two modes: one Is direct Infiltration of the retro-stylold space by the lesion; the other Is along the nasopharyngeal lymphatic rete. The data also showed that patients with NPC who presented symptoms of Ⅸ- Ⅲ cranial nerve paralyses always had ipsilateral or bilateral retro- styloid space Infiltrations.     

THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF FLOW CYTOMETRIC DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID MEASUREMENT OF DEPARA-FFINIZED SPECIMEN IN BLADDER TUMOR

A retrospective study of flow cytometric measurements on paraffin-embedded tumor specimens from 188 patients with bladder tumor was conducted. The results were analyzed in combination with the morphological variation of bladder tumors. It was found that the DNA ploid pottern, degree of infiltration and the multiplicity of bladder tumor were closely related with tumor recurrence, among which the DNA ploid pattern was most significant. In aneuploid bladder tumors the recurrent rate and mean annual recurrence frequency were 76.7% and 1.46, and those in the diploid bladder tumors were 18.7% and 0.33 respectively. Aneuploid was the most indicative parameter of the recurrence in bladder tumors. In addition, according to the DNA ploid pattern and DNA index (DI), the aneuploid tumors in our group were divided into 4 types, namely, tetraploid tumors, npn-euploid with DI(?)1.5, non-euploid tumors with DI>1.5 and two-aneuploid tumors. The results showed that the recurrent rate of tetraploid tumors was relatively l     

Correlation between load of HPV 16 DNA in cervical cancer and HPV 16 DNA in lymph nodes

OBJECTIVE To determine the association between viral load of human papillomavirus 16 （HPV16） DNA in the primary focus of cervical carcinoma and HPV16 DNA in pelvic lymph nodes. METHODS The HPV16 DNA load was measured by fluorescent quantitation polymerase chain reaction （FQ-PCR） in 17 primary foci. HPV16 DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction （PCR） using HPV16 type-specific primers in 296 pelvic lymph nodes which were from 17 cases of cervical cancer. RESULTS The viral load of HPV16 DNA showed statistically significant differences between tumors with a diameter of 〈 4 cm and ≥ 4 cm （P 〈 0.05）. Seven of 17 cervical cancer cases had HPV16 DNA positive lymph nodes, designated as the positive group, while the remaining 10 without positive lymph nodes was designated the negative group. The average load of HPV16 DNA showed no significant difference between the 2 groups （P 〉 0.05）. The load of HPV16 in the primary lesion was not associated with that in the lymph nodes. There were 38 HPV16 DNA positive nodes in the total 296 nodes. The rate of positivity of HPV16 DNA in lymph nodes showed statistically significant differences in consideration of maximum tumor diameter, tumor differentiation, histologic type, depth of myometial infiltration and the metastatic status of the nodes, respectively （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION Viral load of HPV16 in the primary cancer focus correlated with the quantity of tumor cells in the primary focus but not with the existence of HPV DNA positive lymph nodes. Detection of HPV DNA may help to find the early metastases that cannot be evaluated histopathologically, but the prognostic value of HPV positive lymph nodes needs further examination.     

EFFECT OF ANTITUMOR DRUGS ON THE ACTIVITY OF DNA TOPOISOMERASE I

The activity of DNA topoisomerase Ⅱ prepared from either normal or tumor tissues were compared. It was found that the unknotting activity of the enzyme in malignant tumor cells was higher than that in normal cells. We selected some antitumor drugs including Chinese traditional medicine, and observed their effects on the unknotting activity of topoisomerase Ⅱ. The results showed that inhibition of the unknotting activity of the enzyme required very low concentrations of drugs, but much higher concentrations were required for other tested. Some antitumor drugs had no effect on the enzyme were also proved. It is interesting that carrageenan, an antiviral drug, strongly blocked the unknotting activity although its antitumor activity has not been reported.     

Detecting plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA to diagnose postradiation nasopharyngeal skull base lesions in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients: a prospective study

The diagnosis of postradiation nasopharyngeal skull base lesions in petients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC) is still a tough problem in clinical practice.An early and accurate diagnosis is important for subsequent management.We prospectively evaluated the diagnostic value of plasma Epstein-Barr virus(EBV) DNA in detecting postradiation nasopharyngeal skull base lesions in NPC patients.From July 2006 to September 2010,90 patients with postradiation NPC(34 women and 56 men;median age:42 years) met the selection criteria and were recruited in this study.All postradiation nasopharyngeal skull base lesions were found in the latest magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) examinations before endoscopic surgery,and the nasopharyngeal cavity was normal under flexible nasopharyngoscopy.Plasma EBV DNA detection was performed within 2 weeks before endoscopic surgery.A total of 90 endoscopic operations were successfully performed without any postoperative complications.Recurrences confirmed by postoperative pathology were found in 30 patients.The specificity,positive and negative predictive values of plasma EBV DNA detection were better than those of MRI.In addition,combining plasma EBV DNA detection with MRI improved the specificity and positive predictive values of MRI.Plasma EBV DNA detection followed by MRI would help to diagnose recurrence whereas MRI was unable.These results indicate that plasma EBV DNA is an effective and feasible biomarker for detecting postradiation nasopharyngeal skull base lesions in NPC patients.     

Detection of human papillomaviral infection on Kazakh patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Xinjiang

OBJECTIVE To investigate the detection rate of human papilloma virus （HPV） DNA in the Kazakh esophageal carcinoma （EC） patients of Xinjiang. METHODS We detected the prevalence of a HPV gene in tumor tissues from 318 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma （ESCC）. Tumor tissues were kept in formalin and embedded in paraffin. One hundred seventeen samples used crude cell suspension, while the other 201 used the method of DNA extraction with phenol- Tris/chloroform. We analyzed the relevance to EC of Kazakh＇s in Xinjiang. RESULTS In the ESCC samples of Kazakh＇s in Xinjiang, total detection rate for HPV DNA was 64.5% （205/318）. The positive rate of HPV in group of crude cell suspensions was 82.9% （97/117） compared with the rate of 53.7% （108/201） in the group of DNA extraction. The results in the two groups showed significant diffference （X^2 = 5.711, P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION HPV DNA infection may be one of the most important factors related to EC of Kazakh＇s in Xinjiang.     

STUDIES ON NUTRITION AND PRECANCEROUS LESIONS OF THE ESOPHAGUS IN THE ADOLESCENTS

This paper reports the prevalence of chronic esophagitis and nutritional status among 538 young persons aged 15 to 26 years from the high risk area for esophageal cancer. Of these subjects, 166 were from households with history of esophageal cancer and 372 were from households without history of esophageal cancer. The Incidences of chronic esophagltis among male and female adolescents were 37. 6% and 36% respectively, which was significantly higher than those in the low risk area (17%). The frequency of chronic esophagltis in the adolescents in the households with history of esophageal cancer was aiso higher than in those In the households without history of esophageal cancer. The deficiencies of vitamins, especially of riboflavin and ascorbate, are prevalent and severe among these adolescents. Ascorbate deficiency Is correlated with the severity of the chronic esophagltis. These results indicate that chronic esophagltis may be involved in the natural history of esophageal carclnogenesis. Nutrient defic