内脏伤害性刺激后Fos在大鼠脑内NOS阳性神经元内的表达

目的：观察一氧化氮合酶(NOS)阳性神经元在内脏伤害性信息传递通路上的分布。方法：给予大鼠内脏伤害性刺激后，采用Fos免疫组织化学(ABC法)和还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶(NADPH-d)组织化学双重染色的方法，观察脑内NOS和Fos阳性神经元的分布。结果：脑内Fos／NOS双标阳性神经元主要分布在孤束核，中缝背核，丘脑室旁核，下丘脑室旁核、室周核、背内侧核，中脑导水管周围灰质腹外侧部、背外侧部，臂旁内侧核，内侧缰核，杏仁复合体内侧部等部位。结论：NO是内脏伤害性信息传递和调控通路上的神经递质之一。     

去窦弓神经后大鼠臂旁核亚核内Fos和NADPH-d的分布

目的探讨大鼠臂旁核神经型一氧化氮合酶是否参与减压反射的调节。方法用Fos蛋白免疫组织化学结合还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶(NADPH-d)组织化学双重染色的方法,观察去窦弓神经后Fos和NADPH-d在臂旁核各亚核内的分布情况。结果与假手术组和正常对照组相比,臂旁外侧核外亚核、内侧核外亚核和K-F核内Fos免疫阳性反应明显增强。在这些Fos阳性神经元的表面通常可见NADPH-d阳性纤维终末分布,但偶见Fos和NADPH-d双标神经元。结论臂旁外侧核外亚核、内侧核外亚核和K-F核内部分神经元可被去窦弓神经术特异性激活;一氧化氮可能主要通过突触前机制参与此刺激的传递过程。     

脊髓横断伤后Fos在脑内与内脏和心血管相关核团中的表达

目的为阐明急性脊髓损伤对内脏及心血管活动的影响机制提供形态学资料。方法脊髓T4节段横断术后3h,用免疫组织化学方法观察脑与脊髓内脏和心血管相关核团内Fos表达。结果T4水平损伤3h后,中央杏仁核、下丘脑室旁核、中缝背核、导水管周围灰质、臂旁核、蓝斑、孤束核、延髓腹外侧网状核与脊髓中间带外侧核等核团中Fos阳性神经元数目较假手术组显著增加(P<0.01)。结论急性脊髓损伤可引起中枢神经系统的内脏和心血管相关核团内神经元产生特异性反应,但反应的机制不同。     

大鼠延髓背角内GABA或甘氨酸免疫阳性终末与Fos阳性投射神经元的联系

目的　观察大鼠延髓背角 (MDH)内向丘脑或臂旁核投射的Fos阳性神经元与γ 氨基丁酸 (GABA)或甘氨酸 (Gly)阳性终末的联系。　方法　四甲基罗达明 (TMR)逆行追踪结合TMR、Fos、GABA或Gly的免疫荧光三重染色技术。　结果　GABA或Gly阳性终末主要分布于延髓背角浅层 (Ⅰ、Ⅱ层 ) ;给予面口部痛刺激后 ,Fos阳性神经元也主要分布于浅层 ;TMR注入一侧丘脑或臂旁核 ,逆标神经元分别主要见于对侧或同侧MDH的浅层 ;部分逆标神经元呈Fos阳性 ;GABA或Gly阳性终末与Fos阳性投射神经元形成密切接触。　结论　MDH内感受面口部伤害性刺激信息的部分神经元向丘脑或臂旁核投射 ,GABA或Gly可能对这些伤害性感受神经元发挥抑制作用。     

大鼠孤束核内传递内脏伤害性信息的儿茶酚胺能神经元向臂旁核的投射

应用四甲基罗达明 ( TMR)逆行追踪结合胃肠道福尔马林溶液刺激和免疫荧光技术 ,在激光扫描共聚焦显微镜下对孤束核内向臂旁核投射的表达 FOS的儿茶酚胺能神经元进行了观察。将 TMR注入一侧外侧臂旁核后 ,孤束核尾段的背内侧、胶质、内侧、小细胞、中间内侧等亚核和连合亚核内出现较多的逆标神经元。上述各亚核内可见到 TMR,酪氨酸羟化酶 ( TH)和 F OS阳性神经元重叠分布 ,部分神经元为 TMR/ FOS,TMR/ TH和 FOS/ TH双重阳性及 TMR/ F OS/ TH三重阳性神经元。其中 TH样阳性神经元数量最多 ,TMR/ TH、FOS/ TH双重阳性和 TMR/ FOS/ TH三重阳性神经元数量占 NTS内 TH样阳性神经元总数的百分比分别为 44.2 % ( 6 8/ 15 4)、2 6 .6 % ( 4 1/ 15 4)和 12 .3% ( 19/ 15 4)。本研究结果提示 ,对大鼠胃肠道进行伤害性刺激后孤束核内表达 FOS的儿茶酚胺能神经元向臂旁核投射 ,它可能参与内脏伤害性信息的传递     

大鼠口舌部粘膜伤害性刺激信息的感受及传导通路

本文采用以辣根过氧化物酶（ＨＲＰ）注入丘脑腹后内侧核区的逆行追踪技术结合用盐酸溶液刺激大鼠口、舌粘膜的方法，观察了ＦＯＳ、ＨＲＰ单标记和双标记神经元在三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核内的分布．证明脑干内除臂旁核、孤束核、延髓腹外侧网状结构等脑区外，大量ＦＯＳ样阳性神经元聚集于三叉神经尾侧亚核Ⅰ、Ⅱ层，三叉旁核（间质核）有中等量分布而Ⅳ、Ⅴ层内仅见散在标记细胞．ＨＲＰ逆行标记细胞主要位于注射对侧的三叉神经感觉主核和脊束核．三叉神经尾侧亚核内的逆行标记细胞局限于背外侧部Ⅰ层，多为沿外缘呈切线方向走行的圆形、椭圆形和梭形细胞．在三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核背外侧部浅层内，可见到一些胞浆内含ＨＲＰ反应产物、核为ＦＯＳ样阳性的双标记神经元．本文结果提示三叉神经尾侧亚核浅层内存在大量对口、舌粘膜伤害性刺激起反应的痛感受神经元，其中部分神经元将伤害性感觉传入信息传递至丘脑．     

腹腔注射顺氯氨铂后大鼠中枢神经系统内Fos蛋白的表达

为了研究非呕吐动物大鼠是否存在与呕吐动物相似的呕吐反应区,以及二者之间的异同,给予大鼠腹腔催吐剂-顺氯氨铂后,应用免疫组织化学方法,观察Fos阳性神经元在脑和脊髓内呕吐相关区域的分布。结果发现,在脑干的最后区、孤束核、外侧臂旁核和下丘脑的视上核、室旁核、弓状核有大量的Fos阳性神经元,实验组和对照组有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论催吐剂的刺激可使大鼠脑内Fos阳性神经元数量增加,除了与呕吐运动相关的部分区域外,其余分布区域均与呕吐动物一致,提示大鼠脑内也存在类似的、与恶心相关的神经化学通路。     

大鼠延髓背角内GABA或甘氨酸免疫阳性终末与Fos阳极投射神经元的联系

目的：观察大鼠延髓背角（MDH）内向丘脑或臂旁核投射的Fos阳性神经元与γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）或甘氨酸（Gly）阳性终末的联系。方法：四甲基罗达明（TMR）逆行追踪结合TMR、Fos、GABA或Gly的免疫荧光三重染色技术。结果：GABA或Gly阳性终末主要分布于延髓背角浅层（Ⅰ、Ⅱ层）；给予面口部痛刺激后，Fos阳性神经元也主要分布于浅层；TMR注入一侧丘脑或臂旁核，逆标神经元分别主要见于对侧或同侧MDH的浅层；部分逆标神经元呈Fos阳性；GABA或Gly阳性终末与Fos阳性投射神经元形成密切接触。结论：MDH内感受面口部伤害性刺激信息的部分神经元向丘脑或臂旁核投射，GABA或Gly可能对这些伤害性感受神经元发挥抑制作用。     

大鼠胃肠道伤害性刺激引起的中枢神经系统c-fos表达

本文应用Fos免疫组织化学(ABC法)对大鼠胃肠道伤害性刺激后中枢神经系统内的c-fos表达进行了观察,结果表明:(1)多数核团或部位的c-fos表达于伤害性刺激后的30min开始,2h达高峰,4h后逐渐降低,12h基本恢复正常。(2)Fos免疫反应阳性神经元呈双侧性分布,定位于胸髓(Rexed Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅴ和Ⅹ层)、孤束核、延髓腹外侧区、臂旁外侧核、脑桥室周灰质、中脑导水管周围灰质、楔形核、中缝背核、下丘、丘脑(中线核团、背内侧核、腹后内侧核小细胞部)、外侧缰核、内侧膝状体大细胞部、下丘脑(背内侧核、腹内侧核、室周核等)、中央杏仁核、终纹床核、伏核、外侧隔核、梨状区皮质等。本文对以上部位的c-fos表达规律及其意义进行了初步探讨。     

大鼠胃内伤害性刺激后延髓内脏带中Fos蛋白及OX42的免疫组织化学观察

目的研究大鼠延髓内脏带(MVZ)内小胶质细胞和神经元对福尔马林诱发胃伤害性刺激的可塑性反应及其相互关系。方法经细塑料管向胃内注入2．5％福尔马林2ml诱发胃伤害性刺激,动物存活0．5h、1h、2h和3h处死,延髓切片进行抗Fos蛋白(标记神经元)或抗OX42(标记小胶质细胞)单一或双重标记的ABC法染色。结果1．动物清醒后,在5-10min内出现躁动不安,持续1～2h;2．胃黏膜有局灶性出血和脱落;3．MVZ内观察到Fos阳性神经元和OX42阳性小胶质细胞,两者分布相似,显示明显的定位特点;4．双标记显示MVZ内Fos阳性神经元周围有密集的OX42阳性细胞;5．OX42阳性小胶质细胞的反应先逐渐升高(0．5—2h),后(3h)又降低,Fos阳性神经元则呈逐渐升高的趋势。结论MVZ的小胶质细胞可能与神经元一起参与内脏痛的调节。     

大鼠脊髓内接受盆腔脏器伤害性刺激神经元的定位分布

本文用Ｆｏｓ蛋白免疫组织化学方法研究了大鼠脊髓内接受盆腔脏器伤害性刺激神经元的分布状况。在对照组，仅偶见Ｆｏｓ阳性细胞出现于Ｌ６、Ｓ１节段脊髓后角（＜２个／片），且染色浅淡。将３％福尔马林经插管分别注入膀胱、阴道和直肠造成伤害性刺激时，Ｆｏｓ阳性细胞数明显增多（１００～２６０个／片，Ｓ１），主要出现于Ｌ６、Ｓ１节段后角Ⅰ层内侧部、后角内侧缘、后连合核和中间带外侧核。少量散在于后角Ⅰ层外侧部、后角外侧缘、外侧脊核和前角背内侧部。为了确定脊髓内Ｆｏｓ阳性神经元是否向上位脑结构投射，将荧光金（ＦＧ）注入一侧臂旁外侧核后，给予膀胱伤害性刺激，结合Ｆｏｓ蛋白免疫组化技术，在后连合核和中间带外侧核发现有ＦＧ／Ｆｏｓ双标细胞。在中间带外侧核，ＦＧ标记细胞与Ｆｏｓ阳性细胞均主要位于核的背侧部，且ＦＧ标记细胞多数同时为Ｆｏｓ阳性，ＦＧ／Ｆｏｓ双标细胞占ＦＧ标记细胞总数的７１．２％（３７／５２），占Ｆｏｓ阳性细胞总数的１４．８％（３７／２５０），提示脊髓内接受盆腔脏器伤害性神经元部分投射至臂旁外侧核。为进一步确定Ｆｏｓ阳性细胞在中间带外侧核定位分布特征，采用ＮＡＤＰＨ脱氢酶反应（显示副交感节前神经元）与Ｆｏｓ蛋白免疫组化相结合?     

Fos expression in serotonergic neurons in the rat brainstem following noxious stimuli: an immunohistochemical double-labelling study

In order to detect whether there were different expression patterns of Fos protein induced by somatic or visceral noxious stimulation in the serotonergic neurons in the rat brainstem, an immunohistochemical double-labelling technique for serotonin (5-HT) and Fos was employed after subcutaneous or stomach injection of formalin. The two stimuli were matched in pilot experiments to produce maximum Fos expression. The expression of Fos protein in 5-HT-containing neurons (5-HT/Fos co-localized neurons) could be observed in the ventrolateral subdivision of the midbrain periaqueductal grey, interpeduncular nucleus, paramedian raphe nucleus, all of the brainstem raphe nuclei, the alpha part of the gigantocellular reticular nucleus and the lateral paragigantocellular reticular nucleus. The locations of the 5-HT/Fos co-localized neurons in the brainstem of animals subjected to somatic noxious stimulation were similar to those subjected to visceral noxious stimulation. However, the number and proportion of the 5-HT/Fos co-localized neurons in the median raphe nucleus and nucleus raphe obscurus of the rat subjected to visceral noxious stimulation were statistically greater than those in rats subjected to somatic noxious stimulation. These results suggest that serotonergic neurons in median raphe nucleus and nucleus raphe obscurus have a tendency to higher neuronal activity after visceral noxious stimulation.     

The organization of dorsal medullary projections to the central amygdaloid nucleus and parabrachial nuclei in the rabbit

The amygdaloid central nucleus and the pontine parabrachial nucleus receive direct, ascending projections from autonomic regulatory nuclei of the dorsal medulla and are recognized as important components of a forebrain system which contributes to autonomic regulation. The present study was designed to provide more detailed information on the anatomical organization of this ascending system in the rabbit by determining (a) the extent to which separate populations of neurons within the solitary complex project to the central nucleus and parabrachial nucleus, (b) the topographical distribution of the projections of the solitary complex within the amygdaloid central nucleus and parabrachial nucleus and (c) the extent to which projections from the solitary complex to the parabrachial nucleus terminate in the region of origin of projections from the parabrachial nucleus to the amygdaloid central nucleus.

A fluorescent dye, double retrograde-labeling technique demonstrated that separate populations of neurons in the solitary complex projected to the amygdaloid central nucleus and parabrachial nucleus. Neurons of both populations were more heavily concentrated within the caudal two thirds of nucleus of the solitary tract and were most numerous within the commissural, medial and dorsomedial subnuclei. Labeled neurons were also located within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. Autoradiographic experiments demonstrated that injections of amino acids into the solitary complex resulted in terminal labeling in the central nucleus. This labeling extended rostrally into the adjacent sublenticular substantia innominata and lateral component of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Label was also observed within the lateral, medial, and Kolliker-Fuse regions of the parabrachial nucleus. A particularly dense field was observed overlying cells located within the ventrolateral region of the lateral parabrachial nucleus. This region contained the majority of labeled neurons within the parabrachial nucleus following fluorescent dye injections into the central nucleus. Furthermore, injections of amino acids into this region resulted in terminal labeling within the central nucleus, with a particularly dense area observed within the medial aspect of the nucleus.

The results demonstrate that separate populations of neurons within the solitary complex of the rabbit project to the central amygdaloid and parabrachial nuclei and that the majority of these are located within the caudal two-thirds of the complex. Furthermore, the results suggest that the solitary complex projects both directly and indirectly, primarily via the lateral parabrachial nucleus, to the central amygdaloid nucleus. These projections offer an anatomical substrate by which visceral afferent information may influence the limbic forebrain.     

Parabrachial-lateral pontine neurons link nociception and breathing

We investigated the role of the parabrachial complex in cutaneous nociceptor-induced respiratory stimulation in chloralose-urethane anesthetized, vagotomized rats. Noxious stimulation (mustard oil, MO) applied topically to a forelimb or hindlimb enhanced the peak amplitude of the integrated phrenic nerve discharge and, with forelimb application, increased phrenic nerve burst frequency. Bilateral inactivation of neural activity in the parabrachial complex with injection of the GABA agonist muscimol (3nl) markedly attenuated the response to MO application. Injection of the retrograde tracer FluoroGold within the medullary ventral respiratory column labeled neurons in dorsolateral pontine regions known to receive nociceptive inputs (i.e., Kolliker-Fuse, lateral crescent, and superior lateral subnuclei of the parabrachial complex). Extracellular recordings of 65 dorsolateral parabrachial neurons revealed about 15% responded to a noxious cutaneous pinch with either an increase or a decrease in discharge and approximately 40% of these exhibited a phasic respiratory-related component to their discharge. In conclusion, parabrachial pontine neurons contribute to cutaneous nociceptor-induced increases in breathing.     

Evidence for the involvement of the spinoparabrachial pathway,but not the spinothalamic tract or post-synaptic dorsal column,in acute bone nociception

We have previously reported that acute noxious mechanical stimulation of bone activates neurons throughout the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord, and argued that the spinal mechanisms that mediate bone nociception are different to those that mediate cutaneous and visceral nociception. In the present study, we provide evidence that the ascending spinal pathways that mediate acute bone nociception also differ to those that mediate acute cutaneous and visceral nociception. Injections of a retrograde tracer (Fluorogold) were made into the thalamus, gracile nucleus or lateral parabrachial nucleus to identify spinothalamic, post-synaptic dorsal column or spinoparabrachial projection neurons respectively (n = 4 in each group). Spinal dorsal horn neurons activated by acute noxious mechanical stimulation of bone (bone drilling) were identified in these animals using Fos immunohistochemistry. Fluorogold and Fos-like immunoreactivity was not colocalized in any dorsal horn neurons projecting to the thalamus or gracile nucleus. In contrast, a total of 12.2 ± 1.1% (mean ± S.E.M.) of the spinoparabrachial projection neurons contained Fos-like immunoreactive nuclei following bone drilling and this was significantly greater than the percentage (3.4 ± 0.5%) in animals of a sham surgery group (n = 4) that were not exposed to bone drilling (Mann–Whitney; p < 0.05). These data provide evidence for the involvement of the spinoparabrachial pathway, but not the spinothalamic or post-synaptic dorsal column pathways, in the relay of information regarding acute noxious mechanical stimuli applied to bone, and suggest that spinal pathways that mediate acute bone nociception may be different to those that mediate acute nociception of cutaneous and visceral origin.     

胃肠道伤害性刺激诱导大鼠孤束核,视上核,室旁核内FOS蛋白的表达

用抗ＦＯＳ免疫组化技术，观察胃肠道伤害性刺激诱导大鼠孤束核、视上核、室旁核内ｃ－ｆｏｓ的表达，并结合抗ＴＨ免疫双重染色技术，探讨孤束核内儿茶酚胺能神经元与ＦＯＳ蛋白的关系，结果表明：ＦＯＳ阳性细胞主要分布于孤束核的连合亚核、内业核以及背侧周边区，说明孤束核是内脏伤害性信息初级传和冲动的直接反应区。在下丘脑内主要２于视上核和室旁核，提示视上核和室旁核在内脏伤害性刺激的传递中起中毒作用。在双标切片中，